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OSI Model

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16 views

OSI Model

Uploaded by

Morana Beharry
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model) is

a conceptual model that characterizes and standardizes


the communication functions of a telecommunication or computing
system without regard to their underlying internal structure and
technology. Its goal is the interoperability of diverse communication
systems with standard protocols. The model partitions a communication
system into abstraction layers. The original version of the model defined
seven layers.

A layer serves the layer above it and is served by the layer below it. For
example, a layer that provides error-free communications across a
network provides the path needed by applications above it, while it calls
the next lower layer to send and receive packets that comprise the
contents of that path. Two instances at the same layer are visualized as
connected by a horizontal connection in that layer.

The model is a product of the Open Systems Interconnection project at


the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), maintained by
the identification ISO/IEC 7498-1.

Layer 1: Physical Layer

The physical layer defines the electrical and physical specifications of the
data connection. It defines the relationship between a device and a
physical transmission medium (e.g., a copper or fiber optical cable, radio
frequency). This includes the layout of pins, voltages,
line impedance, cable specifications, signal timing and similar
characteristics for connected devices and frequency (5 GHz or 2.4 GHz
etc.) for wireless devices. It is responsible for transmission and reception
of unstructured raw data in a physical medium. It may define
transmission mode as simplex, half duplex, and full duplex. It defines
the network topology as bus, mesh, or ring being some of the most
common.

Layer 2: Data Link Layer

The data link layer provides node-to-node data transfer—a link between
two directly connected nodes. It detects and possibly corrects errors
that may occur in the physical layer. It defines the protocol to establish
and terminate a connection between two physically connected devices.
It also defines the protocol for flow controlbetween them.
Layer 3: Network Layer

The network layer provides the functional and procedural means of


transferring variable length data sequences (called datagrams) from one
node to another connected to the same "network". A network is a
medium to which many nodes can be connected, on which every node
has an address and which permits nodes connected to it to transfer
messages to other nodes connected to it by merely providing the
content of a message and the address of the destination node and
letting the network find the way to deliver the message to the
destination node, possibly routing it through intermediate nodes. If the
message is too large to be transmitted from one node to another on the
data link layer between those nodes, the network may implement
message delivery by splitting the message into several fragments at one
node, sending the fragments independently, and reassembling the
fragments at another node. It may, but need not, report delivery errors.

Layer 4: Transport Layer

The transport layer provides the functional and procedural means of


transferring variable-length data sequences from a source to a
destination host via one or more networks, while maintaining the quality
of service functions.

Layer 5: Session Layer

The session layer controls the dialogues (connections) between


computers. It establishes, manages and terminates the connections
between the local and remote application. It provides for full-
duplex, half-duplex, or simplex operation, and establishes checkpointing,
adjournment, termination, and restart procedures. The OSI model made
this layer responsible for graceful close of sessions, which is a property
of the Transmission Control Protocol, and also for session checkpointing
and recovery, which is not usually used in the Internet Protocol Suite.
The session layer is commonly implemented explicitly in application
environments that use remote procedure calls.

Layer 6: Presentation Layer

The presentation layer establishes context between application-layer


entities, in which the application-layer entities may use different syntax
and semantics if the presentation service provides a mapping between
them. If a mapping is available, presentation service data units are
encapsulated into session protocol data units, and passed down the
protocol stack.

This layer provides independence from data representation


(e.g., encryption) by translating between application and network
formats. The presentation layer transforms data into the form that the
application accepts. This layer formats and encrypts data to be sent
across a network. It is sometimes called the syntax layer.[8]

Layer 7: Application Layer


The application layer is the OSI layer closest to the end user, which means both the OSI application layer and the user interact directly with the

software application. This layer interacts with software applications that implement a communicating component. Such application programs fall

outside the scope of the OSI model. Application-layer functions typically include identifying communication partners, determining resource

availability, and synchronizing communication. When identifying communication partners, the application layer determines the identity and

availability of communication partners for an application with data to transmit. When determining resource availability, the application layer must

decide whether sufficient network resources for the requested communication are available.

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