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16 views

Questions

Uploaded by

Tejas Fattewale
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Explain temperature and thermal properties of a material with thermal expansion,

temperature scales with conversion units and change in resistance.


ans -
Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold something is. When temperature
increases, the atoms and molecules in a material gain energy and move faster,
causing it to expand. This phenomenon is called thermal expansion, and it leads to
changes in the size of objects as they are heated.

Different temperature scales are used to measure temperature. Celsius, Fahrenheit,


and Kelvin are commonly used scales. Celsius is based on the freezing point of
water at 0 degrees and boiling point at 100 degrees, Fahrenheit uses 32 degrees for
freezing and 212 degrees for boiling, while Kelvin starts from absolute zero, where
atoms stop moving.

Some materials change their electrical resistance with temperature. These are
called thermistors. When heated, their resistance either increases or decreases.
This change in resistance allows thermistors to be used as temperature sensors in
devices like thermostats and weather stations, enabling the measurement and control
of temperature in various applications.

Describe bridge Null-balanced & Unbalanced circuits. State types of batteries used
for low power sensors
ans -Bridge circuits are used to measure unknown electrical values by balancing
them with known values. There are two types: Null-balanced and Unbalanced circuits.

Null-balanced Bridge Circuit: In this type, the unknown value is balanced with a
known value to make the bridge output zero. When the bridge is balanced, no current
flows through the detector (galvanometer). One example is the Wheatstone bridge
used to measure resistance accurately.

Unbalanced Bridge Circuit: In this type, the unknown value is measured by the
current flowing through the detector when the bridge is not balanced. One example
is the strain gauge bridge used to measure strain or force.

Low-power sensors often use batteries for their energy source. Some common types of
batteries used for low-power sensors are:

Coin cell batteries: Small, flat, and commonly found in devices like wristwatches
and small sensors.
AA/AAA batteries: Commonly used in various electronic devices and readily
available.
Lithium polymer (LiPo) batteries: Lightweight, rechargeable, and used in portable
devices, wearables, and small sensors.
Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries: Rechargeable and used in many devices, including
low-power sensors and smartphones.
These batteries provide a reliable and long-lasting power source for low-power
sensors, ensuring they can operate efficiently without frequent replacements or
recharging.

Describe various modes of heat transfer in detail. State examples of sensors used
to detect heat
ans -
Heat transfer occurs in three main modes: conduction, convection, and radiation.

Conduction: Heat transfer occurs within a solid material or between two materials
in direct contact. It happens through molecular vibrations, transferring heat from
hot regions to colder ones. Example: When you touch a hot pan, heat is conducted
from the pan to your hand.

Convection: Heat transfer occurs in fluids (liquids or gases) due to their


movement. Hot fluid rises, while cooler fluid sinks, creating circulation. Example:
Boiling water in a pot, where hot water rises and cool water moves to the bottom.

Radiation: Heat transfer occurs through electromagnetic waves, such as infrared


radiation, without needing a medium. It can transfer heat through empty space.
Example: Feeling warmth from the sun's rays even though there's no direct contact.

Sensors used to detect heat are:

Thermocouples: Composed of two dissimilar metals, they produce voltage proportional


to temperature differences.

Infrared (IR) Sensors: Detect infrared radiation emitted by hot objects, converting
it to electrical signals.

Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs): Use electrical resistance changes with


temperature to measure heat.

Thermistors: Similar to RTDs, they change resistance with temperature and are
commonly used in temperature sensing applications.

Explain- i) Two Wire Transmission ii) Four Wire Sensing


iii) Six Wire Sensing

ans -i) Two Wire Transmission:


Two-wire transmission, also known as two-wire communication, is a simple method for
sending data or signals between a sensor and a controller using only two wires. In
this setup, the same two wires are used for both power supply and data
transmission, making it cost-effective and suitable for simple applications.
However, it may have limitations in terms of communication speed and the length of
the transmission distance.

ii) Four Wire Sensing:


Four-wire sensing is a method used in precision measurements to reduce errors
caused by lead resistance. In this technique, the sensor has two sets of wires -
one pair for power supply and another pair for data transmission. The data wires
carry the sensing signal, while the power wires supply a constant current to the
sensor. This ensures accurate measurements by compensating for any voltage drops
across the connecting wires.

iii) Six Wire Sensing:


Six-wire sensing is an advanced method used in highly accurate and sensitive
measurements. Similar to four-wire sensing, it compensates for lead resistance, but
it also takes into account the voltage drops in the current-carrying wires. The
sensor has three pairs of wires - two for power supply and four-wire sensing and an
additional pair to measure the voltage drop across the power wires. This precise
compensation technique allows for extremely accurate measurements, particularly in
applications where lead resistance can significantly impact data accuracy.

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