DAY ELEVEN

Oscillations
Learning & Revision for the Day
u Periodic Motion u Force and Energy in SHM u Free, Damped, Forced and
u Simple Harmonic Motion u Composition of Two SHMs Resonant Vibrations
u Oscillations of a Spring u Simple Pendulum

Periodic Motion
A motion which repeats itself over a regular interval of time is called a periodic motion.
A periodic motion in which a body moves back and forth repeatedly about a fixed point
(called mean position) is called oscillatory or vibratory motion.
●
Period The regular interval of time after which periodic motion repeats itself is called
period of the motion.
●
Frequency The number of times of motion repeated in one second is called frequency
of the periodic motion. Every oscillatory motion is periodic but every periodic motion
is not an oscillatory motion.
●
Displacement as a Function of Time In a periodic motion each displacement value is
repeated after a regular interval of time, displacement can be represented as a
function of time.
y = f (t )
●
Periodic Function A function which repeats its value after a fix interval of time is
called a periodic function.
y(t ) = y(t + T )
where, T is the period of the function.
Trigonometric functions sin θ and cos θ are simplest periodic functions having period PREP
of 2π.
MIRROR
Your Personal Preparation Indicator
Simple Harmonic Motion
u No. of Questions in Exercises (x)—
Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) is that type of oscillatory motion in which the particle
u No. of Questions Attempted (y)—
moves to and fro or back and forth about a fixed point under a restoring force, whose
magnitude is directly proportional to its displacement u No. of Correct Questions (z)—
(Without referring Explanations)
i.e. F ∝ x or F = − kx
where, k is a positive constant called the force constant or spring factor and x is u Accuracy Level (z / y × 100)—
displacement. u Prep Level (z / x × 100)—
d2 y
Differential equations of SHM, for linear SHM, 2 + ω2 y = 0, In order to expect good rank in JEE,
dt your Accuracy Level should be above
d2 θ
for angular SHM, 2 + ω2 θ = 0 85 & Prep Level should be above 75.
dt
118 40 DAYS ~ JEE MAIN PHYSICS DAY ELEVEN

Phase Difference If two particles perform S.H.M and their

Terms Related to SHM
●

equations are
The few important terms related to simple harmonic motion y1 = a sin(ωt + φ1 ) and y2 = a sin(ωt + φ2 )
are given as
phase difference ∆φ = (ωt + φ2 ) − (ωt + φ1 ) = φ2 − φ1
●
Displacement The displacement of a particle executing
SHM is, in general, expressed as y = A sin (ωt − φ).
●
Time Period The time taken by a particle to complete one
oscillation is called time period. It is denoted by T.
where, A is the amplitude of SHM, ω is the angular
 2π  ∴ Time period of SHM,
frequency  where ω = = 2 πν and φ is the initial phase
 T  2π | y| Displacement
T = = 2π = 2π
of SHM. However, displacement may also be expressed as ω | a| Acceleration
x = A cos (ω t − φ). ●
Frequency and Angular Frequency It is defined as the
Displacement number of oscillations executed by body per second. SI
a
unit of frequency is hertz.
T/2 T
O Time
Angular frequency of a body executing periodic motion is
equal to product of frequency of the body with factor 2π.
–a Angular frequency, ω = 2 πn.

●
Amplitude The maximum displacement on either side of Oscillations of a Spring
mean position is called amplitude of SHM. If the mass is once pulled, so as to stretch the spring and is
●
Velocity The velocity of a particle executing SHM at an then released, then a restoring force acts on it which
instant is defined as the time rate of change of its continuously tries to restore its mean position.
displacement at that instant.
dy Elongation
Velocity, = v = ω A2 − y 2
dt x1
At the mean position ( y = 0), during its motion
v = Aω = vmax and at the extreme positions ( y = ± A), v = 0. Natural position
∴ Velocity amplitude, v max = Aω
Compression
Velocity
T x2

T/2
O Time Restoring force F = − k l,
where k is force constant and l is the change in length of the
spring.
Here, x1 = x2 = l
●
Acceleration The acceleration of a particle executing SHM
at an instant is defined as the time rate of change of
●
The spring pendulum oscillates simple harmonically
velocity at that instant. having time period and frequency given by
d2 y m
Acceleration, = a = − ω2 y T = 2π
dt 2 k
The acceleration is also a variable. 1 k
and ν=
At the mean position ( y = 0), acceleration a = 0 and at the 2π m
extreme position ( y = ± A), the acceleration is amax = − Aω2 . ●
If the spring is not light but has a mass ms , then
∴ Acceleration amplitude, amax = Aω2 m + 1 / 3 ms
Acceleration T = 2π
k
●
If two masses m1 and m2 , k
m1 m2
connected by a spring, are made
T/2 T
O Time to oscillate on a horizontal
µ
surface, then its period will be T = 2π
k
m1 m2
●
Phase Phase is that physical quantity which tells about the where, µ = = reduced mass of the system.
position and direction of motion of any particle at any m1 + m2
moment. It is denoted by φ.
DAY ELEVEN OSCILLATIONS 119

and r1 + r2 = r = resultant position of the particle

Series Combination of Springs where, m = mass of the particle.
If two springs of spring constants k1 and k2 are joined r1 , r2 = positions of the particle under two forces.
in series (horizontally or vertically), then their
equivalent spring constant ks is given by k1 There are two cases
1 1 1 k k ●
When two SHM are in same
= + ⇒ ks = 1 2 direction the resultant is given by
ks k1 k2 k1 + k2 k2
A
A2
x = x1 + x2 = A sin(ωt + β) β φ
m m(k1 + k2 )
∴ T = 2π = 2π m where, x1 = A1 sin ωt , A1
ks k1 k2
x2 = A2 sin(ωt + φ)
A= A21 + 2 A 1 A 2 cos φ + A 22
Parallel Combination of
A2 sin φ
Springs and tan β =
A 1 + A 2 cos φ
If two springs of spring constants k1 and k2 are k1 k2
joined in parallel as shown in figure, then their For any value of φ other than 0 and π resultant amplitude is
equivalent spring constant k p = k1 + k2 hence, between| A 1 − A 2| and A 1 + A 2 .
m m ●
When two SHM are mutually y
T = 2π = 2π m
D C
kp (k1 + k2 ) perpendicular to each other.
The resultant SHM is given by 2A2 x

x2
y 2
2 xy cos φ
Force and Energy in SHM 2
+ 2− A B
A1 A2 A1 A2 2A1
●
Force For an object executing SHM, a force always acts on
= sin2 φ (ellipse)
it, which tries to bring it in mean position, i.e. it is always
directed towards mean position. where, x = A1 sin ωt and y = A2 sin(ωt + φ)
The equation of motion, F = ma , Here, x is always between − A1 to + A1 and y is always
∴ F = − mω2 x [Q a = − ω2 x ] between − A2 to + A2 .

 k  NOTE Special Cases in Composition of y

= − kx Q ω =  Two SHMs D C
 m A2 A2
• When φ = 0, y = x x
Here, negative sign shows that direction of force is always A1 O A1
opposite to the direction of displacement. A B
y
●
Energy If a particle of mass m is executing SHM, then at a D C
A2
displacement x from the mean position, the particle • When φ = π, y = − x A2
possesses potential and kinetic energy. A1 x
O A1
At any displacement x, A B
1 1 y
Potential energy, U = m ω2 x2 = k x2
2 2 • When φ = π / 2. If A1 = A2 = A, D F C
1 1 x2 y2 A2
Kinetic energy, K = m ω ( A − x2 ) = k ( A2 − x2 )
2 2 then + =1 x
2 2 A12 A 22 G A1 E

1 x 2 + y 2 = A2 (circle) A H B
Total energy, E = U + K = m ω2 A2 = 2 π 2 mν2 A2
2
If there is no friction, the total mechanical energy,
E = K + U, of the system always remains constant even
Simple Pendulum
though K and U change. A simple pendulum, in practice, consists of a heavy but small
sized metallic bob suspended by a light, inextensible and
flexible string. The motion of a simple pendulum is simple
Composition of Two SHMs harmonic for very small angular displacement (θ) whose time
If a particle is acted upon two separate forces each of which period and frequency are given by
can produce a simple harmonic motion. The resultant motion l 1 g
of the particle would be a combination of two SHMs. T = 2π and ν =
g 2π l
d2 r
For which F1 + F2 = m where, l is the effective length of the string and g is
dt
acceleration due to gravity.
120 40 DAYS ~ JEE MAIN PHYSICS DAY ELEVEN

●
If a pendulum of length l at temperature θ°C has a time where, R = radius of the earth.
period T, then on increasing the temperature by ∆θ° C its ●
The graphs l -T and l -T 2 intersect at T = 1 s.
time period changes to ∆T,
∆T 1 y
where, = α ∆θ T = 1s
T 2
l–T
where, α is the temperature coefficient of expansion of the
string.
●
A second’s pendulum is a pendulum whose time period is
2s. At a place where g = 9.8 ms −2 , the length of a second’s l–T2
O x
pendulum is 0.9929 m (or 1 m approx).
●
If the bob of a pendulum (having density ρ) is made to ●
2
The graph between T and 1/g is a straight line.
oscillate in a non-viscous fluid of density σ, then it can be y
shown that the new period is
l
T = 2π
 σ T2
g 1 − 
 ρ
●
If a pendulum is in a lift or in some other carriage moving
vertically with an acceleration a, then the effective value of O x
the acceleration due to gravity becomes (g ± a) and hence, 1/g

T = 2π
l ●
The graph between T 2 and g is a rectangular hyperbola.
(g ± a)
y
Here, positive sign is taken for an upward accelerated
motion and negative sign for a downward accelerated T2
motion.
●
If a pendulum is made to oscillate in a freely falling lift or
an orbiting satellite then the effective value of g is zero and
hence, the time period of the pendulum will be infinity and O x
g
therefore pendulum will not oscillate at all.
●
If the pendulum bob of mass m has a charge q and is
oscillating in an electrical field E, then Free, Damped, Forced and
l
T = 2π
 qE 
Resonant Vibrations
g ±  Some of the vibrations are described below.
 m
The positive sign is to be used if the electrical force is
acting vertically downwards and negative sign if the Free Vibrations
electrical force is acting vertically upwards. If a body, capable of oscillating, is slightly displaced from its
●
If pendulum of charge q is oscillating in an electric field E position of equilibrium and then released, it starts oscillating
acting horizontally, then with a frequency of its own.
l Such oscillations are called free vibrations.The frequency
T = 2π
q 2E 2 with which a body oscillates is called the natural frequency
g2 + and is given by
m2
1 k
●
If the length of a simple pendulum is increased to such an ν0 =
2π m
extent that l → ∞, then its time period is
R Here, a body continues to oscillate with a constant amplitude
T = 2π = 84.6 min and a fixed frequency.
g
DAY ELEVEN OSCILLATIONS 121

Damped Vibrations Forced Vibrations

The oscillations in which the amplitude decreases gradually The vibrations in which a body oscillates under the effect of
with the passage of time are called damped vibrations. an external periodic force, whose frequency is different from
Damping force, Fd = − bv
the natural frequency of the oscillating body, are called forced
where, v is the velocity of the oscillator and b is a damping
vibrations.
constant. The displacement of the oscillator is given by
x(t ) = Ae −bt /2 m sin(ω′t + φ) In forced vibrations the oscillating body vibrates with the
frequency of the external force and amplitude of oscillations
k b2
where, ω′ = the angular frequency = − is generally small.
m 4 m2
The mechanical energy E of the oscillator is given
1
Resonant Vibrations
by E (t ) = kA2e −bt / m It is a special case of forced vibrations in which the
2
A frequency of external force is exactly same as the natural
ing
amp

x frequency of the oscillator.

all d

As a result, the oscillating body begins to vibrate with a large

t
Sm

amplitude leading to the phenomenon of resonance to occur.

Larger Resonant vibrations play a very important role in music and
damping
w0 w in tuning of station/channel in a radio/TV etc.
(a) (b)

DAY PRACTICE SESSION 1

FOUNDATION QUESTIONS EXERCISE

1 The displacement of a particle is represented by the 4 The relation between acceleration and displacement of
π  four particles are given below. Which one of the particle
equation y = 3 cos  − 2ω t  . The motion of the
4  is exempting simple harmonic motion?
particle is (a) ax = +2 x (b) ax = +2 x 2
(a) simple harmonic with period 2 π / ω (c) ax = −2 x 2 (d) ax = −2 x
(b) simple harmonic with period π / ω 5 A wave travelling along the x-axis is described by the
(c) periodic but not simple harmonic equation y ( x , t ) = 0.005 cos (α x − β t ). If the wavelength
(d) non-periodic and the time period of the wave are 0.08 m and 2.0 s,
2 The displacement of a particle is represented by the respectively, then α and β in appropriate units are
0.08 2.0
equation y = sin 3ωt . The motion is (a) α = 25.00 π, β = π (b) α = ,β =
π π
(a) non-periodic 0.04 10
. π
(c) α = ,β = (d) α = 12.50 π, β =
(b) periodic but not simple harmonic π π 2.0
(c) simple harmonic with period 2 π / ω
6 The maximum velocity of a particle executing simple
(d) simple harmonic with period π / ω
harmonic motion with an amplitude 7 mm, is 4.4 ms −1.
3 Motion of an oscillating liquid column in a U-tube is The period of oscillation is
(a) periodic but not simple harmonic (a) 0.01 s (b) 10 s (c) 0.1 s (d) 100 s
(b) non-periodic 7 A point mass oscillates along the x-axis according to the
(c) simple harmonic and time period is independent of the law x = x 0 cos (ω t − π /4). If the acceleration of the
density of the liquid particle is written as a = A cos (ω t + δ ), then
π π
(d) simple harmonic and time period is directly proportional (a) A = x 0 ,δ = − (b) A = x 0ω2 ,δ =
to the density of the liquid 4 4
π 3π
(c) A = x 0ω2 ,δ = − (d) A = x 0ω2 ,δ =
4 4
122 40 DAYS ~ JEE MAIN PHYSICS DAY ELEVEN

8 A body is executing SHM when its displacement from the 15 If a spring of stiffness k is cut into two parts A and B of
mean position are 4 cm and 5 cm and it has velocity length lA : lB = 2 : 3, then the stiffness of spring A is given
10 cms − 1 and 8 cms − 1, respectively. Its periodic time t by ª AIEEE 2011
2π 3π 5 3k 2k
(a) s (b) π s (c) s (d) 2 π s (a) k (b) (c) (d) k
2 2 2 5 5
9 A block rests on a horizontal table, which is executing 16 Two springs of force constants k1 and k 2, are connected
SHM in the horizontal direction with an amplitude a. If the to a mass m as shown. The frequency of oscillation of the
coefficient of friction is µ, then the block just starts to slip mass is ν. If both k1 and k 2 are made four times their
when the frequency of oscillation is original values, the frequency of oscillation becomes
1 µg a 1 a a k1 k2
(a) (b) 2 π (c) (d) m
2π a µg 2 π µg µg

10 A coin is placed on a horizontal platform, which ν ν

(a) (b) (c) 4ν (d) 2 ν
undergoes horizontal SHM about a mean position O. The 2 4
coin placed on the platform does not slip, when angular
17 Two springs of force constant k and 2k are connected to
frequency of the SHM is ω. The coefficient of friction
a mass as shown below. The frequency of oscillation of
between the coin and platform is µ. The amplitude of
the mass is
oscillation is gradually increased. The coin will be begin
to slip on the platform for the first time
(a) at the mean position
(b) at the extreme position of the oscillation
(c) for an amplitude of µ g /ω2 2k
m
k
(d) for an amplitude of g /µω2
11 Two particles A and B are oscillating about a point O
1 k 1 2k 1 3k 1 m
along a common line such that equation of A is given as (a) (b) (c) (d)
2π m 2π m 2π m 2π k
x1 = a cos ω t and equation of B is given as
 π 18 A block P of mass m is placed on a horizontal frictionless
x 2 = b sin ω t +  .
 2 plane. A second block Q of the same mass m is placed
on it and is connected to a spring of spring constant k,
Then, the motion of A w.r. t. B is
the two blocks are pulled by a distance A. Block Q
(a) a simple harmonic motion with amplitude (a − b)
oscillates without slipping. What is the maximum value of
(b) a simple harmonic motion with amplitude (a + b)
frictional force between the two blocks?
(c) a simple harmonic motion with amplitude a 2 + b 2
(d) not a simple harmonic motion but oscillatory motion
12 Two particles execute simple harmonic motion on same k µs
straight line with same mean position, same time period A Q
6 s and same amplitude 5 cm. Both the particles start
P
SHM from their mean position (in same direction) with a
time gap of 1 s. Find the maximum separation between
(a) k A/ 2 (b) k A (c) µ − mg (d) Zero
the two particles during their motion.
(a) 2 cm (b) 3 cm (c) 4 cm (d) 5 cm 19 A particle of mass M is attached to three springs A, B
and C having equal force constant k. If the particle is
13 A particle is acted simultaneously by mutually
pushed a little towards any one of the springs and then
perpendicular simple harmonic motion x = a cos ωt and
left on its own, find the time period of its oscillation.
y = a sin ωt . The trajectory of motion of the particle will be
(a) an ellipse (b) a parabola
A 120° B
(c) a circle (d) a straight line
k k
14 A silver atom in a solid oscillates in simple harmonic M
motion in some direction with a frequency of1012 per
C k
second. What is the force constant of the bonds
connecting one atom with the other? (Take, molecular
weight of silver = 108 and Avogadro number = 6.02 × 1023
g mol −1) ª JEE Main 2018 (a) 2 π (M /k) (b) 2 π (2M /k)
(a) 6.4 N/m (b) 7.1 N/m (c) 2.2 N/m (d) 5.5 N/m (c) 2 π (M / 2k) (d) 2 π (M / 3 k)
DAY ELEVEN OSCILLATIONS 123

20 A body performs SHM. Its kinetic energy K varies with 24 For a particle executing SHM, the displacement x is
time T as indicated in the graph given by x = A cos ω t . Identify the graph which
K K represents the variation of potential energy (PE) as a
function of time t and displacement x.
PE PE
(a) (b)
T t T t
I II III
IV
t
K K x
(a) I and III (b) II and IV
(c) II and III (d) I and IV
(c) (d) 25 A simple pendulum performs simple harmonic motion
T t T t
about x = 0 with an amplitude a, and time period T . The
speed of the pendulum at x = a / 2 will be
πa 3 πa 3 3 π2 a πa
21 A particle is executing simple harmonic motion with a (a) (b) (c) (d)
T 2T T T
time period T . At time t = 0, it is at its position of
equilibrium. The kinetic energy-time graph of the particle 26 The value of g decrease by 0.1% on a mountain as
will look, like ª JEE Main 2017 (Offline) compared to sea level. If a simple pendulum is used to
KE KE record the time, then the length must be
(a) increased by 0.1% (b) decreased by 0.1%
(c) increased by 0.2% (d) decreased by 0.2%
(a) (b)
O T t O T/2 T t 5T
27 Two pendulums have time periodsT and . They start
4
KE KE SHM at the same time from the mean position. What will
be the phase difference between them after the bigger
(c) (d) pendulum completes one oscillation?
O T/4 T/2 3T/4 T O T/2 T 2T
t t (a) 45° (b) 90° (c) 60° (d) 30°
28 A simple pendulum of length l is suspended from the roof
22 For a simple pendulum, a graph is plotted between its of a train which is moving in a horizontal direction with an
Kinetic Energy (KE) and Potential Energy (PE) against its acceleration a. Then, the time period T is given by
displacement d. Which one of the following represents
(a) 2 π l/g (b) 2 π l/ (a 2 + g 2 )1/ 2
these correctly? (graphs are schematic and not drawn to
scale) ª JEE Main 2015 (c) 2 π l/ (a + g) (d) 2 π l/(g − a)
E E
PE 29 Two simple pendulums of length1 m and 4 m respectively
KE
(a) (b) are both given small displacement in the same direction.
PE KE The shorter pendulum has completed number of
d d
oscillations equal to ª JEE Main (Online) 2013
E (a) 2 (b) 7
E PE
KE (c) 5 (d) 3
(c) (d)
KE 30 A pendulum of length 2m lift at P. When it reaches Q, it
d losses 10% of its total energy due to air resistance. The
velocity of Q is
PE
P
23 The total energy of a particle, executing simple harmonic
motion is 2m
(a) ∝ x
(b) ∝ x 2
(c) independent of x Q
(d) ∝ x1/ 2 (a) 2 m/s (b) 1 m/s
where, x is the displacement from the mean position. (c) 6 m/s (d) 8 m/s
124 40 DAYS ~ JEE MAIN PHYSICS DAY ELEVEN

31 Four pendulums A,B,C and D are (c) Statement I is true; Statement II is false
hung from the same elastic support (d) Statement I is false; Statement II is true
as shown alongside. A and C are of B 34 If two springs S1 and S 2 of force constants k1 and k 2,
the same length while B is smaller C A
D respectively are stretched by the same force, it is found
than A and D is larger than A. A is that more work is done on spring S1 than on spring S 2.
given a displacement then in steady state
Statement I If stretched by the same amount, work done
(a) D will vibrate with maximum amplitude on S1, will be more than that on S 2.
(b) C will vibrate with maximum amplitude
(c) B will vibrate with maximum amplitude Statement II k1 < k2
(d) All the four will oscillate with equal amplitude 35 Statement I A particle performing SHM at certain instant
32 Bob of a simple pendulum of length l is made of iron. The is having velocity v. It again acquires a velocity v for the
pendulum is oscillating over a horizontal coil carrying first time after a time interval of T second, then the time
direct current. If the time period of the pendulum is T , period of oscillation isT second.
then ª JEE Main (Online) 2013 Statement II A particle performing SHM can have the
l same velocity at two instants in one cycle.
(a) T < 2 π and damping is smaller than in air alone
g 36 Statement I A particle performing SHM while crossing
l the mean position is having a minimum potential energy,
(b) T = 2 π and damping is larger than in air alone
g this minimum potential energy could be non-zero.
l Statement II In the equilibrium position, the net force
(c)T > 2 and damping is smaller than in air alone
g experienced by the particle is zero, hence potential
l energy would be zero at the mean position.
(d)T < 2 π and damping is larger than in air alone
g 37 Statement I A circular metal hoop is suspended on the
33 The amplitude of a damped oscillator decreases to 0.9 edge by a hook. The hoop can oscillate from one side to
times its original magnitude is 5s. In another 10 s it will the other in the plane of the hoop, or it can oscillate back
decreases to α times its original magnitude, where α and forth in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the
equals ª JEE Main 2013 hoop.
(a) 0.7 (b) 0.81 The time period of oscillation would be more when
oscillations are carried out in the plane of the hoop.
(c) 0.729 (d) 0.6
Statement II Time period of physical pendulum is more if
Direction (Q. Nos. 34-38) Each of these questions the moment of inertia of the rigid body about the
contains two statements : Statement I and Statement II. corresponding axis, passing through the pivoted point is
Each of these questions also has four alternative choices, only more.
one of which is the correct answer. You have to select one of
the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d ) given below. 38 Statement I The time period of a pendulum, in a satellite
(a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is
orbiting around the earth, is infinity.
the correct explanation for Statement I Statement II Time period of a pendulum is inversely
(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is proportional to the square root of acceleration due to
not the correct explanation for Statement I gravity.
DAY ELEVEN OSCILLATIONS 125

DAY PRACTICE SESSION 2

PROGRESSIVE QUESTIONS EXERCISE

1 A 15 g ball is shot from a spring gun whose spring has a 7 If x, v and a denote the displacement, the velocity and
force constant of 600 Nm −1. The spring is compressed the acceleration of a particle executing simple harmonic
by 5 cm. The greatest possible horizontal range of the motion of time period T, then which of the following does
ball for this compression is (g = 10 ms −2). not change with time?
aT
(a) 10.0 m (b) 6.0 m (c) 12.0 m (d) 8.0 m (a) a 2T 2 + 4 π 2v 2 (b)
x
aT
2 Two simple harmonic motions are represented by the (c) aT + 2 πv (d)
 π v
equations y1 = 01
. sin 100π t +  and y 2 = 01
. cos π t .
 3 8 A simple pendulum has time period T1. The point of
The phase difference of the velocity of particle 1, with suspension is now moved upward according to the
respect to the velocity of particle 2 is (at t = 0) relation y = k t 2,(k = 1ms − 2 ), where y is the vertical
−π π −π π displacement. The time period now becomesT2. The ratio
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 3 3 6 T2
of 12 is ( take, g = 10 ms − 2 )
3 A piece of wood has dimension a × b × c. It is floating in T2
a liquid of density ρ such that side a is vertical. It is now (a)
6
(b)
5
(c) 1 (d)
4
pushed down gently and released. The time period is 5 6 5
(a) 2 π ρa /g (b) 2 π abc /g 9 A pendulum made of a uniform wire of cross-sectional area
(c) 2 π g / ρa (d) 2 π bc /ρg A has time period T. When an additional mass M is added
4 The length of a spring is α when a force of 4N is applied to its bob, the time period changesTM . If the Young’s
on it. The length of a spring is β when a force of 5N is modulus of the material of the wire isY , then 1/Y is equal to
( g = gravitational acceleration) ª JEE Main 2015
applied on it. Then find the length of the spring when a
 T 2  A  T 2  Mg
(a)   M  − 1 (b)   M  − 1
force of 9 N is applied on the spring.
(a) 5 β − 4 α (b) β − α   T   Mg   T   A
(c) 5 α − 4 β (d) 9(β − α)
 2  A  T   A 2
(c) 1 −  M  
T
5 A simple pendulum of length l has a bob of mass m with (d) 1 −   
  T   Mg   TM   Mg
a charge q on it. A vertical sheet of charge having  
surface charge density σ passes through the point of 10 The bob of a simple pendulum is a spherical hollow ball
suspension. At equilibrium, the string makes an angle θ filled with water. A plugged hole near the bottom of the
with the vertical. If the tension in the string is T then, oscillating bob gets suddenly unplugged. During
σq σq
(a) tan θ = (b) tan θ = observation, till the water is coming out, the time period of
2 ε0 mg ε0 mg
oscillation would
l l
(c)T > 2 π (d)T = 2 π (a) first increase and then decrease to the original value
g g
(b) first decrease and then increase to the original value
6 A mass m is suspended from a (c) remain unchanged
massless pulley which itself is (d) increase towards a saturation value
suspended with the help of a 11 A pendulum of length l = 1 m is released from θ 0 = 60°.
massless extensible spring as The rate of change of speed of the bob at θ = 30° is
shown alongside. ( take, g = 10 m /s 2 ).
What will be the time period of
oscillation of the mass? The force 60°
constant of the spring is k.
(a) π m / k
(b) 2 π m / k
(c) 4 π m / k (a) 5 3 m/s 2 (b) 5 m/s 2
(d) 2 π m / 2 k (c) 10 m/s 2 (d) 2.5 m/s 2
126 40 DAYS ~ JEE MAIN PHYSICS DAY ELEVEN

12 A particle at the end of a spring executes simple 16 A particle moves with simple harmonic motion in a
harmonic motion with a period t1, while the corresponding straight line. In first τ sec, after starting from rest it travels
period for another spring is t 2. If the period of oscillation a distance a and in next τ sec,it travels 2a, in same
with the two springs in series is T , Then, direction, then ª JEE Main 2014
(a)T = t1 + t 2 (b)T 2 = t12 + t 22 (a) amplitude of motion is 3a
(c)T −1 = t1−1 + t 2−1 (d)T −2 = t1−2 + t 2−2 (b) time period of oscillations is 8τ
(c) amplitude of motion is 4a
13 A particle performs simple harmonic motion with (d) time period of oscillations is 6τ
amplitude A . Its speed is tripled at the instant that it is at
2 17 An ideal gas enclosed in a vertical cylindrical container
a distance A from equilibrium position. The new
3 supports a freely moving piston of mass M. The piston
amplitude of the motion is ª JEE Main 2016 (Offline) and the cylinder have equal cross sectional area A. When
A the piston is in equilibrium, the volume of the gas isV0
(a) 41 (b) 3A
3 and its pressure is P. The piston is slightly displaced from
7
(c) A 3 (d) A the equilibrium position and released. Assuming that the
3
system is completely, isolated from its surrounding, the
14 A wooden cube (density of wood d ) of side l floats in a piston executes a simple harmonic motion with frequency
liquid of density ρ with its upper and lower surfaces ª JEE Main 2013
horizontal. If the cube is pushed slightly down and 1 A γ P0 1 V0MP0
(a) (b)
released, it performs simple harmonic motion of periodT . 2 π V0M 2 π A2 γ
Then, T is equal to
1 A 2 γ P0 1 MV0
lρ ld (c) (d)
(a) 2 π (b) 2 π 2 π MV0 2 π A γ P0
( ρ − d) g ρg
lρ ld 18 If a simple pendulum has significant amplitude (up to a
(c) 2 π (d) 2 π
dg (ρ − d) g factor of 1/e of original) only in the period between t = 0 s
to t = τ s, then τ may be called the average life of the
15 Two particles are executing simple harmonic motion of pendulum. When the spherical bob of the pendulum
the same amplitude A and frequency ω along the x-axis. suffers a retardation (due to viscous drag) proportional to
Their mean position is separated by distance X 0( X 0 > A ). its velocity with b as the constant of proportionality, the
If the maximum separation between them is ( X 0 + A ), the average life time of the pendulum is (assuming damping
phase difference between their motion is is small) in seconds
π π 0.693
(a) (b) (a) (b) b
3 4 b
π π 1 2
(c) (d) (c) (d)
6 2 b b

ANSWERS
SESSION 1 1 (b) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5 (a) 6 (a) 7 (d) 8 (b) 9 (a) 10 (c)
11 (a) 12 (d) 13 (c) 14 (b) 15 (a) 16 (d) 17 (c) 18 (a) 19 (c) 20 (a)
21 (c) 22 (b) 23 (c) 24 (a) 25 (a) 26 (b) 27 (b) 28 (b) 29 (a) 30 (c)
31 (b) 32 (d) 33 (c) 34 (d) 35 (d) 36 (c) 37 (a) 38 (a)
SESSION 2
1 (a) 2 (a) 3 (a) 4 (a) 5 (a) 6 (a) 7 (b) 8 (a) 9 (a) 10 (a)
11 (b) 12 (b) 13 (d) 14 (b) 15 (a) 16 (d) 17 (c) 18 (d)
DAY ELEVEN OSCILLATIONS 127

Hints and Explanations

SESSION 1 5 Given, y = 0.005 cos (αx − β t ) 11 The displacement of A relative to B is
x = x1 − x2
1 Given, y = 3 cos  π − 2ω t  ...(i) Comparing the equation with the π
4  standard form, x = a cos ω t − b sin  ω t + 
dy  2
Velocity, v = y = A cos  −  2 π
x t
dt λ T  = a cos ω t − b cos ω t
π
= 3 × 2 ω sin  − 2ω t  we have, 2π / λ = α = (a − b ) cos ω t
4 
and 2π / T = β Which is a simple harmonic motion with
dv
Acceleration, a = ⇒ α = 2 π / 0.08 = 25.00 π amplitude (a − b ) .
dt
and β= π 12 Phase difference,
π
= − 4ω × 3 cos  − 2 ω t 
2
4  6 Maximum velocity v = Aω, 2π π
φ = ωt = × 1 = rad
= − 4ω y2
(where, A is the amplitude and ω is the 6 3
angular frequency of oscillation).
As a ∝ y and negative sign shows that,
it is directed towards equilibrium (or ∴ 4.4 = ( 7 × 10−3 ) × 2 π / T P
P′
mean position), hence particle will A
7 × 10−3 2 × 22
execute SHM. or T = × = 0.01 s Smax p/6
Comparing Eq. (i) with equation 4.4 7
p/6
y = r cos(φ − ω ′t )
7 Given, x = x 0 cos  ω t − π 
We have, ω ′ = 2ω   4
2π π Q′ A Q
or = 2ω or T ′ = d2 x
T′ ω Acceleration, a =
dt 2
2 Given equation of motion is π
= − ω2 x 0 cos  ωt −  The maximum separation between the
y = sin 3ω t  4 two particles is
= (3sin ω t − sin 3ω t ) / 4 3π  π
= ω2 x 0 cos  ωt +  S max = 2 A sin
[Qsin 3θ = 3sin θ − 4sin3 θ]  4 6
1
dy  d 3π or S max = 2 × 5 × = 5cm
(3sin ω t ) − (sin 3ω t ) / 4
d
⇒ = So, A = ω2 x 0 and δ = 2
dt  dt dt  4
dy 13 Given, x = acos ωt …(i)
⇒4 = 3ω cos ω t − [3ω cos 3ω t ] 8 Using v 2 = ω2 (a2 − y 2 ), we have
dt 102 = ω2 (a2 − 42 ) Y = asinωt …(ii)
2
d y Squaring and adding Eqs.(i) and (ii), we
⇒4× = −3ω2 sin ω t + 9ω2 sin 3ω t and 82 = ω2 (a2 − 52 )
d t2 get
So, 10 − 8 = ω (5 − 4 ) = (3ω )
2 2 2 2 2 2

d2 y  3ω2 sin ω t − 9ω2 sin 3ω t  x2 + y 2 = a2 (cos 2ωt + sin2 ωt )

⇒ = −  ⇒ 6 = 3ω or ω = 2
dt 2  4  ∴ T = 2 π /ω = a2
= 2π /2 = π s [Q cos 2 ωt + sin 2ωt = 1]
d2 y
⇒ is not proportional to y. 9 Force of friction = µ m g = m ω2 a This is the equation of a circle.
dt 2
= m (2 πν) a 2 Clearly, the locus is a circle of constant
Hence, motion is not SHM. radius a.
1 µg
As the expression is involving sine ⇒ ν=
function, hence it will be periodic. 2π a 14 For a harmonic oscillator,
m
3 The motion of an oscillating liquid 10 Let O be the mean position and x be the T = 2π
k
column in a U-tube is simple harmonic distance of the coin from O. The coin
1
and the time period is independent of will slip, if centrifugal force on the coin where, k = force constant and T =
the density of the liquid. just becomes equal to the force of ν
h friction i.e. ∴ k = 4 π2 ν2 m
T =2 π
m x ω2 = µ m g 108 × 10−3
2
= 4 ×   × (1012 )2 ×
g 22
where, h = height of liquid in each R  7 6.02 × 1023
column. ⇒ k = 71
. N/m
O F Fc
4 For motion to be SHM acceleration of
the particle must be proportional to
Mean position 15 For spring, k ∝ 1
mg l
negative of displacement. x kA l l + lB 5
i.e. a ∝ − ( y or x ) ∴ = B ⇒ kA = A k = k
From the diagram, kB lA lA 2
We should be clear that y has to be
linear. m Aω2 = µ mg or A = µg / ω2
128 40 DAYS ~ JEE MAIN PHYSICS DAY ELEVEN

k1 + k2 24 Potential energy is minimum (in this

16 We know that, ν = 1 case zero) at the mean position ( x = 0)
33 Amplitude of damped oscillator,
2π m −
bt
and maximum at the extreme positions A = A 0e 2m
When k1 and k2 are made four times ( x = ± A ). b( 5)
−
their original value. At time t = 0, x = A, the potential energy After 5 s, 0.9 A 0 = A 0 e 2m

Then, and should be maximum. Therefore, graph I b ( 5)

is correct. Further in graph III, potential −
1 k + k2 energy is minimum at x = 0. Hence, this ⇒ 0.9 = e 2m
…(i)
ν′ = ⋅2 1 = 2ν
2π m is also correct. After 10 more second,
3
17 The effective spring constant is 25 Since, v = ω a2 − y 2 , −b
(15)  − 5b 
A = A 0e 2m = A0e 2m  …(ii)
K = k + 2k = 3 k . At, x or y = a / 2  
 
The time period of oscillation is given by
1 a2 3 a2 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
T = 2π
m
and ν = ⇒ v = ω a2 − =ω
3k T 4 4 A = 0729
. A0
2π 3a π 3a α = 0729
so, we get = × = Hence, .
1 3k T 2 T
ν= 34 As no relation between k1 and k2 is given
2π m 26 As, T = 2π l / g in the question, that is why, nothing can
be predicted about Statement I. But as in
18 Angular frequency of the system, Taking log and differentiating the Statement II, k1 < k2
k k expression, keeping T constant we have
ω= = dl dg 01
. Then, for same force
m+ m 2m = =− F F2
l g 100 W = F⋅x= F⋅ =
Maximum acceleration of the system K K
∴ (d l / l ) × 100 = − 01
. / 100 × 100 1
kA ⇒ W ∝
will be, ω2 A or . This acceleration of = − 01
.%
2m k
the lower block, is provided by friction. 27 When bigger pendulum of time period i.e. W1 > W2
Hence, f max = ma max = m ω2 A (5T /4) completes one oscillation, the But for same displacement,
smaller pendulum will complete (5/ 4) 1 1
W = F ⋅ x = k x ⋅ x = k x2
= m 
k A k A oscillation. It means, the smaller
 = 2 2
 2m  2 pendulum will be leading the bigger
⇒ W ∝ k , i.e. W1 < W2
pendulum by a phase of T /4 = π /2 rad
19 When the mass m is pushed in a = 90°. Thus, in the light of Statement II,
downward direction through a distance Statement I is false.
x, the effective restoring force, in 28 Effective acceleration = a + g 2 2

magnitude is 35 Consider the situation as shown in the

l adjoint figure. Let us say at any instant t 1 ,
F = k x + k x cos 60° + k x cos 60° ∴Time period, T = 2 π
(a2 + g 2 )1 /2 the particle crosses A as shown, the
= 2k x particle again acquires the same velocity,
∴ Spring factor, k ′ = 2k 29 Let T1 and T2 be the time period of when it crosses B let us say at instant t 2 .
and Inertia factor = M shorter length and larger length According to statement I, (t 2 − t 1 ) is the
M pendulums respectively. According to time period of SHM which is wrong.
So time period, T = 2 π
2k question,
x1 x1
nT1 = (n − 1) T2
20 The frequency of kinetic energy is twice B Equilibrium position A
that of a particle executive SHM. 1 4
So, n 2 π = (n − 1) 2 π
8 8 36 At the mean position,
21 KE is maximum at mean position and
or n = (n − 1) 2 = 2n − 2 ⇒ n = 2 dU
minimum at extreme position F = 0= − =0
 at t = T  . dx
  30 By applying conservation of energy ⇒ U = constant which can be zero or
 4
between P and Q non-zero.
22 During oscillation, motion of a simple 1
mv 2 = 0.9(mgh )
pendulum KE is maximum at the mean 2 37 When the hoop oscillates in its plane,
position where PE is minimum. At ⇒ v 2 = 2 × 0.9 × 10 × 2 = 36 ⇒ v = 6 m/s moment of inertia is
extreme position, KE is minimum and I1 = mR2 + mR2 i.e. I1 = 2mR2
31 As A and C are of same length, so they
PE is maximum. Thus, correct graph is While when the hoop oscillates in a
will be in resonance, hence C will
depicted in option (b). vibrate with the maximum amplitude. direction perpendicular to the plane of
23 In a simple harmonic motion, when a l the hoop, moment of inertia is
particle is displaced to a position from 32 T < 2 π mR2 3 mR2
g I2 = + mR2 =
its mean position, its kinetic energy is 2 2
converted into potential energy. Hence, As, current passed through in the coil Time period of physical pendulum is,
total energy of a particle remains which attracts the molecules of air I
constant or the total energy in simple closer to it, thus density of air increases T = 2π ; d is same in both the
mgd
harmonic motion does not depend on which produces larger damping than
the displacement x. that in air alone. cases.
DAY ELEVEN OSCILLATIONS 129

38 From the relation of the time period, 4 4 = k (α − l ) l

and T2 = 2 π
l 1 5 = k (β − l ) g + ay
T = 2π ⇒ T ∝
4 α −l g + ay
g g 9 = k (γ − l ) ⇒ = T12
5 β−l ∴ =
When the satellite is orbiting around the T22 g
earth, the value of g inside it is zero. or 4β − 4 l = 5α − 5l
10 + 2 6
Hence, the time period of pendulum in l = 5α − 4β = =
10 5
a satellite will be infinity and it is also Now, 9α − 9l = 4γ − 4l
clear that time period of pendulum is 4 γ = 9α − 5l = 9α − 5(5α − 4β ) 9 We know that time period,
inversely proportional to square root of = 9α − 25α + 20β T = 2π
L
acceleration due to gravity g. = 20β − 16α g
γ = 5β − 4α
SESSION 2 When additional mass M is added to its
5 In the figure, we represent the electric bob
1 For getting horizontal range, there must intensity at B due to the sheet of charge,
L + ∆L
be some inclination of spring with
O T M = 2π ,
ground to project ball. g

q T where, ∆L is increase in length.

l We know that Young modulus of the
u
material
B
45° C F Mg / A MgL
Y = =
Rmax ∆L / L A∆L
mg
MgL
2 Sheet of charge ⇒ ∆L =
u AY
R max = 1σ
g E = MgL
2 ε0 L+
But KE acquired by ball AY
Force on bob due to the sheet of charge, T M = 2π
= PE of spring gun g
1 σq
1 1 kx2 F = qE = 2
⇒ mu = kx2 ⇒ u2 =
2
2 ε0  T M  = 1 + Mg
2 2 m ⇒  
As the bob is in equilibrium,  T  AY
kx2 600 × (5 × 10−2 )2
⇒ R max = = mg F T 2
mg 15 × 10−3 × 10 so = = Mg  T M 
OC CB BO or =  −1
AY  T 
= 10 m CB F σq
or = = = tanθ
π mg 2ε0 m g A  T M  
. sin  100 π t + 
OC 2
2 Given, y 1 = 01 1
  or =   − 1
3
6 If mass m moves down a distance y, Y Mg   T  
dy 1
⇒ = v 1 = 01
. × 100 π cos then the spring is pulled by 2y and the
dt force with which the spring is pulled 10
 100 π t + π  will be F = R = mg / 2.
 
 3 Hence, mg / 2 = k ( 2 y )
π π
or v 1 = 10 π sin  100 π t + +  ⇒ y / g = m / 4k l l + Dl
 3 2 ⇒ T = 2π y /g G
5π 
or v 1 = 10 π sin  100 π t + = 2 π m /4 k = π m / k G
 G¢
 6
7 As, aT = ω xT
2
Spherical hollow ball Spherical hollow ball
and y 2 = 0.1 cos π t
dy 2 x x filled with water half filled with water
⇒ = v 2 = − 01 . sin π t
dt 4 π2 4 π2
= ×T = l l + ∆l
or v 2 = 01 . sin ( π t + π ) T 2
T T = 2π T1 = 2 π
Hence, the phase difference g g
= constant.
∆φ = φ 1 − φ 2
d2 y
5π  8 Given, y = k t 2 ⇒ a = = 2k
=  100 π t +  − ( πt + π ) dt 2
 6
l
5π π a
= − π=− (at t = 0)
6 6
3 Force of buoyancy = b × c × ρw × g G

= bc g (Q ρw = 1) g axt
Spherical hollow ball
and mass of piece of wood = ab c ρ
or a y = 2 m/s2 (as, k = 1 m/s 2 ) T2 = 2 π
l
and T1 > T2
So, acceleration
= − bc g / ab c ρ = − (g /aρ ) g
l
ρa ∴ T1 = 2 π Hence, time period first increases and
Hence, time period, T = 2π g
g then decreases to the original value.
130 40 DAYS ~ JEE MAIN PHYSICS DAY ELEVEN

11 Initial velocity of a particle performs i.e. x = A cos ωt , at t = 0, x = A

SHM, When t = τ, then x = A − a …(i)
 2A  
2
30°

v 2 = ω2  A2 − 
T When t = 2τ, then x = A − 3a
60 °   ... (i) …(ii)
  3  
1m  On comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
where, A is initial amplitude and ω is
A − a = A cos ωτ
angular frequency.
A − 3 a = A cos 2ωτ
m

Final velocity,
g
co

 2A  
2
As cos 2ωτ = 2cos 2ωτ − 1
(3v )2 = ω2  A ′2 − 
s3

mg sin 30° mg   ...(ii)

0°

  3   A − 3 a 2 A2 + 2a2 − 4 Aa − A2
 =
dv From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get A A2
Rate of change of speed
dt 4 A2
A2 − A2 − 3 aA = A2 + 2a2 − 4 Aa
= tangential acceleration 1 9 7A
tangential force mg sin30° = ⇒ A′ =
= = 9 4 A2 3 a2 = 2aA, A = 2a
mass m A′ −2
9 Now, A − a = A cos ωτ ⇒ cos ωτ = 1 / 2
 1
= g sin30° = 10   m/s = 5m/s2
2
 2 14 Let at any instant, cube is at a depth x 2π π
⇒ τ = ⇒ T = 6τ
from the equilibrium position, then net T 3
12 Time period of the spring, force acting on the cube = upthrust on Mg
the portion of length x 17 = P0 ⇒ Mg = P0 A
T = 2π  
m A
k ∴ F = − p l2 xg = − p l2g x ...(i)
P0V 0γ = (P0 + ∆V 0 ) (V 0 − ∆V 0 )γ
Negative sign shows that, force is γ
Here, k be the force constant of spring.  ∆V 0 
For the first spring, opposite to x. ⇒ P0 = ( P0 + ∆ P0 )  1 − 
 V0 
 m Hence, equation of SHM
t1 = 2 π   …(i)  ∆V 0 
 k1  = ( P0 + ∆ P0 )  1 − r 
 V0 
For the second spring,
 ∆V 0 
 m =  P0 − VP0 + ∆ P0 
t2 = 2 π   …(ii)  V0 
 k2  I X
∆V 0
or ∆P0 = VP0
The effective force constant in the series V0
I
combination is But ∆V = Ax,
k1 k2 where, A = area at cross section of piston
k =
k1 + k2 γ P0 A
F = −k x …(ii) ∴ ∆P0 = x
Time period of combination V0
Comparing Eqs.(i) and (ii), we get
 m (k1 + k2 ) γP0 A2
T = 2π   k = ρl2g Restoring force F = − ∆P0 × A = − x
 k1 k2  V0
m l 3d ld
4 π2 m (k1 + k2 ) ∴ T = 2π = 2π = 2π Comparing it with, F res = − kx
⇒ T 2
= …(iii) k ρl 2 g ρg
k1 k2 γ P0 A 2
k =
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 15 Let x1 = A sin (ω t + φ1 ) V0
m m and x2 = A sin(ω t + φ2 ) 1 k 1 γ P0 A 2
t 12 + t 22 = 4 π2  +  ∴ f = =
 k1 k2  x2 − x1 = A 2π M 2π MV 0
 1 [sin(ω t + φ2 ) − sin(ωt + φ1 )]
1
or t 12 + t 22 = 4 π2 m  +  2ω t + φ1 + φ2   φ2 − φ1  18 For damped harmonic motion,
 k1 k2  = 2 A cos   sin  
 2   2  m a = − kx − mb v
4 π2 m (k1 + k2 ) or m a + mb v + k x = 0
or t 12 + t 22 = The resultant motion can be treated as a
k1 k2 Solution to above equation is
simple harmonic motion with bt
φ − φ1  − b2
⇒ t 12 + t 22 = T 2 amplitude 2 A sin  2
[from Eq. (iii)] k
 x = A 0 e 2 sin ω t; with ω2 = −
 2  m 4m
13 The velocity of a particle executing
SHM at any instant, is defined as the Given, maximum distance between the where, amplitude drops exponentially
bτ
time rate of change of its displacement particles = X 0 + A with time. −
A τ = A0 e 2
at that instant. ∴ Amplitude of resultant SHM
= X0 + A − X0 = A Average time τ is that duration when
v = ω A2 − x2
φ − φ1  amplitude drops by 63%, i.e. becomes
where, ω is angular frequency, A is ∴ 2 A sin  2  A ⇒
= A 0 /e
amplitude and x is displacement of a  2  −
bτ
A
particle. φ2 − φ1 = π /3 Thus, A τ = 0 A 0e 2
e
Suppose that the new amplitude of the
16 In SHM, a particle starts from rest, we bτ 2
motion be A′. or = 1 or τ =
have 2 b