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Grade 10- BIOLOGY

CONTROL AND COORDINATION

Which part of the brain controls posture and balance of the body?
Cerebellum is a part of the brain that controls posture and balance of the
body.

What is synapse?
• The junction between two adjacent neurons is called synapse.

State the function of (a) gustatory receptors and (b) olfactory receptors.
• (a) To sense taste, (b) To detect smell.

Name the sensory receptors found in the nose and on the tongue.
• Olfactory receptors and gustatory receptors are the sensory receptors found in
nose and on the tongue respectively.

All information from our environment is detected by specialised tips of some nerve
cells. Write the name given to such tips and also mention where are they located.

•Such specialised tips of some nerve cells are called receptors. They are
located in sense organs.
Name the two components of Central Nervous System (CNS) in humans.
• Brain and spinal cord are the two components of Central Nervous System
(CNS).

Name the plant hormones responsible for the following (a) Elongation of cells (b)
Growth of stem (c) Promotion of cell division (d) wilting of leaves
• (a) Auxin
• (b) Gibberellin
• (c) Cytokinin
• (d) Abscisic acid

Name the plant hormone that inhibits growth and also helps in wilting of leaves.
• The plant hormone that inhibits growth and also helps in wilting of leaves is
known as abscisic acid.

Which hormone is responsible for the secondary sexual characters in male and
female human beings?
• Testosterone and estrogen are responsible for the secondary sexual characters
in male and female human beings respectively.

Name the hormones secreted by the following endocrine glands. (a) Thyroid gland
(b) Adrenal gland
• (a) Thyroid gland -Thyroxin (b) Adrenal gland - Adrenaline
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Name the plant hormone responsible for elongation of cells.

• Auxin

Write the function of hormone thyroxin in our body.

• Thyroxin regulates metabolism of fats, proteins and carbohydrates in our
body.
• Thus helps in growth
•
Name the hormones responsible for (a) development of moustache and beard in
males. (b) controlling the uterus changes in menstrual cycle. (c) regulating blood
glucose level.
• (a) Testosterone (b) Progesterone (c) Insulin

Name the parts of nervous system. OR what does Nervous system consists of?
• The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord and nerves.

NAME THE RECEPTORS THAT HELP US TO DETECT SMELL AND TASTE.

• Olfactory receptors in the nose to detect smell.
• Gustatory receptors in the tongue to detect taste

Name the parts of CNS and PNS.

• i ) The central nervous system (CNS) :- consists of the brain, and spinal
cord.
• ii) The peripheral nervous system (PNS):- consists of cranial nerves arising
from the brain and spinal nerves arising from the spinal cord.

Explain the structure of a neuron.

• Neuron is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system. It has a cell
body called cyton containing a nucleus and cytoplasm. It has several branched
structures called dendrites. It has a long nerve fibre called axon which is
covered by a protective covering called Myelin sheath.
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• The junction between two neurons is called synapse.

How does the nerve impulse travel through a neuron?

Or
What is the function of dendrite and axon?
• Messages pass through the nerve cell in the form of chemical and electrical
signals called nerve impulse.
• This information, acquired at the end of the dendritic tip of a nerve cell, sets
off a chemical reaction that creates an electrical impulse. This impulse travels
from the dendrite to the cell body, and then along the axon to its end(nerve
ending)

How does the nerve impulse go across a synapse?

• At the end of the axon, the electrical impulse sets off the release of some
chemicals.
• These chemicals cross the gap, or synapse, and start a similar electrical
impulse in a dendrite of the next neuron.
• This is a general scheme of how nervous impulses travel in the body.
• A similar synapse finally allows delivery of such impulses from neurons to
other cells, such as muscles cells or gland.

How does the Nervous Tissue cause Action?

• When a nerve impulse reaches the muscle, the muscle fibre must move.
• The muscle cells will move by changing their shape so that they shorten.
• Muscle cells have special proteins that change both their shape and their
arrangement in the cell in response to nervous electrical impulses.
• When this happens, new arrangements of these proteins give the muscle cells
a shorter form.

Define reflex action.

• Reflex action is a sudden, unconscious and involuntary response of the

effectors to a stimulus. It is controlled by Spinal cord.

Define reflex arc. How does the nerve impulse travel in a reflex action?
■ The pathway of a reflex action is called reflex arc.
■ In a reflex arc the stimulus is received by the receptors (sense organs) and it
passes through the sensory neurons to the spinal cord. In spinal cord the nerve
impulse get passed on to a connecting neuron called the relay neuron situated
in the spinal cord, by means of a synapse. The relay neuron in turn makes a
synapse with one or more motor neurons that transmit the impulse to the
muscles causing them to contract and thus results in an action.

How is brain protected?

• The brain is the main coordinating centre in the human body. It is protected
by the cranium. It is covered by three membranes called meninges filled with
a fluid called cerebrospinal fluid which protects the brain from shocks.
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Name the parts of brain.

• The brain has three main parts.
• They are fore brain, mid brain and hind brain.
Name the parts of fore brain. What are the functions of fore brain?
• Fore brain:- consists of the cerebrum and olfactory lobes. It is the thinking
part of the brain and controls voluntary actions. It controls touch, smell,
hearing, taste, sight, mental activities like thinking, learning, memory,
emotions etc.

Name the parts of hind brain and list the functions of each part.
• Hind brain :- consists of cerebellum, pons and medulla.
 Cerebellum :- controls body movements, balance and posture,
precision in voluntary movement.
 Pons :- controls respiration.
 Medulla :- controls involuntary actions like heart beat, blood pressure,
swallowing, coughing, sneezing, vomiting etc.

What are phytohormones or plant hormones. Name them and list the function of each
one.
• In plants control and coordination is done by chemical substances called plant
hormones or phytohormones.
• There are five main types of plant hormones. They are :-
• Auxins, Gibberillins, Cytokinins, Abscisic acid and Ethylene.
• i) Auxins :- help in cell division, cell elongation and growth.
• ii) Gibberillins :- help in growth of stem and branches.
• iii) Cytokinins:- Cytokinins promote cell division, and it is natural then that
they are present in greater concentration in areas of rapid cell division, such
as in fruits and seeds.
• iv) Abscisic acid :- inhibits growth and affects wilting of leaves.
• vi) Ethylene :- helps in flowering and ripening of fruits.

What are tropic movements? Which are the different types of tropic movements?
• are slow and directional movements towards or away from the stimulus and it
depends on growth.
• If the movement is towards a stimulus, such movements are called positive
tropic movements.
• If the movement is away from a stimulus, such movements are called
negative tropic movements.
• They are of different types like Phototropism, Geotropism, Chemotropism,
Hydrotropism etc.

What is phototropism?
• Phototropism is movement of plants in response to light.
• If it is towards light, it is called positive phototropism. Eg:- Bending of shoot
towards light.
• If it is away from light, it is called negative phototropism. Eg:- Bending of
root away from light.
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What is geotropism?
• ii) Geotropism :- is the movement of plants in response to gravity.
• If it is towards gravity it is called positive geotropism. Eg:- Downward
growth of roots.
• If it is away from gravity it is called negative geotropism. Eg:- Upward
growth of shoot.

What is hydrotropism?
• Hydrotropism :- is the movement of plants in response to water.
• If it is towards water it is called positive hydrotropism. Eg:- Downward
growth of roots.
• If it is away from water it is called negative hydrotropism. Eg:- Upward
growth of shoot.

What is chemotropism?
• Chemotropism :- is movement of plant in response to chemical stimuli.
• Eg:- Growth of pollen tube towards the ovule.

Differences between tropic and nastic movements.

What are nastic movements? Give an example.

• are non directional movements which are neither towards or away from the
stimulus and it does not depend on growth.
• Eg :- If we touch the leaves of touch me not plant, its leaves fold up and
droops down immediately due to the change in the amount of water in the
leaves. Depending upon the amount of water in the leaves, it swells or
shrinks.

How does auxin help in phototropism?

• When the sunlight is overhead, the auxin produced by the shoot tip get
distributed evenly in the shoot, resulting in the even growth of the plant.
• Once the sunlight falls on the stem from a side, the auxin molecules move to
the shaded area (area away from light) and results in the elongation of stem of
the part. The part which is lighted does not grow. This elongation results in
the bending of stem.

How does auxin help the tendrils to wind around a support?

• Auxin gets accumulated in that part of tendril which is away from the tendril
resulting in the elongation of the cells of that part. The part of tendril touching
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the support does not grow. Thus the tendril coils around the tendril.

How does Adrenaline prepare our body?

• Adrenaline is released when we are in a stressful situation.
• As a result,
• the heart beats faster,
• resulting in supply of more oxygen to our muscles.
• The blood to the digestive system and skin is reduced due to contraction of
muscles around small arteries in these organs.
• This diverts the blood to our skeletal muscles.
• The breathing rate also increases because of the contractions of the diaphragm
and the rib muscles.
All these responses together enable the animal body to be ready to deal with the
situation.

Why do we need to take in iodised salt?

• Iodine is needed by the thyroid gland to produce the hormone thyroxin. If the
diet is deficient in iodine it causes goitre

What is thyroxin?
• Thyroxin controls the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins and
helps in proper growth.

What is growth hormone? Name the gland that produces it. What happens if it is less
or more in the body?
• The pituitary gland produce growth hormones.
• Deficiency of this hormone in childhood causes dwarfism.
• Excess of this hormone causes gigantism.

What is pancreas? Name the hormone released by it.

• The pancreas produces the hormone insulin which controls the blood sugar
level. Increase in blood sugar level causes diabetes. A diabetic patient has to
take insulin injections to control his blood sugar level.

Explain feed back mechanism with an example. OR the amount and time of the
release of hormone is regulated. How?
• If it is so important that hormones should be secreted in precise quantities, we
need a mechanism through which this is done. The timing and amount of
hormone released are regulated by feedback mechanisms.
• For example, if the sugar levels in blood rise, they are detected by the cells of
the pancreas which respond by producing more insulin. As the blood sugar
level falls, insulin secretion is reduced.

Compare and contrast nervous system and endocrine system

• Limitations to the use of electrical impulses.
• Firstly, the nerve impulses will reach only those cells that are connected by
nervous tissue, not each and every cell in the animal body.
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• Secondly, once an electrical impulse is generated in a cell and transmitted, the

cell will take some time to reset its mechanisms before it can generate and
transmit a new impulse. In other words, cells cannot continually create and
transmit electrical impulses.
• It is thus no wonder that most multicellular organisms use another means of
communication between cells, namely, chemical communication.
But in chemical coordination,
• stimulated cells release a chemical compound,
• this compound would diffuse all around the original cell. If other cells around
have the means to detect this compound using special molecules on their
surfaces, then they would be able to recognise information, and even transmit
it.
• This will be slower, of course, but it can potentially reach all cells of the
body, regardless of nervous connections,
• and it can be done steadily and persistently.