Writing Skill:

It is one of the four basic language skills.

Definition
Jotting down your ideas and thoughts in written words. It includes all the
knowledge and abilities related to expressing ideas through the written work.
It is the skill that one uses to write effectively and succinctly. A good writer is
someone who can communicate their point to their audience without using too
much fluff and errors that the other person can understand.
One should be very careful about spelling, punctuation, capitalization and sentence
structure while writing. A sentence structure must be clear, concise and
grammatically correct.
Writing enhances your thinking skill because when you try to write something you
think over something, your cognitive ability develops this way.
You need to consider your audience that who will read your writing so write
accordingly. Your writing must have easiest vocabulary that reader can understand
easily…Most of the Americans usually use 5th grade vocabulary in order to save
their time and convey their message in an effective manner.
Your writing must be persuasive, it must persuade the readers about your writing
and should convince them about your viewpoint.
There must be unity, coherence and correctness of sentences whenever you write
something. You should use correct grammar and your writing should follow tense
verb agreement e.g if you are using present tense in the very beginning of your
writing you need to initiate and employ the same tense throughout your writing.
If you want your writing skill to get enhanced and improved, you need to sit aside
for an hour and write one page on daily basis, whatever comes in your mind you
need to quickly write it down.
Crucial steps in writing are discovery/investigation, pre writing, drafting, revising,
editing and formatting
First you need to choose a topic, then brainstorm ideas about that specific topic and
how they can be organized. After writing a first draft , proofread it and ask your
friend to check it. Get their feedback to make edits . After getting feedback, do
some amendments and finalize it. For example if you are writing a CSS essay, you
cannot jump or write the neat/final draft, first you have to make the first draft or
rough draft then you have to make some amendments until it becomes fine and
ready for reading.
 Narrative Essay:
A narrative essay tells a story. In most cases this is a story about a personal experience you had.This
type of essay ,allows you to get personal and creative , unlike most academic writing. Story can be
real or imaginary,evoking interest,attention.

Narrative essays test your ability to express your experience, in a creative and a compelling way,
and to follow an appropriate,narrative structure. They are often assigned in high schoolor in
composition classes at university.

Elements of Narrative Essay:

A narrative essay has three required elements :

 Character
 Theme
 Dialogue

Character:

Characters are an important part of narrative essay even if the essay is autobiographical in
nature , the person writing the essay is a character involving some other characters who act ,behave,and
do like all of the characters presented in story and novels.

Theme Or Motif:
A narrative essay revolvearound a theme or a motif (a dominant idea)

Dialogue:

A dialogue is used to capture the conversation between characters. In a narrative essay ,

dialogue is the third important element, without which the characters lose their worth and liveness.

A narrative essay describe people,present their conversation and narrate their experiences to teach
lessons to readers .
Descriptive Essay:

Descriptive essay is an essay that describes something ,an object or person,an event or place,an
experience or emotion.

A writer should also consider what maybe interesting to their audience.

For Example:

Your best friend (person)

Honesty or trust (ideas)

Nervousness/Fear (emotions)

Your school (place)

Types of Descriptive Essays:

1. Concrete Topics
2. Abstract Topics

a)Concrete:

A topic about something concrete is something that you can see, touch or taste , here or smell. In
other words ,something concrete can be described with your senses

For Example:

 Favorite food(pizza-smell the aroma,see the toppings, feel the heat and taste the sauce,hear
the crunch of the crust)
 A day at the park: Hear the people and the birds,smell the earth , the shade of the tree or
feel the heat of the sun.

b) Abstract :(experiences or situations)

Ideas and emotions are abstract topics /they cannot be touched therefore,it is difficult to
describe them with our senses.In order to write a descriptive essay of this type,writers often turn to
context-experiences situations-that point the reader understand the topic

 Poverty : Not enough food, no jobs, emotional stress

 Friendship: Doing similar activites ,trust,helping one another,sharing hopes and fears.

Qualities Of A Descriptive Essay:

 Clear and concise

 Use of images
 Use of five senses
As far as clear and concise language is concerned,it is necessary to describe things precisely.Imagery is
used to make things seem real and remarkable. The use of five senses create a Imagery or a mental
picture,for each reader.
 Expository Writing
Definition

Expository ________ expose

Expose __________uncover, explain.

Expository Writing is like being a teacher in your writing. You explain things clearly, without
giving your opinion. It is all about giving information, describing things or showing how things
work.
Expository Writing is when you write to explain something, like a teacher, without sharing your
own feelings or opinions. It deals with providing information in a straightforward way. It is
sharing facts and information about real things .
The goal is

 how you do something .

 how something works.

Informative writing and expository writing are quite similar, but there’s a

subtle distinction. Informative writing provides facts and information about

a topic, while expository writing explains, clarifies, or analyzes a topic in-

depth. So, informative writing gives you the facts, while expository writing

dives deeper into understanding those facts.

Examples

Essays, articles, research papers , textbooks , news and reports are examples

of expository writing.

While writing news, one needs to be neutral and should not give his or her

own thoughts and opinions. E.g, Cricket is a popular game across the world .

It is a ball and bat game that is played in many countries such as Pakistan,
India, Australia etc. So everything that is mentioned is totally based on

truth (facts).

Objective and Purpose of this Writing.

 Basic purpose is to provide information in a logical, organized,

detailed and balanced manner.

 It should inform readers about many different perspectives on a topic

where one needs to present facts, evidence, arguments and real data.

 It should be written in a neutral manner, offering a clear

understanding of a topic .

 Basic purpose is to educate readers.

If you are asked to write on corruption, you have to give example, provide

evidence and facts .

Characteristics of Expository Writing

 There should be no personal opinion.

 It should be objective.

 It should be written in 3rd person (He, she, it )

 Always presented in a logical way.

 All expository essays have a specific topic about which the essay is

written.

 They have an effective introduction and conclusion.

 Clearly stated lead that introduces the issue and captures reader’s

attention.

 It contains clear logical organization that supports the thesis

statement or controlling idea.

 Effective transitions can be made to link or to make connections

between details, ideas and paragraphs.

 Facts, quotations and details are there to support the explanations.

 Various Forms of Expository Writing
The most common forms of expository writing include:

1. Descriptive Writing
It uses characteristics, traits , and sensory information to describe a topic to the reader. This type
of expository writing aims to paint a vivid picture of a person, place, object, event or concept in
the reader’s mind. It uses vivid language to create a sensory experience for the audience.

For example
Fiction, poetry or advertising etc.

2. Process Writing
This type of expository writing explains how to do something. It involves describing various
steps that are needed to complete a task
For example
I. Recipes _____ step 1 ______step 2 _____ step 3.
Learning how to write a paper is an example of process writing because it might include steps for
brainstorming, writing a rough draft, editing and completing the paper.

3. Informative Writing
You provide information or facts about a topic e.g, you might write an informative article about
the life cycle of butterflies, explaining each step from egg to adult butterfly and including
interesting facts about their behavior.

4. Compare and Contrast

In this type of writing you show similarities and differences between two or more things. For
instance you could take two oranges or two apples rather than comparing and contrasting an
apple with an orange, you can also compare and contrast their color, shape and size etc.

For example
You could write a compare and contrast essay on traditional education with online learning,
highlighting the pros and cons of each approach allowing the reader to make their own
conclusion.

5. Cause and Effect Essay

In this essay we explain the reasons why something happens and it’s results. It describes the
cause of a topic and its outcome.
For example
Impact of air pollution on human health.

Another example could be .

Cause Effect
Rise of social media. Decreased face-to-face interaction

6. Problem and Solution

This writing discusses an issue and a potential way to address or fix the issue. The writer
examines the particular subject from various aspects and perspectives prior to providing a
solution. It is somewhat similar to the cause and effect essay.

For example
You choose to write about coronavirus. You will examine the problem thoroughly that is, how
the virus came into existence and how is it spreading? What problems has it caused for society?
After examining the problem, you will suggest its possible solutions; like how to overcome this
situation? What preventive measures do we need to take to protect ourselves from the virus ?

7. Classification Essay
A classification essay covers a broad topic by dividing it into smaller subcategories .

It categorizes and organizes objects, people, ideas or concepts into distinguished groups based on
shared characteristics, features or criteria.

For example
The classification form is common in academic papers and research reports.
In a classification essay on movie genre you might categorize films in to different genres based
on their themes, styles , and audience appeal. Each category would have its characteristics such
as plot elements , tone and typical audience demographics.
Benefits of Expository Writing
Expository writing offers numerous benefits, both in academic and real-world contexts:
Expository Writing provides readers with accurate, unbiased and well organized information
about a specific topic

1. Clarity:
Expository writing focuses on explaining and clarifying complex ideas or concepts in a
clear and concise manner, making it easier for readers to understand.

Example:
A user manual for a smartphone that clearly explains each feature and how to use it,
ensuring users can operate the device effectively.

2. Informative:
It provides readers with valuable information on a wide range of topics, allowing them to
learn new things and expand their knowledge base.

Example:

A news article detailing the latest scientific discoveries in space exploration, providing
readers with insights into cutting-edge research and developments.

3. Educational:
Expository writing helps educate readers on various subjects, making it a valuable tool
for teaching and learning in academic settings.

Example:

A textbook chapter on the history of ancient civilizations, offering students

comprehensive information about different cultures, societies, and historical events.

4. Analytical Thinking:
 It encourages writers to analyze and evaluate information critically, fostering critical
thinking skills essential for problem-solving and decision-making.
Example:

A research paper analyzing the impact of social media on mental health, examining
various studies and data to evaluate the correlation between social media usage and
psychological well-being.

5. Organization:
Expository writing often follows a structured format, such as the introduction, body
paragraphs, and conclusion, helping writers organize their thoughts and ideas effectively.

Example:

A business report outlining the findings of a market analysis, presenting information in a

structured format with clear sections for market trends, competitor analysis, and
recommendations.

6. Research Skills:
It requires writers to conduct thorough research to gather relevant information and
evidence to support their claims, honing their research skills in the process. One of the
reasons why expository writing is beneficial for students is that it pushes them to
thoroughly explore a topic until they know it so well they can help others understand it.

Example:

A scientific journal article investigating the effects of climate change on marine

ecosystems, demonstrating the author’s ability to gather and analyze data from field
studies and experiments.

7. Communication Skills:

Expository writing enhances communication skills by teaching writers how to convey

their ideas clearly and persuasively to a diverse audience.

8. Persuasion:
 While primarily focused on providing information, expository writing can also be
persuasive, convincing readers to adopt a particular viewpoint or take a specific action
based on the presented evidence.
Example:
An opinion editorial arguing for stricter gun control laws, presenting evidence and
logical arguments to persuade readers of the need for legislative action to address gun
violence.

9. Career Advancement:
Strong expository writing skills are highly valued in many professions, including
journalism, marketing, education, and business, opening up career opportunities and
advancement prospects.

Example:

A marketing proposal showcasing a candidate’s expository writing skills by effectively

communicating a marketing strategy to potential clients or employers, demonstrating
their ability to articulate ideas clearly and persuasively.

10.Empowerment:

By enabling individuals to express themselves clearly and effectively, expository writing

empowers them to share their ideas, perspectives, and experiences with others,
contributing to personal and professional growth.

Example:

A personal blog post sharing one’s experiences overcoming adversity, inspiring and
empowering readers facing similar challenges to persevere and strive for personal growth.
Choosing a subject for expository writing is a crucial and initial
step in the planning process.

1. Identify Your Interests:

Start by brainstorming topics that genuinely interest you. Writing about something you're
passionate about can make the process more enjoyable and engaging.

2. Consider Audience Relevance:

Think about your target audience and what topics would be most relevant and
meaningful to them. Consider their demographics, interests, and knowledge level.

3. Evaluate Your Expertise:

Assess your knowledge and expertise on different subjects. Choose a topic that you have
some level of understanding or are willing to research thoroughly.

4. Explore Current Trends or Issues:

Look for current trends, controversies, or pressing issues in your field of interest. Writing
about timely topics can attract more attention and engagement from readers.

5. Narrow Down Your Focus:

Once you have a broad topic in mind, narrow it down to a specific aspect or angle that
you can explore in depth. Avoid topics that are too broad or vague.

6. Research Availability:
 Ensure there is enough credible information available on your chosen topic. Access to
research materials, data, and expert opinions will support your writing and provide
credibility.

7. Check for Originality:

Consider whether your chosen topic offers a unique perspective or adds something new to
the existing body of knowledge. Avoid overdone or clichéd topics unless you have a fresh
angle to explore.

8. Brainstorm Potential Ideas:

Generate a list of potential topics and jot down any related ideas or subtopics. This can
help you visualize different possibilities and make an informed decision.

9. Seek Feedback:

Share your list of potential topics with friends, colleagues, or mentors for feedback. They
can offer insights and help you choose the most compelling option.

10.Finalize Your Choice:

Based on your interests, audience relevance, expertise, availability of resources, and

feedback, select the topic that best meets your criteria and aligns with the purpose of your
writing.

One needs to always start writing with a plan for example :

Make believe this was the writing prompt:

Think of an insect you dislike and explain why . Make sure to give good reasons and
examples to support your choice .

1. Choose one Subject: Mosquitos

2. List Reasons
 A. Annoying when one is outside
B. Their bites itch
C. They carry the diseases like virus
3. Each reason gets an explanation
4. Examples follow each reason
5. Use the subject and reasons to construct your introduction and conclusion.

Example of an Expository Paragraph

Mosquitos are insects that are disliked by many. Because they are annoying when one is outside,
their bites itch and they carry diseases like the virus.
One reason mosquitos are disliked is because they are so annoying while people are outside. For
example, whenever families have cookouts, they want to swarm all around the food. Also, when
you are out for fishing, you always have to wear bug spray. The bug spray always stinks to high
heaven! Then if you do not want to use bug spray, the only other way to get them to leave you
alone is to wear long sleeves. Yet, wearing long sleeve is a horrendous idea because it is hot
outside. Nothing ruins your day like bloodsucking mosquitos
 Pre Writing
Pre-writing is an essential stage of the writing process that involves brainstorming, planning, and
organizing ideas before drafting.
It is the earliest stage of writing process . It is thinking what you are going to write about .
We give main idea followed by supporting ideas and necessary details in the form of a diagram.

Pre Writing helps to plan :

What will be the setting for writing.
What you are going to write.
Who will be the characters or audience.

Pre Writing activities are:

Focus free writing
Journal writing

Journal Writing
It is a written record of a person's
Observations
Thoughts
Reactions and opinions
These are kept daily. It draws our everyday experiences. One needs to be honest while writing
and can write on his own wish.

For example: Daily dairies

Pre Writing uses several techniques:

Step 2: Brainstorming (Pre-Writing)

Brainstorming is the process of free thinking and generating ideas without being
bound by restraints such as ‘is this good or bad idea.” In this stage the writer thinks,
search and collect relevant information about the topic.
Topics __ subtopics ___ specific points __questions—facts

Here are some ways of brainstorming

1. Focus Free Writing: It is a pre writing technique of writing in which a
writer explores a topic by writing for a pre determined amount of time
without stopping even if it means repeating the same ideas . The goal is to
put words on the paper and, even if nothing new comes to your mind .It is
writing down whatever came to your mind about the topic Set a timer and
write continuously without worrying about grammar or structure. This helps
generate ideas and overcome writer’s block.

2. Mind mapping: This involves creating a diagram in the mind that connect
different ideas. – Create a visual representation of your ideas by drawing a
central concept and branching out with related thoughts, associations, and
connections.

3. Listing: It deals with creating a list of ideas. Make a list of topics,

questions, or keywords related to your subject to explore different angles
and perspectives.

4. Clustering Clustering is a pre writing technique that emphasizes the

connection among items on a brainstorming list . This process continues
until the topic has been fully explored. Variation of clustering are known as
 mapping, webbing and branching .Start with a central idea and jot down
related concepts around it, forming clusters of interconnected ideas.

5. Research

a. Gather Information: Conduct research using various sources such as

books, articles, websites, interviews, and databases to gather relevant
information and evidence.
i. Take Notes: Record key points, quotes, statistics, and examples
from your research to reference later during drafting.
ii. Organize Information: Group related information together and
identify themes, patterns, or gaps in your research to guide your
writing.

6. Analyzing the Audience and Purpose:

i. Identify Audience: Consider who will be reading your writing and what
they already know or expect about the topic. Tailor your language, tone, and
content to meet their needs and interests.
ii. Define Purpose: Clarify why you’re writing and what you aim to achieve.
Determine if your purpose is to inform, persuade, entertain, or analyze.

Step 3: Creating an Outline:

The next step in writing is to organize the rough data collected in the previous
stage. In this stage the ideas, collected from brainstorming, listing or free writing,
are grouped into different sections under few broader headings.
Just develop a structured plan for your writing by outlining main points, subpoints,
and supporting details. This helps organize your ideas and maintain coherence
throughout your writing. Outlining is the most formal method of organizing pre
writing idea. It uses numerals and letters to distinguish between the major headings
and subheadings of planned piece of writing . It is difficult than brainstorming and
clustering and usually comes after brainstorming and re arranging of the ideas.

It becomes a list of your major points or ideas.

How to do an outline

I. Put Thesis statement at top. It is a sentence that sums up the central point
of your essay, it tells what the essay is about and what you are going to
discuss. It should be complete sentence.
II. Use Roman Numeral (I, II, IV) to indicate main topic.

III. Use capital letters for supporting details (A,B,C)

IV. Use numbers (1,2,3) for sub details

Step 4: Arranging Your Ideas/Organizing your Essay

This is the most important stage in essay writing because here comes the quality of coherence
that means to put your ideas into a logical order. Every Essay has three main parts:
I. Introduction:(contain purpose, thesis statement.).Decide how you will introduce your
topic, provide background information, and present your thesis or main idea.
II. Main Body: (supporting details, paragraphs)Plan the main points you will cover in each
paragraph and the evidence or examples you will use to support them.
III. Conclusion: Determine how you will summarize key points, restate the thesis, and leave a
lasting impression on your readers.

Setting Goals:

- Establish Goals: Set specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART)
goals for your writing process. This helps maintain focus and motivation.

- Manage Time: Break down your writing project into smaller tasks and allocate time for
each stage of the writing process, including pre-writing, drafting, revising, and editing.

Step 5: Revising your essay

Re-examining and Re-thinking:
It means to re-examine your essay for logic order, clarity of ideas, their effect and expression. It
includes addition, deletion, substitution and reordering of sentences and paragraphs.
Check the following:
Grammar
Spelling
Capitalization
Sentence Structure
Word choice (change words that are not used correctly
Punctuation
 Paragraph Writing
A paragraph is a group or collection of sentences which all conveys or relate to one main idea or
topic. Paragraph writing is the process of organizing and presenting information in a coherent
and structured manner within a single paragraph Effective paragraphs have four main
characteristics: a topic sentence, unity, coherence, and adequate development. A paragraph
typically consists of a topic sentence, supporting sentences, and a concluding sentence. A
paragraph contains at least 3 sentences or 100-200 words. First sentence of a paragraph is always
indented.

Topic Sentence:

The first sentence of a paragraph is called Topic Sentence. Topic Sentence is the combination of
two elements: Topic + Statement

A good topic sentence gives relevant statement which is going to be discussed in the paragraph.

Supporting Details:

Second part of paragraph is supporting details. It contains examples, references, details or

information related to the topic Sentence.

Concluding Sentence:

Last part of paragraph is concluding sentence. It sums up or concludes the whole discussion in
favour of topic sentence.

Elements or Features of a Paragraph

Unity:

All the sentences of a paragraph should revolve around the main idea. Don’t include even a
single sentence that is unrelated. All sentences should be related to main idea.

Order: Order means the content of paragraph should be in arranged & ordered form. If your
paragraph is about history, then arrange it chronologically. Also follow the format of a paragraph.
First sentence should be Topic Sentence, then supporting details and finally conclude the
paragraph.
Completeness:

It means paragraph should convey complete information about the topic. The paragraph should
fully develop the main idea, providing enough details and examples to support it effectively.

Coherence:

Coherence is the quality which connects all the sentences in a single whole. Each sentence is
related to the previous one and main idea. Just like a human body, all organs are connected to
each other and make single body. In the same way, coherence makes a paragraph connected &
understandable. The sentences should flow logically from one to the next, with clear transitions
between ideas.

Clarity: Clarity of expression is also important. Use clear and concise language, avoiding
ambiguity or overly complex sentences.

Consistency: Maintain a consistent tone and style throughout the paragraph.

Focus: Stick to the main point without introducing irrelevant information.

Organization: Arrange the sentences in a logical order to enhance understanding and readability.

Precision: Use specific and descriptive language to convey your message effectively.

Variety: Vary the sentence structure and length to maintain reader interest. A good paragraph
contains both short and long sentences. They should have variety to avoid monotony.
Definition and Structure of an Essay
An essay is a formal and extended piece of writing, dealing with a single subject that presents
and supports a thesis. The word “essay” derives from the Latin word ‘exagium’, meaning weight ,
weighting, and the presentation of a case. When you write an essay you are making a case for the
validity of a particular point of view, analysis, interpretation or set of facts or procedure.

It is also derived from a French word “essai” which means “to try” or “attempt”. It is a piece of
writing that is written to convince someone of something or to simply inform the reader about a
particular topic. It is a written composition giving expression to one’s own personal ideas or
opinions on some topic.

A French philosopher Michel de Montaigne originated the essay genre when he published his
multivolume work titled Essays. Montaigne wrote familiar essays on topics such as death,
friendship, virtue, education, politics, and human nature.

Types of Essays

The four major types of essays

1. Narrative Essays: Telling a Story

In a narrative essay, the writer tells a story about a real-life experience.

The narrative essay challenges students to think and write about themselves.

The fact that narrative essays are usually written in the first person helps engage the reader. “I”
sentences give readers a feeling of being part of the story.

A well-crafted narrative essay will also build towards drawing a conclusion or making a personal
statement. Narrative essay may treat of- historical stories or legends(e.g. the reign of Akbar);
Biographies; incidents(e.g. a street quarrel, A Road Accident etc.); a story (imaginary or Real)

2. Descriptive Essays: Painting a Picture

A descriptive essay paints a picture with words.

A writer might describe a person, place, object, or even memory of special significance.

The descriptive essay strives to communicate a deeper meaning through the description.

In a descriptive essay, the writer should show, not tell, through the use of colorful words and
sensory details.

The best descriptive essays appeal to the reader’s emotions, with result that is highly evocative.

3. Expository Essays: Just the Facts

• The expository essay is an informative piece of writing that presents a balanced analysis of a
topic.

In an expository essay, the writer explains or defines a topic, using facts, statistics, and examples.
Expository essays are based on facts and not personal feelings, writers don’t reveal their
emotions or write in the first person.

4. Persuasive Essays: Convince Me

While like an expository essay in its presentation of facts, the goal of the persuasive essay is to
convince the reader to accept the writer’s point of view or recommendation.

The writer must build a case using facts and logic, as well as examples, expert opinion, and
sound reasoning.

The writer should present all sides of the argument, but must be able to communicate clearly and
without ambiguity why a certain position is correct.

5. Reflective Essay:

A reflection is a thought on some subject-on an idea arising in the mind. So a reflective essay
consists of reflections or thought on some topic e.g. Habits qualities, such as patriotism; Social,
political issues such as democracy, terrorism etc. philosophical subjects such as right and Wrong
etc.
Format/Structure of Essay

An essay consists of paragraphs. The paragraphs are arranged in the following manner.

1. Introductory Paragraph (1)

2. Body of the essay (3-5)

3. Concluding paragraph(1)

Introductory Paragraph:

The first paragraph of an essay contains introduction.

It introduces the topic and prepares the reader’s mind for the body of the Essay.

A good opening paragraph captures the interest of your reader and tells why your topic is
important.

It contains the main idea of the essay

It contains the most important sentence of the essay which is known as the Thesis statement.

This sentence usually occurs near the end of the introductory paragraph.

Thesis statement is developed in the body of the essay .Example of thesis statement:

Topic: Importance of Water

Thesis statement: 1

There is no doubt that water is a valuable gift of God which is used in many different ways by
humans, animals and plants.

Body paragraphs

This part of the essay contains 3-6 paragraphs.

These are supporting paragraphs which develop the main idea of the essay stated in the thesis
statement.
They support the thesis statement through examples, arguments, facts and statistics.

It should follow the thesis statement.

The structure of the body paragraph is different from that of the introductory paragraph

It follows the structure of a typical paragraph that is, each body paragraph contains a topic
sentence, a few supporting sentences, and a concluding sentence.

Concluding paragraph

The last paragraph of an essay is called concluding paragraph.

It either summarizes the whole of the essay or gives suggestions about the problem discussed in
the essay.

It should contain such words that show that it is the end of the essay.

These words are “thus to conclude”, “in short”, “in a nutshell”, “to summarize”, “in conclusion”,
“thus it is clear”, etc. give your opinion or suggest a plan for action.

Characteristics of a Good Essay

Unity: An essay must follow a unity, developing one theme with a definite purpose. The subject
must be clearly defined in the mind and kept in view throughout. Nothing that is not relevant to it
should be omitted from essay.

Order: The essay should follow a certain ordered line of thought and come to a definite
conclusion. It should not consist of haphazard reflections of ideas.

Brevity: An essay should be a brief exercise, concisely, comprehensively and compactly

expressed.

Style: Construction of an essay should be simple, direct and natural. The style should be
conversational- easy, natural and familiar. Style must be more dignified and literary. Avoid
ambiguous words

The Personal Touch: An essay should reveal the personal feelings and opinions of the writer. It
should have his individuality in it.
Purpose

Discursive Essay

It presents a balanced and objective examination of a subject. The topic may be controversial but
the discursive essay attempts to present a much more balanced discussion of the issue

Argumentative Essay

It presents the advantages and disadvantages of a certain subject.

Its purpose is to both educate and persuade the reader on a particular point of view.

Style

Discursive Essay

They are written in a more formal and impersonal style than other essays.

Each issue should be discussed in a separate paragraph and each paragraph should begin with a
strong topic sentence

Argumentative Essay

They follow a general format. The writer states an initial thesis that contains the point of view for
which the author is arguing the body generally presents both sides of the argument
Compare and Contrast Essay
A compare and contrast essay is a type of essay that identifies and explores the similarities and
differences between two or more subjects, ideas, or concepts. It is a common academic
assignment that helps students develop critical thinking, analytical, and writing skills. It is a
common assignment in various fields, including literature, history, science, and social sciences.

The purpose of a compare and contrast essay is to:

1. Identify and analyze the similarities and differences between the subjects
2. Examine the relationships and connections between the subjects
3. Develop a deeper understanding of the subjects and their significance
4. Demonstrate critical thinking and analytical skills

A good compare and contrast essay should:

1. Have a clear and focused thesis statement

2. Use effective transition words and phrases to connect ideas
3. Provide specific examples and supporting evidence
4. Use a logical and organized structure
5. Address both similarities and differences in a balanced way

Some common techniques used in compare and contrast essays include:

1. Point-by-Point Structure:

Alternate between similarities and differences in each paragraph

2. Block Structure:

Discuss all the similarities in one section, followed by all the differences in another section

3. Alternating Structure and contrastive analysis :

Alternate between similarities and differences in each paragraph, but focus on one subject at a
time.

Compare and contrast essays can be used to:

1. Explore different perspectives or viewpoints.

2. Analyze historical events or cultural practices.
3. Evaluate scientific theories or concepts.
4. Compare literary works or characters.
5. Examine political ideologies or systems.

Format:

I. Introduction

Introduce the subjects or ideas to be compared and contrasted

Provide a thesis statement that outlines the main arguments and structure of the essay

II. Body Paragraphs

Typically 3-5 paragraphs

Each paragraph focuses on a specific aspect or point of comparison

Use transition words and phrases (e.g., “Similarly,” “In contrast,” “On the other hand”) to
connect ideas and paragraphs

III. Conclusion

Summarize the main points and reiterate the thesis statement

Emphasize the significance of the comparison and contrast

 Problem Solution Essay

A problem-solution essay is a type of essay that identifies a problem and proposes a solution or
solutions to address it. the format typically includes:
1. Introduction
Introduce the problem and its significance. Provide background information and context
Thesis statement: Clearly state the problem and the proposed solution.
2. Problem Analysis
Describe the problem in detail. Explain its causes and effects . Provide evidence and examples to
support the analysis
3. Solution
Present a clear and detailed solution to the problem .Explain how the solution addresses the
problem and its causes. Provide evidence and examples to support the solution
4. Implementation
Describe the steps needed to implement the solution. Identify potential obstacles and how to
overcome them .Explain how the solution will be evaluated and sustained
5. Conclusion
Summarize the problem and the proposed solution. Emphasize the importance of addressing the
problem and implementing the solution. Final thoughts and call to action.

Some key features of a problem-solution essay includes

A clear and concise thesis statement.
A detailed analysis of the problem and its causes .
A well-supported and feasible solution.
A clear plan for implementation and evaluation.
Effective use of evidence and examples.
A persuasive and engaging writing style.