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NET/SET PAPER 1
Unit:VI Logical Reasoning PYQ & Answer
Q1. If the statement, 'Some plants are not carnivorous' is given as false, then which of the
following could be immediately inferred from it?
A. 'Some plants are carnivorous' is true
B. 'Some plants are carnivorous' is false C. 'No plants are carnivorous' is false
D. 'All plants are carnivorous' is true
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: (29-10-2022-SH1)

A. B, C and D only
B. A and D only
C. A and C only
D. A, C and D only

Q2. A wise sage has said, 'The hunger for knowledge is more difficult to remove than the
hunger for food. Therefore, one should stick to the food. Which fallacy is committed in
this argument? (29-10-2022-SH1)

A. Begging the Question

B. False Dilemma
C. Ignorations elenchi (irrelevant conclusion)
D. Appeal to Emotion

Q3. 'We should value the Moon more than the Sun because the Moon shines when it is
dark whereas the Sun shines when there is light anyway! This statement commits the
fallacy of (29-10-2022- SH1)

A. Appeal to Emotion

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B. Fallacy of False Cause
C. False Dilemma
D. Equivocation

Q4. Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion A and the other is
labelled as Reason R
Assertion A: According to classical Indian Logicians (Naiyayikas), all fallacies are
material fallacies.
Reason R: According to Nyaya, Syllogism is
deductive-inductive and formal-material.
In light of the above statements, choose the
correct answer from the options given below (29- 10-2022-SH1)

A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

B. Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
C.A is true but R is false
D. A is false but R is true

Q5. Which of the following statements are true regarding Nyaya (Classical Indian School
of Logic) view of heartbeats (fallacy)
A. It means that middle term appears to be a reason but is not a valid reason,
B. All fallacies are material fallacies.
C. When an inference is based not on causation but on uniformity of co-existence, it leads
to a fallacy.
D. Fallacies occur when any of the five
characteristics of a middle term are violated. Choose the correct answer from the options
given below: (29-10-2022-SH1)

A. A, B and C only
B. A, B and D only
C. B, C and D only
D. A, B, C and D

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Q6. Given below are two statements: one is labelled as assertion (A) and other is labeled
as reason (R)
Assertion (A): A valid deductive argument with all
true premises will lead to a true conclusion. Reason (R): In a valid deductive argument,
the conclusion follows from the premises with absolute necessity.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given
below: (13- 10-2022-SH1)

A. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
B. Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is NOT the correct explanation of (A)
C. (A) is true but (R) is false
D. (A) is false but (R) is true

Q7. Match list I wish list II List I

In a square of opposition
[A] 'A' being given as true
[B] 'E' being given as true
[C] 'T' being given as true [D] 'O' being given as true
List II Resultant
[I] 'O' is undetermined
[II] 'T' is undetermined
[III] 'T' is true
[IV] 'T' is false
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: (13-10-2022-SH1)

A. (A)-(II), (B)-(IV), (C)-(1), (D)-(III)

B. (A)-(IV), (B)-(1), (C)-(III), (D)-(II)
C. (A)-(1), (B)-(IV), (C)-(II), (D)-(III)
D. (A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(1), (D)-(II)

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Q8. Which one of the following formal fallacies is committed in the given argument? All
snakes are reptiles.
Some snakes are poisonous creatures.
Therefore, all poisonous creatures are reptiles. (13-10-2022-SH1)

A. Fallacy of Illicit process of major term

B. Fallacy of Illicit process of minor term
C. Fallacy of undistributed middle term
D. Fallacy of four terms

Q9. Given below are two statements: Statement I: An inference which is based on the
middle term being only positively related to the major term is called Kivalina.
Statement II: In Kivalina Anuman, the knowledge of vapid between the middle and major
terms is arrived at through the method of argument in absence.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given
below: (13- 10-2022-SH1)

A. Both statement I and statement II are true

B. Both statement I and statement II are false
C. Statement I is true, but statement II is false Statement I is false, but statement II is true
D. Statement I is false, but statement II is true

Q10. Given below are two statements: One is labelled as assertion (A) and the other is
labeled as reason (R)
Assertion (A): Sound is non eternal because it is
caused.

Reason (R): The middle term does not prove the eternality of sound but it's non-
eternality. In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options
given below: (13- 10-2022-SH1)
A. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
B. Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
C. (A) is true but (R) is false

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D. (A) is false but (R) is true

Q11. Which of the following propositions is obverse of and logically equivalent to "Some
men are honest"? (13-10-2022-SH2)
A. Some men are dishonest
B. Some men are not dishonest
C. No men are dishonest
D. Some dishonest people are not men

Q12. Given below are two statements Statement I: To obvert a proposition, we change its
quality and replace the predicate term with its complement.
Statement II: Obversion is valid for any standard form categorical proposition.
In light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below
(13- 10-2022-SH2)

A. Both Statement I and Statement II are true

B. Both Statement I and Statement II are true
C Both Statement I and Statement II are false
D Statement I is true, but Statement II is false

Q13. Which logical informal fallacy is committed in the following argument, "No one has
proved that global warming is actually occurring, so there is no reason believe that it is
actually occurring"? (13-10-2022-SH2)

A. Begging the question

B. Equivocation
C. Appeal to ignorance
D. Hasty generalization

Q14. The argument, 'Sound is eternal, because it is produced', is fallacious because: (13-
10-2022- SH2)

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A. Middle term is contradicted by another Pramana (means of knowledge).
B. The middle term is too narrow.
C. Middle term itself disproves the original proposition and proves its contradictory.
D. The minor term is the locus of the middle term.

Q15. Which of the following Pramana’s (means of knowledge) is differentiated into

Svartha (for oneself) and Paratha (for others) types? (13-10- 2022-SH2)

A. Pratiksha (perception)
B. Anumana (inference)
C. Upmanu (comparison)
D. Shabda (verbal testimony)

Q16. Given below are two statements: Assertion A: There are certain psychological
conditions under which inference takes place. Reason R: Absence of positive knowledge
and will to infer its presence or absence are pre- requisites for inference to be drawn. In
the light of the above statements, choose the
correct answer from the options given below: (12-10-2022-SH1)

A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

B. Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
C. A is true but R is false
D. A is false but R is true
Q17. Match List I with List II:
List I
(A) Fallacy that occurs due to appeal to non-rational methods of intimidation
(B) Fallacy that occurs when an argument make an appeal to the character of the person
(C) Fallacy that occurs when an argument is in the form of emotional 'appeal to the
gallery'
(D) Fallacy that occurs when a general rule is applied to a case in which the rule is
inapplicable List II
(1) Argumentum ad Hominem

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(II) Accident Fallacy
(III) Argumentum ad Populum
(IV) Argumentum ad Baculum (force)
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: (12-10-2022-SH1)

A. (A)-(1), (B)-(11), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)

B. (A)-(III), (B)-(II), (C)-(1), (D)-(IV)
C. (A)-(II), (B)-(IV), (C)-(1), (D)-(III)
D. (A)-(IV), (B)-(1), (C)-(III), (D)-(II)

Q18. Which of the following is not a fallacy of Ambiguity? (12-10-2022-SH1)

A. Equivocation
B. Amphiboly
C. Accent
D. Accident

Q19. Given below are two statements: One is labeled as Assertion A and the other is
labeled as
Reason R.
assertion A: A proper name has only denotation but no connotation.
Reason R: Intension refers to set of adjectives: Extension refers to set of substantives.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given
below: (12- 10-2022-SH1)

A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

B. Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
C. A is true but R is false
D. A is false but R is true

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Q20. If 'All college professors are entertaining lecturers' is True in a square of opposition
which of the following can be inferred correctly from the given codes.
(A) 'No college professors are entertaining lecturers is false
(B) 'Some college professors are not entertaining lecturers' is true
(C) 'Some college professors are entertaining lecturers' is true
(D) 'Some college professors are entertaining lecturers' is false
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: (12-10-2022-SH1)

A. (A) and (B) only

B. (B) and (C) only
C. (C) and (D) only
D. (A) and (C) only

Q21. Given below are two statements: One is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is
labelled as Reason (R).
Assertion (A): In a valid categorial syllogism, if a term is distributed in the conclusion,
then it must be distributed in the premises.
Reason (R): The conclusion of a valid argument cannot assert any more than is contained
in the premises.
In the light of the above statements. Choose the correct answer from the options given
below: (12-10-2022-SH2)

A. Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
B. Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is NOT the correct explanation of (A)
C. (A) is true but (R) is false
D. (A) is false but (R) is true

Q22. Identify the formal fallacy committed in the argument:

All criminals are human beings.
All saints are human beings Therefore all saints are criminals. (12-10-2022- SH2)

A. Fallacy of Illicit process of Major Term

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B. Fallacy of Illicit process of Minor Team
C. Fallacy of undistributed Middle Term
D. Fallacy of Four Terms

Q23. Identify the fallacy committed in the following argument:

"An elephant is an animal; therefore, a small elephant is a small animal". (12-10-2022-
SH2)

A. Argument from Ignorance

B. Fallacy of Irrelevant Conclusion
C. Fallacy of False Cause
D. Fallacy of Equivocation

Q24. Given below are two statements:

Statement I: The Nyaya system does not accept Artha Patti as an independent source of
valid knowledge.
Statement II The Nyaya system reduces Artha Patti to an inference of anvil type. In the
light of the above statements. choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(12-10-2022-SH2)
A. Both Statement I and Statement II are true
B. Both Statement I and Statement II are false
C. Statement I is true but Statement II is false
D. Statement I is false but Statement II is true

Q25. Given below are two statements: One is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is
labelled as Reason (R).
Assertion (A): In Samanya torts inference the universal relation between the major and
middle term depends on causal uniformity.
Reason (R): The middle term of the inference is related to the major term neither as a
cause nor as an effect.
In the light of the above statements. choose the correct answer from the options given
below: (12-10-2022-SH2)

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A Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct. explanation of (A)
B. Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is NOT the correct explanation of (A)
C. (A) is true but (R) is false
D. (A) is false but (R) is true

Q26. Given below are two statements:

Statement I: According to Nyaya philosophy an argument does not proceed on the issues
that are well established.
Statement II: According to Nyaya philosophy an argument can proceed only on those
issues that are completely and absolutely unknown.
In the Hight of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the
options given below: (11-10-2022-SH1)

A. Both Statement and Statement II are correct

B. Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect
C. Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect
D. Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct D
Q27. 'If Sneha tampered with the examination script, then she is guilty of a crime. Sneha
did not tamper with the examination script. Therefore, Sneha is not guilty of a crime'.
Which fallacy is committed in the above argument? (11-10-2022- SH1)

A. Fallacy of affirming the antecedent

B. Fallacy of composition
C. Fallacy of denying the antecedent
D. Fallacy of affirming the consequent

Q28. 'The secretaries have asked us to provide lounge areas where they can spend their
coffee breaks. This request will have to be refused. If we give them lounge areas, next they
will ask for spas and swimming pools. Then it will be yoga centers and fitness gyms.
Expenditures for these facilities will drive us into bankruptcy'. Which fallacy is
committed in the above argument? (11-10-2022- SH1)

A. Strawman

10
B. Hasty generalization
C. Red herring
D. Slippery slope

Q29. Which of the following is true regarding Nyaya view of invariable concomitance?
(A) It is determined by inductive process of reasoning which corresponds to Mill's method
of agreement and method of difference.
(B) It is based on concomitance of affirmatives that wherever a product exists the material
cause thereof exists.
(C) It is based on the concomitance of negatives that wherever a material cause does not
exist the product thereof does not exist.
(D) Nyaya view of inductive process does not correspond to Mill's method of agreement
and method of difference.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: (11-10-2022-SH1)

A. (A), (C) and (D) only

B. (B), (C) and (D) only
C.(B) and (C) only
D. (A), (B) and (C) only

Q30. Given below are two statements:

Statement: If you know the length of any one side of a right-angled triangle, the area of
the triangle can be found.
Statement II: If you know the length of two sides of a right-angled triangle, the length of
the third side can be found.
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options
given below: (11-10-2022-SH1)

A. Both Statement I and Statement I are correct

B. Both Statement I and Statement I are incorrect
C. Statement is correct but Statement II is incorrect
D. Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct

11
Q31. Which of the following propositions are logically equivalent to 'No women are
dishonest human beings:
(A) No dishonest human beings are women
(B) All women are non-dishonest human beings
(C) No women are non-dishonest human beings
(D) All non-women are non-dishonest Choose the correct answer from the options given
below: (10-10-2022-SH1)

A. (A) and (B) only

B. (C) and (D) only
C. (A) and (C) only
D. (A), (B) and (C) only

Q32. 'Human beings are animals because as homo sapiens we all evolved thousands of
years ago'. Which informal fallacy is committed in the above argument? (10-10-2022-
SH1)

A. Fallacy of composition and division

B. Fallacy of accident
C. False cause
D. Red herring

Q33. Given below are two statements:

Statement I: If a deductive argument is valid and its premises are true, we say that the
argument is sound.
Statement II: If an inductive argument is strong and its premises are true. we say that it
is cogent in the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options
given below: (10-10-2022-SH1)

A. Both Statement I and Statement II are true

B. Both Statement I and Statement II are false
C. Statement I is true but Statement II is false
D Statement I is false but Statement II is true

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Q34. Which of the following steps of inference as per classical Indian school of logic
involve application of the universal concomitance to the particular present case
(A) Socrates is mortal
(B) Because he is a man
(C) Whoever is a man being a mortal e.g., Pythagoras
(D) Socrates is a man who is invariably a mortal
(E) Therefore, Socrates is mortal a mortal
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: (10-10-2022-SH1)

A. (A), (B) and (E) only

B. (C) and (D) only
C. (B) and (D) only
D. (D) only

Q35. Given below are two statements: Statement I: Verbal form is an integral part of the
inference according to classical Indian school of logic.
Statement II: Classical Indian school of logic distinguishes between induction and deduction
as separate inferential processes.
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given
below: (10-10-2022-SH1)

A. Both Statement I and Statement II are correct

B. Both Statement I and Statement II are correct
C. Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect
D. Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct

Q36. Match List I with List II

List I
OBVERTEND
A. All S is P
B. No S is P

13
C. Some S is P
D. Some S is not P
List II
OBVERSE
I. Some S is non-P
II. No S is non-P
III. All S is non-P
IV. Some S is not non-P
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: (10-10-2022-SH2)

A. A-I, B-III, C-IV, D-II

B. A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV
C. A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
D. A-III, B-II, C-IV, D-I

Q37. Which of the following statements are true regarding Nyaya logic?
A. Inference is from the universal to the particular only.
B. Inference is from the particular to the universal only.
C. Inference is from the particular to the particular only.
D. Inference is from the particular to the particular through the universal.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: (10-10-2022-SH2)

A. D only
B. A only
C. A and B only
D. B and D only

Q38. An analysis of the subject's life for meaning has the focus of (10-10-2022-SH2)

A. Structuralism

14
B. Pragmatism
C. Sociology
D. Phenomenology

Q39. If the statement, 'All human beings are mortal' is given as true, which of the
following can be inferred from it to be true? (10-10-2022-SH2)

A. Some human beings are mortal.

B. No mortals are non-human beings.
C. Some non-mortals are human beings.
D. Some non-human beings are not mortal.

Q40. Which of the following inferences are based on causation according to Nyaya view
of inference?
A. Inferring future rain from the dark clouds
B. Inferring past rain from the swift muddy water in the river
C. Inferring cloven hoofs of an animal by its horns
D. When we infer somebody's existence outside of his house since the person is not
concurrently present in his house
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: (10-10-2022-SH2)

A. A and C only
B. C and D only
C. A and B only
D. B and C only

Q41. Which of the following propositions is contrary to the proposition 'All women
honest'? (08-10-2022-SH2)

A. Some women are not honest.

B. No women are honest.
C. Some women are not dishonest.

15
D. No women are dishonest.

Q42. Which of the following forms of categorical propositions is valid?

(A) Some S is not P
(B) Some S is P
(C) No S is P
(D) All S is P
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: (08-10-2022-SH2)

A. A, B and C Only
B. B, C and D Only
C.A, C and D Only
D. A, B, C, D

Q43. Which informal logical fallacy is committed in the following argument 'No one has
shown - that aliens did not create the crop circles. So, the crop circles must have been
made by the aliens? (08-10-2022-SH2)

A. Begging the question

B. Appeal to Ignorance
C. Fallacy of accident
D. Appeal to authority

Q44. Given below are two statements:

Statement | Aristotelian syllogism has three terms.
Statement II: Nyaya syllogism has five terms. In the light of the above statements, choose
the most appropriate answer from the options given below: (08-10-2022-SH2)

A. Both Statement I and Statement II are correct

B. Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect
C. Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect

16
D. Statement is incorrect but Statement II is correct

Q45. The proposition 'all things are non-eternal, because they are knowable' is fallacious
because (08-10-2022-SH2)

A. The middle term is non-exclusive.

B. The middle term is too narrow.
C. The middle term is too wide
D. It involves a contradictory middle term.

Q46. Which of the five essential characteristics of the middle term (Hétu) is violated when
an inference involves a non-inferentially contradicted middle? (01-10-2022-SH2)

A. Middle term must be absent in all negative instances in which the major term is absent.
B. Middle term must be non-incompatible with the minor term.
C. Middle term must be present in the minor term.
D. Middle term must be present in all positive instances in which the major term is present.

Q47. Given below are two statements:

Statement I: In the Aristotelian syllogism, the major term and the minor term stand
apart in the premises though they are connected by the middle term with each other.
Statement II: In Nyaya syllogism, all the three terms stand synthesized in Upanayana.
In light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options
given below: (01-10-2022-SH2)

A. Both Statement I and Statement II are correct

B. Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect
C. Statement is correct but Statement II is incorrect
D. Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct

Q48. Which informal logical fallacy is committed in the following statement? 'If you give
him an inch, he will take a mile. (01-10-2022-SH2)

17
A. Slippery slope
B. Appeal to force
C. Appeal to authority
D. Hasty generalization

Q49. If the statement, 'Some officers are not honest' is given as false, then which of the
following statements can be inferred to be true?
A. All honest beings are officers
B. Some officers are honest
C. No officers are honest
D. All officers are honest
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: (01-10-2022-SH2)

A. B only
B. D only
C. A and C only
D. B and D only

Q50. Which of the following is the name of the founder of Classical Indian School of
Logic? (01- 10-2022-SH2)

A. Kumaril
B. Kautilya
C. Gautam
D. Isvarkrishna

Q51. For which of the following forms of categorial propositions contraposition is valid?
A. Some S is P
B. Some S is not P
C. No S is P

18
D. All S is P
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: (01-10-2022-SH2)

A. A, C and D only
B. A, B, C and D
C. A, B and C only
D. B, C and D only

Q52. In classical square of opposition if 'Some S is P' is given as false then which of the
following could be immediately inferred from it?
(A) 'All S is P' is false
(B) 'All S is P' is undetermined
(C) 'No S is P' is undetermined
(D) 'No S is P' is true
(E) 'Some S is not P' is true Choose the correct answer from the options given below: (11-
07-2022-SH2)

A. (B), (D), (E) only

B. (A), (C), (E) only
C. (B), (C), (E) only
D. (A), (D), (E) only

Q53. Which of the following Fallacy involves defective Induction? (11-07-2022-SH2)

A. Fallacy of Composition
B. Fallacy of Division
C. The Argument from Ignorance
D. Irrelevant Conclusion

Q54. Given below are two statements:

19
Statement I: Analogical reasoning is based on a likeness drawn between two or more
entities in one or more respects.
Statement II There could be argumentative as well as nonargumentative uses of analogy.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given
below: (11- 07-2022-SH2)

A. Both Statement I and Statement II are true

B. Both Statement I and Statement II are false
C. Statement I is true but Statement II is false
D. Statement I is false but Statement II is true

Q55. According to Classical Indian School of Logic (Nyaya) which of the following
conditions must be fulfilled by a true middle term (Hétu)?
(A) It must be found in minor term (pacas).
(B) It must be found in all similar instances.
(C) It should not be found anywhere where major term (Sadhya) is absent.
(D) The minor term in which it is said to exist should not be impossible. Choose the most
appropriate answer from the options given below: (11-07-2022-SH2)

A. (A), (C), (D) only

B. (A), (B), (D) only
C. (A), (B), (C), (D) only
D. (A), (B), (C) only

Q56. In which of the following means of knowledge a hitherto unseen object is known
through cognition of its similarity in some respects with an already seen object when one
comes across that hitherto unseen object? (11- 07-2022-SH2)

A. Perception (Pratiksha)
B. Non-Cognition (Unupalabdhi)
C. Comparison (Upmanu)
D. Postulation (Artha Patti)

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Q57. Given below are two statements:
Statement I: Vyapti (relation of Universal concomitance) expresses the relation between
two individual objects only.
Statement II: Vyapti expresses the relation between the classes of individuals.
In the light of the above statements. choose the most appropriate answer from the options
given below: (05-01-2022-SH1)

A. Both Statement I and Statement II are correct

B. Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect
C. Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect
D. Statement is incorrect but Statement II is correct

Q58. "The great cricketer Sudhir says that Medisulpha soaps are good for health. We
therefore must believe that it must be true indeed".
Which fallacy is committed in the above argument? (05-01-2022-SH1)

A. Strawman
B. Appeal to unqualified authority
C. Appeal to ignorance
D. Sphery slope

Q59. A series of terms would be in the order of increasing intension:

(A) When each term in the series (except the first) connotes more attributes than the ones
preceding it.
(B) When each term in the series (except the first) is more specific than the one preceding
it.
(C) When each term in the series (except the first) connotes less attributes than the one
preceding it.
(D) When each term in the series (except the first) is less specific than the one preceding
it. Choose the correct answer from the options given below: (05-01-2022-SH1)

A. (C) and (D) only

B. (C) only

21
C. (A) and (B) only
D. (D) only

Q60. Given below are two statements:

Statement l: In Nyaya philosophy, subject matter of logic is mainly thought and its verbal
formulation is only a matter of contingency.
Statement II: Verbal formulation of an argument in Nyaya tradition is only for leading
the other to the conclusion in question.
In the light of the above statements. choose the most appropriate answer from the options
given below: (05-01-2022-SH1)

A. Both Statement I and Statement II are correct

B. Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect
C. Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect
D. Statement | is incorrect but Statement II is correct

Q61. By what name this validity is known for where an assessment of the measurement
validity of a measure that compares it to another measure of the same concept that has
been generated from a different method? (05-01-2022-SH1)

A. Predictive validity
B. Construct validity
C. Concurrent validity
D. Convergent validity

Q62. Given below are two statements:

Statement I: The 4 quadrants of SWAYAM are (1) Video lecture (2) specially prepared
reading materials that can be downloaded (3) online discussion forum for clarifying
doubts (4) Time to time assessment by experts.
Statement II: Swayam Prabha is a group of 34 DTH channels denoted to telecast high
quality educational programs on 24 x 7 basis. In the light of the above statements. choose
the correct answer from the options given below: (05-01-2022-SH1)

22
A. Both Statement I and Statement II are true
B. Both Statement I and Statement II are false
C. Statement I is true but Statement II is false
D. Statement I is false but Statement II is true

Q63. Match List I with List II:

List I
Variables
(A) Independent
(B) Dependent
(C) Control
(D) Discrete
List II
Characteristic features
(1) Can be used to divide subjects into specific categories
(II) Cannot be divided into subparts
(III) Represents the cause
(IV) The variable that is affected
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: (05-01-2022-SH1)
A. (A)-(1), (B)-(II), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)
B. (A)-(II), (B)-(III), (C)-(IV), (D)-(1)
C. (A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(1), (D)-(II)
D. (A)-(IV), (B)-(1), (C)-(II), (D)-(III)

Q64. "Of course, you want to buy a Golden pear brand phone. Golden pear phones look
good in one's hand and all the Bollywood stars can be seen carrying them these days":
Which fallacy is committed in the above argument? (05-01-2022-SH1)

A Red herring
B. Fallacy of accident
C. Appeal to force

23
D. Appeal to people (Argumentum and populum)

Q65. Given below are two statements:

Statement l: Equilateral triangles and squares are examples of regular polygons.
Statement II: In isosceles triangles. the angles opposite to the equal sides are equal. In the
light of the above statements. choose the most appropriate answer from the options given
below: (05-01-2022-SH1)

A. Both Statement I and Statement II are correct

B. Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect
C. Statement is correct but Statement II is incorrect
D. Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct

Q66. Given below are two statements:

Statement I: There is greater stress laid on the material aspects of inference by the
exponent of Nyaya system.
Statement II: There is greater stress laid on the format aspect of the syllogistic expression
in western logic.
In the Hight of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given
below: (05-01-2022-SH2)

A. Both Statement I and Statement II are true

B. Both Statement I and Statement II are false
C. Statement I is true but Statement II is false
D. Statement I is false but Statement II is true

Q67. Given below are two statements:

Statement I: The evaluation of an argument involves two steps namely evaluating the link
between premises and conclusion and evaluating the truth of the premises.
Statement II: Deductive arguments in which the conclusion actually follows from the
premises are said to be valid, and those that also have true premises are said to be sound.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given
below: (05-01-2022-SH2)

24
A. Both Statement I and Statement II are true
B. Both Statement I and Statement II are false
C. Statement I is true but Statement II is false
D. Statement I is false but Statement II is true

Q68. When is a series of terms said to be in the order of increasing extension?

(A) When each term in the series (except the first) denotes a class having more members
than class denoted by the term preceding it.
(B) When the class size gets larger with each successive term.
(C) When each term in the series (except the first) denotes a class having less members
than the class denoted by the term preceding it.
(D) When the class size gets smaller with each successive term
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below: (05-01-2022-SH2)

A. Only (A) and (B) are correct

B. Only (B) and (D) are correct
C. Only (C) and (D) are correct
D. Only (A) and (D) are correct

Q69. In case of Anuman (inference) identify the sequences of five steps of syllogistic
argument according to Nyaya:
(A) The mountain has fire
(B) The mountain also has smoke accompanied by fire, Ike kitchen
(C) Therefore, the mountain has fire
(D) Because of smoke
(E) Wherever there is smoke, there is fire, as in the kitchen
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: (05-01-2022-SH2)

A. (A), (B), (D), (E), (C)

B. (A), (D), (E), (C), (B)

25
C. (B), (D), (E), (A), (C)
D. (A), (D), (E), (B), (C)

Q70. Given below are two statements:

Statement I: Relationship of invariable concomitance (vyapti) can be claimed to exist
between two things if they are causally related.
Statement II: Relationship of invariable concomitance can be claimed to exist between
two things if they are related as species-genus.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given
below:(05-01-2022-SH2)

A. Both Statement I and Statement II are true

B. Both Statement I and Statement II are false
C. Statement I is true but Statement II is false
D. Statement I is false but Statement II is true

Q71. Which of the following statements are correct with reference to argument by
analogy?
A. It is a deductive type of argument
B. It is an inductive type of argument
C. It is not intended to be mathematically certain
D. It is to be classified as either valid or invalid
E. Its conclusion does not follow from the
premises with logical necessity Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
(04-01-2022-SH1)

A. A, C and D only
B.A, D and E only
C. B, D and E only
D. B, C and E only

Q72. Match List I with List II

26
List I
In a Square of Opposition
A. If 'Some girls are shy' is True B. If 'All men are Tall' is False
B. If 'All men are Tall' is False
C. If 'No crows are white' is True
D. If 'some flowers are not fragrant' is False
List II
Resultant
I. 'E' and 'I' propositions are Undetermined
II. 'A' and 'O' are Undetermined
III. 'E' proposition is False; 'I' proposition is True
IV. 'A' proposition is False; 'O' proposition is True Choose the correct answer from the
options given below: (04-01-2022-SH1)

A. A-1, B-III, C-IV, D-II

B.A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
C.A-IV, B-II, C-I, D - III
D.A-II, B-I, C-IV, D-III

Q73. Identify the fallacy committed in the argument.

All household pets are domestic animals.
No unicorns are domestic animals.
Therefore, some unicorns are not household pets. (04-01-2022-SH1)

A. Fallacy of Illicit Minor

B. Fallacy of Illicit Major
C. Fallacy of Four terms
D. Existential fallacy

27
Q74. When an unperceived fact is supposed in order to resolve an apparent contradiction
in the presented phenomenon, which one of the following Pramana’s is employed
according to Aviating? (04-01-2022-SH1)

A. Pratika
B. Anomura
C. Artha-patti
D. Aqualab

Q75. Given below are two statements

Statement I: The aim of Nayakas in formulating the Anuman theory is to obtain Prama
(right knowledge).
Statement II 1: The aim of Nayakas in formulating the Anuman theory is to verify only
and only formal validity.
In light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below
(04- 01-2022-SH1)

A. Both Statement I and Statement II are true

B. Both Statement I and Statement II are false
C. Statement I is true but Statement II is false
D. Statement I is false but Statement II is true

Q76. Which of the following statements correctly apply to inductive arguments?

A. They are neither conclusively valid nor invalid.
B. Adding new premises makes no difference to the argument.
C. Adding new premises may strengthen/weaken the argument.
D. Conclusion follows from premises with absolute necessity.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: (04-01-2022-SH2)

A. A and D only
B. A and C only
C. B and D only

28
D. A and B only

Q77. Match List I with List II

List I
In Square of opposition
A. If 'No stars are Dull' is True
B. If 'some flowers are fragrant' is True
C. If 'All sweets are sugary' is True
D. If 'some animals are not mammals' is True
List II
Resultant propositions
I. 'E' and 'I' are Undetermined
II. 'E' is False and 'I' is True
III. 'A' and 'O' are Undetermined
IV. 'A' is False; 'O' is True Choose the correct answer from the options given below: (04-
01-2022-SH2)

A. A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I

B.A-III, B-II, C-IV, D-I
C. A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III
D.A-1, B-II, C-III, D-IV

Q78. Identify the fallacy committed in the argument.

All men who understand women are potentially perfect husbands. All potentially perfect
husbands are men of infinite patience.
Therefore, some men of infinite patience are men who understand women. (04-01-2022-
SH2)

A. Fallacy of Illicit Major

B. Fallacy of Illicit Minor
C. Existential fallacy

29
D. Fallacy of Undistributed Middle

Q79. In the Nyaya system, what is an inference called when it is based in its middle term
being only positively related to the major term? (04-01-2022-SH2)

A. Kevatarvayi
B. Kevala-vyatireki
C. Anvaya-vyatireki
D. Vyatirekanvayi

Q80. Given below are two statements:

Statement I: In the Nyaya system of inference, the major term (Sadhya) can exist without
the middle term (Hétu).
Statement II: According to the Nyaya system, the middle term (Hétu) cannot exist without
the major term (Sadhya).
In light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below
(04- 01-2022-SH2)
A. Both Statement I and Statement II are true
B. Both Statement I and Statement II are false
C. Statement I is true but Statement II is false
D. Statement I is false but Statement II is true

Q81. "The great cricketer Sudhir says that Medisulpha soaps are good for health. We
therefore must believe that it must be true indeed".
Which fallacy is committed in the above argument?
A. Strawman
B. Appeal to unqualified authority
C. Appeal to ignorance
D. Shppery slope

Q82. A series of terms would be in the order of increasing intension:

30
(A) When each term in the series (except the first) connotes more attributes than the ones
preceding it.
(B) When each term in the series (except the first) is more specific than the one preceding
it.
(C) When each term in the series (except the first) connotes less attributes than the one
preceding it.
(D) When each term in the series (except the first) is less specific than the one preceding
it.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

A. (C) and (D) only

B. (C) only
C. (A) and (B) only
D. (D) only

Q83. Given below are two statements:

Statement l: In Nyaya philosophy, subject matter of logic is mainly thought and its verbal
formulation is only a matter of contingency.
Statement II: Verbal formulation of an argument in Nyaya tradition is only for leading
the other to the conclusion in question.
In the light of the above statements. choose the most appropriate answer from the options
given below:

A. Both Statement I and Statement II are correct

B. Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect is
C. Statement I is correct but Statement II incorrect
D. Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct
Q84. By what name this validity is known for where an assessment of the measurement
validity of a measure that compares it to another measure of the same concept that has
been generated from a different method?

A. Predictive validity
B. Construct validity

31
C. Concurrent validity
D. Convergent validity

Q85. "Of course, you want to buy a Golden pear brand phone. Golden pear phones look
good in one's hand and all the Bollywood stars can be seen carrying them these days":
Which fallacy is committed in the above argument?

A. Red herring
B. Fallacy of accident
C. Appeal to force
D. Appeal to people (Argumentum ad populum)

Q86. Given below are two statements:

Statement l: Equilateral triangles and squares are examples of regular polygons.
Statement II: In isosceles triangles. the angles opposite to the equal sides are equal. In the
light of the above statements. choose the most appropriate answer from the options given
below:

A. Both Statement I and Statement II are correct

B. Both Statement I and Statement II incorrect
C. Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect
D. Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct

Q87. Which of the following statements correctly apply to inductive arguments?

A. They are neither conclusively valid nor invalid.
B. Adding new premises makes no difference to the argument.
C. Adding new premises may strengthen/weaken the argument.
D. Conclusion follows from premises with absolute necessity.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

32
A. A and D only
B.A and C only
C.B and D only
D. A and B only

Q88. Match List I with List II

List I
In Square of opposition
A. If 'No stars are Dull' is True
B. If 'some flowers are fragrant' is True
C. If 'All sweets are sugary' is True
D. If 'some animals are not mammals' is True
List II
Resultant propositions
I. 'E' and 'l' are Undetermined
II. 'E' is False and 'l' is True
III. 'A' and 'O' are Undetermined
IV. 'A' is False; 'O' is True
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

A. A-IV, B-III, C-II, D-I

B.A-III, B-II, C-IV, D-I
C. A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III
D. A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV

Q89. Identify the fallacy committed in the argument.

All men who understand women are potentially perfect husbands. All potentially perfect
husbands are men of infinite patience.
Therefore, some men of infinite patience are men who understand women.

A. Fallacy of Illicit Major

33
B. Fallacy of Illicit Minor
C. Existential fallacy
D. Fallacy of Undistributed Middle

Q90. In the Nyaya system, what is an inference called when it is based in its middle term
being only positively related to the major term?

A. Kevatarvayi
B. Kevala-vyatireki
C. Anvaya-vyatireki
D. Vyatirekanvayi

Q91. Given below are two statements:

Statement I: In the Nyaya system of inference, the major term (Sadhya) can exist without
the middle term (Hétu).
Statement II: According to the Nyaya system, the middle term (Hétu) cannot exist without
the major term (Sadhya).
In light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below

A. Both Statement I and Statement II are true

B. Both Statement I and Statement II are false
C. Statement I is true but Statement II is false
D. Statement I is false but Statement II is true

Q92. Which are the following statements being correct with reference to argument by
analogy?
A. It is a deductive type of argument
B. It is an inductive type of argument
C. It is not intended to be mathematically certain
D. It is to be classified as either valid or invalid
E. Its conclusion does not follow from the premises with logical necessity Choose the
correct answer from the options given below:

34
A. A, C and D only
B. A, D and E only
C.B, D and E only
D.B, C and E only

Q93. Match List |

List I
In a Square of Opposition
A. If 'Some girls are shy' is True
B. If 'All men are Tall' is False
C. If 'No crows are white' is True
D. If 'some flowers are not fragrant' is False
List II
Resultant
I. 'E' and 'l' propositions are Undetermined
II. 'A' and 'O' are Undetermined
III. 'E' proposition is False; 'l' proposition is True
IV. 'A' proposition is False; 'O' proposition is True
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

A. A-I, B-III, C-IV, D - II

B. A-III, BIV, C-1, D-II
C. A-IV, B-II, C - I, D - III
D. A-II, B-I, C-IV, D – III

Q94. Identify the fallacy committed in argument.

All household pets are domestic animals.
No unicorns are domestic animals. Therefore, some unicorns are not household pets.

35
A. Fallacy of Illicit Minor
B. Fallacy of Illicit Major
C. Fallacy of Four terms
D. Existential fallacy

Q95. When an unperceived fact is supposed in order to resolve an apparent contradiction

in the presented phenomenon, which one of the following parganas is employed according
to Advaitins?

A. Pratiksha
B. Anumarana
C. Atapattu
D. Aqualab

Q96. Given below are two statements

Statement I: The aim of Naiyāyikas in formulating the Anuman theory is to obtain Prama
(right knowledge).
Statement II: The aim of Naiyāyikas in formulating the anumāna theory is to verify only
and only formal validity.
In light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below

A. Both Statement I and Statement II are true

B. Both Statement I and Statement II are false
C. Statement I is true but Statement II is false
D. Statement I is false but Statement Il is true

Q97. Analogies have been used for which of the following purposes?
A. Inductive reasoning
B. Deductive reasoning
C. Description
D. Explanation

36
Choose the correct answer from the options given below

A. A, B and C only
B. A, B and D only
C.A, C and D only
D. B, C and D only

Q98. Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion A and the other is
labelled as Reason R
Assertion A: Naiyāyikas do not accept non- apprehension (annpalabdhi) as a distinct
source of knowledge (pramāna).
Reason R: According to Naiyāyikas, non- apprehension can be covered under inference
(anumāna).
In light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below

A. Both A and R are true but R is the correct explanation of A B

B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
C. A is true but R is false
D. A is false but R is true

Q99. Match List I with List II

List I
In Square of opposition
A. If 'Some flowers are pink' is False
B. If 'No girls are birds' is True
C. If 'Some boys are not tall' is False
D. If 'All chocolates are sweet' is True
List II
Resultant
A. 'l' is False; 'O' is True

37
 II. 'A' is False; 'E' is True
III. 'l' is True; 'O' is False
IV. 'E' is False; 'l' is true
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

A. A-II, B-III, C-I, D-IV

B.A-III, BIV, C-II, D-I
C.A-II, B-1, C-IV, D - III
D.A-IV, B-II, C - I, D – III

Q100. Identify the fallacy committed in the argument below.

Some good actors are not strong men.
All professional wrestlers are strong men.
Therefore, all professional wrestlers are good actors.

A. Fallacy of Undistributed Middle

B. Fallacy of Illicit Major
C. Fallacy of Illicit Minor
D. Fallacy of drawing affirmative conclusions from negative premise

Answer Key
1.D 2.C 3.B 4.A 5.B 6.A 7.D 8.B 9.C 10.A 11.B 12.A 13.C 14.C 15.B
16.A 17.D 18.D 19.A 20.D 21.A 22.C 23.D 24.C 25.D 26.C 27.C 28.D 29.D 30.D

31.A 32.A 33.A 34.D 35.B 36.C 37.A 38.D 39.A 40.C 41.B 42.A 43.B 44.C 45.A

46.B 47.A 48.A 49.D 50.C 51.B 52.D 53.C 54.A 55.C 56.C 57.C 58.B 59.C 60.A

61.D 62.D 63.C 64.D 65.A 66.A 67.A 68.A 69.D 70.A 71.D 72.D 73.D 74.C 75.C

76.B 77.A 78.C 79.A 80.A 81.B 82.C 83.A 84.D 85.D 86.A 87.B 88.A 89.C 90.A

91.A 92.D 93.D 94.D 95.C 96.C 97.C 98.A 99.C 100.D

38