Infinity Management & Engineering College Sagar

Laboratory Manual

Internet of Things
(IoT)

FOREWORD

It is my great pleasure to present this laboratory manual for Final year engineering students for the subject of
Elective: Internet of Things (IoT).

As a student, many of you may be wondering with some of the questions in your mind regarding
the subject and exactly what has been tried is to answer through this manual.
 LAB INDEX

Design, Developed and implement following using Arduino, Raspberry Pi compiler and Python
language in Linux/Windows environment.

 Study and Install Python in Eclipse and WAP for data types in python.
 Write a Program for arithmetic operation in Python.
 Write a Program for looping statement in Python.
 Study and Install IDE of Arduino and different types of Arduino.
 Write program using Arduino IDE for Blink LED.
 Write Program for RGB LED using Arduino.
 Study the Temperature sensor and Write Program foe monitor temperature using Arduino.
 Study and Implement RFID, NFC using Arduino.
 Study and implement MQTT protocol using Arduino.
 Study and Configure Raspberry Pi.
 WAP for LED blink using Raspberry Pi.
 Study and Implement Zigbee Protocol using Arduino / Raspberry Pi.
DOs and DON’Ts in Laboratory:

1. Make entry in the Log Book as soon as you enter the Laboratory.
2. All the students should sit according to their roll numbers starting from their left to right.

3. All the students are supposed to enter the terminal number in the log book.

4. Do not change the terminal on which you are working.

5. All the students are expected to get at least the algorithm of the program/concept to be implement.

6. Strictly follow the instructions given by the teacher/Lab Instructor.

Instruction for Laboratory Teachers

1. Submission related to whatever lab work has been completed should be done during the next lab session.
2. The immediate arrangements for printouts related to submission on the day of practical assignments.
3. Students should be taught for taking the printouts under the observation of lab teacher.
4. The promptness of submission should be encouraged by way of marking and evaluation patterns that will
benefit the sincere students.

Evaluation and marking system:

Basic honesty in the evaluation and marking system is absolutely essential and in the process
impartial nature of the evaluator is required in the examination system to become popular amongst the
students. It is a wrong approach or concept to award the students by way of easy marking to get cheap
popularity among the students to which they do not deserve. It is a primary responsibility of the teacher
that right students who are really putting up lot of hard work with right kind of intelligence are correctly
awarded. The marking patterns should be justifiable to the students without any ambiguity and teacher
should see that `students are faced with unjust circumstances.

The assessment is done according to the directives of the Principal/ Vice- Principal/ Dean
Academia.
 Experiment No 1

Aim: Study and Install Python in Eclipse and WAP for data types in python. Objectives:

Student should get the knowledge of Python and Eclipse background. Outcomes: Student will be

aware of Python and Eclipse background.

What is Python:

Python is a general-purpose interpreted, interactive, object-oriented, and high-level programming

language. It was created by Guido van Rossum during 1985- 1990. Like Perl, Python source code is also
available under the GNU General Public License (GPL). This Experiment gives enough understanding on
Python programming language.

Python is a high-level, interpreted, interactive and object-oriented scripting language. Python is designed
to be highly readable. It uses English keywords frequently where as other languages use punctuation, and
it has fewer syntactical constructions than other languages.

 Python is Interpreted − Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter. You do not need to
compile your program before executing it. This is similar to PERL and PHP.

 Python is Interactive − You can actually sit at a Python prompt and interact with the interpreter
directly to write your programs.

 Python is Object-Oriented − Python supports Object-Oriented style or technique of programming

that encapsulates code within objects.

 Python is a Beginner's Language − Python is a great language for the beginner- level
programmers and supports the development of a wide range of applications from simple text
processing to WWW browsers to games.

History of Python

Python was developed by Guido van Rossum in the late eighties and early nineties at the National
Research Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science in the Netherlands.
Python is derived from many other languages, including ABC, Modula-3, C, C++, Algol- 68, SmallTalk, and
Unix shell and other scripting languages.

Python is copyrighted. Like Perl, Python source code is now available under the GNU General Public
License (GPL).

Python is now maintained by a core development team at the institute, although Guido van Rossum still
holds a vital role in directing its progress.

Python Features

Python's features include −

 Easy-to-learn − Python has few keywords, simple structure, and a clearly defined syntax. This
allows the student to pick up the language quickly.

 Easy-to-read − Python code is more clearly defined and visible to the eyes.

 Easy-to-maintain − Python's source code is fairly easy-to-maintain.

 A broad standard library − Python's bulk of the library is very portable and cross- platform
compatible on UNIX, Windows, and Macintosh.

 Interactive Mode − Python has support for an interactive mode which allows interactive testing
and debugging of snippets of code.

 Portable − Python can run on a wide variety of hardware platforms and has the same interface on
all platforms.

 Extendable − You can add low-level modules to the Python interpreter. These modules enable
programmers to add to or customize their tools to be more efficient.

 Databases − Python provides interfaces to all major commercial databases.

 GUI Programming − Python supports GUI applications that can be created and ported to many
system calls, libraries and windows systems, such as Windows MFC, Macintosh, and the X
Window system of Unix.

 Scalable − Python provides a better structure and support for large programs than shell scripting.
Apart from the above-mentioned features, Python has a big list of good features, few are listed below −

 It supports functional and structured programming methods as well as OOP.

 It can be used as a scripting language or can be compiled to byte-code for building large
applications.

 It provides very high-level dynamic data types and supports dynamic type checking.

 IT supports automatic garbage collection.

 It can be easily integrated with C, C++, COM, ActiveX, CORBA, and Java.

Configure Python in Eclipse

Download Python from http://www.python.org. Download the version 3.3.1 or higher of Python.
If you are using Windows you can use the native installer for Python.

Eclipse Python plugin

The following assume that you have already Eclipse installed. For an installation description of
Eclipse please see Eclipse IDE for Java.

For Python development under Eclipse you can use the PyDev Plugin which is an open source
project. Install PyDev via the Eclipse update manager via the following update site:
http://pydev.org/updates.

Configuration of Eclipse

You also have to maintain in Eclipse the location of your Python installation. Open in theWindow ▸
Preference ▸ Pydev ▸ Interpreter Python menu.

Press the New button and enter the path to python.exe in your Python
installation directory. For Linux and Mac OS X users this is normally
/usr/bin/python.

Data Types in Python:

Variables are nothing but reserved memory locations to store values. This means that when you
create a variable you reserve some space in memory.
Based on the data type of a variable, the interpreter allocates memory and decides what can be stored
in the reserved memory. Therefore, by assigning different data types to variables, you can store
integers, decimals or characters in these variables.

Assigning Values to Variables

Python variables do not need explicit declaration to reserve memory space. The declaration
happens automatically when you assign a value to a variable. The equal sign (=) is used to assign
values to variables.

The operand to the left of the = operator is the name of the variable and the operand to the right of
the = operator is the value stored in the variable. For example −

#!/usr/bin/python

counter = 100 # An integer assignment

miles = 1000.0 # A floating point

name = "John" # A string

print counter

print miles print

name

Here, 100, 1000.0 and "John" are the values assigned to counter, miles, and name
variables, respectively. This produces the following result −

100

1000.0

John

Multiple Assignment
Python allows you to assign a single value to several variables simultaneously. For example −

a=b=c=1

Here, an integer object is created with the value 1, and all three variables are assigned to the same
memory location. You can also assign multiple objects to multiple variables. For example −

a,b,c = 1,2,"john"

Here, two integer objects with values 1 and 2 are assigned to variables a and b respectively, and
one string object with the value "john" is assigned to the variable c.

Standard Data Types

The data stored in memory can be of many types. For example, a person's age is stored as a
numeric value and his or her address is stored as alphanumeric characters. Python has various
standard data types that are used to define the operations possible on them and the storage method
for each of them.

Python has five standard data types −

 Numbers

 String

 List

 Tuple

 Dictionary

Python Numbers

Number data types store numeric values. Number objects are created when you assign a value to
them. For example −

var1 = 1

var2 = 10
You can also delete the reference to a number object by using the del statement. The syntax of the
del statement is −

del var1[,var2[,var3[. ......... ,varN]]]]

You can delete a single object or multiple objects by using the del statement. For example −

del var

del var_a, var_b

Python supports four different numerical types −

 int (signed integers)

 long (long integers, they can also be represented in octal and hexadecimal)

 float (floating point real values)

 complex (complex numbers)

Examples

Here are some examples of numbers −

int long float complex

10 51924361L 0.0 3.14j

100 -0x19323L 15.20 45.j

-786 0122L -21.9 9.322e-

36j

080 0xDEFABCECBDAECBFBA 32.3+e18 .876j

El
 -0490 535633629843L -90. -
.6545+0
J

- -052318172735L - 32.54e10 3e+26J

0x26 0
0

0x69 -4721885298529L 70.2-E12 4.53e-7j

 Python allows you to use a lowercase l with long, but it is recommended that you use only
an uppercase L to avoid confusion with the number 1. Python displays long integers with
an uppercase L.

 A complex number consists of an ordered pair of real floating-point numbers denoted by x

+ yj, where x and y are the real numbers and j is the imaginary unit.

Python Strings

Strings in Python are identified as a contiguous set of characters represented in the quotation
marks. Python allows for either pairs of single or double quotes. Subsets of strings can be taken
using the slice operator ([ ] and [:] ) with indexes starting at 0 in the beginning of the string and
working their way from -1 at the end.

he plus (+) sign is the string concatenation operator and the asterisk (*) is the repetition operator. For example
−

#!/usr/bin/python

str = 'Hello World!'

print str # Prints complete string

print str[0] # Prints first character of the string

print str[2:5] # Prints characters starting from 3rd to 5th

print str[2:] # Prints string starting from 3rd character print str * 2

# Prints string two times

print str + "TEST" # Prints concatenated string

This will produce the following result −

Hello World! H
llo
llo World!
Hello World!Hello World! Hello
World!TEST
 Experiment No 2

Aim: Study and WAP for Arithmetic operation in python.

Objectives: Student should get the knowledge of Arithmetic operation in python.

Outcomes: Student will be develop of Arithmetic operation programs in python.

Operators

Operators are the constructs which can manipulate the value of operands.

Consider the expression 4 + 5 = 9. Here, 4 and 5 are called operands and + is called operator.

Types of Operator
Python language supports the following types of operators.

 Arithmetic Operators
 Comparison (Relational) Operators
 Assignment Operators
 Logical Operators
 Bitwise Operators
 Membership Operators
 Identity Operators
Let us have a look on all operators one by one.

Python Arithmetic Operators

Assume variable a holds 10 and variable b holds 20, then −

Operator Description Example

+ Addition Adds values on either side of the operator. a + b = 30

- Subtraction Subtracts right hand operand from left a–b=-

hand operand. 10
 * Multiplication Multiplies values on either side of the a * b = 200
operator

/ Division Divides left hand operand by right hand b/a=2

operand

% Modulus Divides left hand operand by right hand b%a=0

operand and returns remainder

** Exponent Performs exponential (power) a**b =10

calculation on operators to the
power 20

// Floor Division - The division of operands 9//2 = 4

where the result is the quotient in which and
the digits after the decimal point are 9.0//2.0
removed. But if one of the operands is = 4.0, -
negative, the result is floored, i.e., 11//3 =
rounded away from zero (towards -4, -
negative infinity) − 11.0//3
= -4.0

Example

Assume variable a holds 21 and variable b holds 10, then −

#!/usr/bin/python

a = 21

b = 10

c=0
c=a+b

print "Line 1 - Value of c is ", c

c=a-b

print "Line 2 - Value of c is ", c

c=a*b

print "Line 3 - Value of c is ", c

c=a/b

print "Line 4 - Value of c is ", c

c=a%b

print "Line 5 - Value of c is ", c

a=2

b=3

c = a**b

print "Line 6 - Value of c is ", c

a = 10

b=5

c = a//b

print "Line 7 - Value of c is ", c

When you execute the above program, it produces the following result −
Line 1 - Value of c is 31 Line

2 - Value of c is 11 Line 3 -

Value of c is 210 Line 4 -

Value of c is 2 Line 5 - Value

of c is 1 Line 6 - Value of c is

8 Line 7 - Value of c is 2
 Experiment No 3

Aim: Study and WAP for looping statement in python.

Objectives: Student should get the knowledge of for looping statement in python.

Outcomes: Student will be develop looping statement programs in python.

Looping Statement in Python:

In general, statements are executed sequentially: The first statement in a function is executed first,
followed by the second, and so on. There may be a situation when you need to execute a block of code
several number of times.

Programming languages provide various control structures that allow for more complicated execution
paths.

A loop statement allows us to execute a statement or group of statements multiple times. The
following diagram illustrates a loop statement −

Python programming language provides following types of loops to handle looping requirements.
 Sr.No. Loop Type & Description

1 while loop

Repeats a statement or group of statements while a given condition is

TRUE. It tests the condition before executing the loop body.

2 for loop

Executes a sequence of statements multiple times and abbreviates the code

that manages the loop variable.

3 nested loops

You can use one or more loop inside any another while, for or do..while
loop.

Loop Control Statements

Loop control statements change execution from its normal sequence. When execution leaves a scope,
all automatic objects that were created in that scope are destroyed.

Python supports the following control statements. Click the following links to check their detail.

Sr.No. Control Statement & Description

1 break statement

Terminates the loop statement and transfers execution to the statement

immediately following the loop.

2 continue statement
 Causes the loop to skip the remainder of its body and immediately retest its
condition prior to reiterating.

3 pass statement

The pass statement in Python is used when a statement is required

syntactically but you do not want any command or code to execute.

It has the ability to iterate over the items of any sequence, such as a list or a string.

Syntax

for iterating_var in sequence:

statements(s)

If a sequence contains an expression list, it is evaluated first. Then, the first item in the sequence is
assigned to the iterating variable iterating_var. Next, the statements block is executed. Each item in the list
is assigned to iterating_var, and the statement(s) block is executed until the entire sequence is exhausted.

Flow Diagram
Example

#!/usr/bin/python

for letter in 'Python': # First Example

print 'Current Letter :', letter

fruits = ['banana', 'apple', 'mango']

for fruit in fruits: # Second Example

print 'Current fruit :', fruit

print "Good bye!"

When the above code is executed, it produces the following result − Current

Letter : P

Current Letter : y

Current Letter : t
Current Letter : h Current

Letter : o Current Letter : n

Current fruit : banana

Current fruit : apple

Current fruit : mango Good

bye!

Iterating by Sequence Index

An alternative way of iterating through each item is by index offset into the sequence itself. Following is a
simple example −

#!/usr/bin/python

fruits = ['banana', 'apple', 'mango'] for index

in range(len(fruits)):

print 'Current fruit :', fruits[index]

print "Good bye!"

When the above code is executed, it produces the following result − Current fruit

: banana

Current fruit : apple

Current fruit : mango

Good bye!

Here, we took the assistance of the len() built-in function, which provides the total number of elements in
the tuple as well as the range() built-in function to give us the actual sequence to iterate over.

Using else Statement with Loops

Python supports to have an else statement associated with a loop statement

 If the else statement is used with a forloop, the else statement is executed when the loop has
exhausted iterating the list.

 If the else statement is used with a while loop, the else statement is executed when the condition
becomes false.

The following example illustrates the combination of an else statement with a for statement that searches for
prime numbers from 10 through 20.

#!/usr/bin/pytho

for num in range(10,20): #to iterate between 10 to 20

for i in range(2,num): #to iterate on the factors of the number if

num%i == 0: #to determine the first factor

j=num/i #to calculate the second factor print

'%d equals %d * %d' % (num,i,j)

break #to move to the next number, the #first FOR else:

# else part of the loop

print num, 'is a prime number'

When the above code is executed, it produces the following result − 10 equals 2 *

11 is a prime number 12

equals 2 * 6

13 is a prime number 14

equals 2 * 7

15 equals 3 * 5

16 equals 2 * 8

17 is a prime number
 Experiment No 4
Aim: Study and Install IDE of Arduino and different types of Arduino

Objectives: Student should get the knowledge of Arduino IDE and different types of Arduino Board

Outcomes: Student will be get knowledge of Arduino IDE and different types of Arduino Board

Arduino:

Arduino is a prototype platform (open-source) based on an easy-to-use hardware and software. It

consists of a circuit board, which can be programed (referred to as a microcontroller) and a ready-
made software called Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment), which is used to write and
upload the computer code to the physical board.

Arduino provides a standard form factor that breaks the functions of the micro- controller into a more
accessible package.

Arduino is a prototype platform (open-source) based on an easy-to-use hardware and software. It

consists of a circuit board, which can be programed (referred to as a microcontroller) and a ready-
made software called Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment), which is used to write and
upload the computer code to the physical board.

The key features are −

 Arduino boards are able to read analog or digital input signals from different sensors and turn it
into an output such as activating a motor, turning LED on/off, connect to the cloud and many other
actions.

 You can control your board functions by sending a set of instructions to the microcontroller on the
board via Arduino IDE (referred to as uploading software).

 Unlike most previous programmable circuit boards, Arduino does not need an extra piece of
hardware (called a programmer) in order to load a new code onto the board. You can simply use a
USB cable.
 Additionally, the Arduino IDE uses a simplified version of C++, making it easier to learn to
program.

 Finally, Arduino provides a standard form factor that breaks the functions of the micro-controller
into a more accessible package.

Download the Arduino Software (IDE)

 Get the latest version from the arduino.cc web site. You can choose between the Installer (.exe)
and the Zip packages. We suggest you use the first one that installs directly everything you need to
use the Arduino Software (IDE), including the drivers. With the Zip package you need to install
the drivers manually. The Zip file is also useful if you want to create a portable installation.
 When the download finishes, proceed with the installation and please allow the driver installation
process when you get a warning from the operating system.

 Choose the components to install

 Choose the installation directory (we suggest to keep the default one)

 The process will extract and install all the required files to execute properly the Arduino Software
(IDE)
 Proceed with board specific instructions
 When the Arduino Software (IDE) is properly installed you can go back to the

Different Arduino Boards:

Arduino USB

1.Arduino uno
This is the latest revision of the basic Arduino USB board. It connects to the computer
with a standard USB cable and contains everything else you need to program and use
the board.

2.Arduino NG REV-C

Revision C of the Arduino NG does not have a built-in LED on pin 13 - instead you'll
see two small unused solder pads near the labels "GND" and "13".

Arduino Bluetooth

The Arduino BT is a microcontroller board originally was based on the ATmega168,

but now is supplied with the 328, and the Bluegiga WT11 bluetooth module. It
supports wireless serial communication over bluetooth.

Arduino Mega

The original Arduino Mega has an ATmega1280 and an FTDI USB-to- serial chip.

Arduino NANO

The Arduino Nano 3.0 has an ATmega328 and a two-layer PCB. The power LED
moved to the top of the board.
 Experiment No 5
Aim: Write program using Arduino IDE for Blink LED

Objectives: Student should get the knowledge of Arduino Board and different types of LED

Outcomes: Student will be Write program using Arduino IDE for Blink LED

Hardware Requirements:

 1x Breadboard
 1x Arduino Uno R3
 1x RGB LED
 1x 330Ω Resistor
 2x Jumper Wires
Blinking the RGB LED
With a simple modification of the breadboard, we could attach the LED to an output pin of the
Arduino. Move the red jumper wire from the Arduino 5V connector to D13, as shown below:

Now load the 'Blink' example sketch from Lesson 1. You will notice that both the built-in 'L' LED
and the external LED should now blink.
 1. /*
2. Blink
3. Turns on an LED on for one second, then off for one second, repeatedly. 4.
5. This example code is in the public domain. 6. */
7.
8. // Pin 13 has an LED connected on most Arduino boards.
9. // give it a name:
10. int led = 13; 11.
12. // the setup routine runs once when you press reset:
13. void setup() {
14. // initialize the digital pin as an output.
15. pinMode(led, OUTPUT);
16.} 17.
18. // the loop routine runs over and over again forever:
19. void loop() {
20. digitalWrite(led, HIGH); // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level)
21. delay(1000); // wait for a second
22. digitalWrite(led, LOW); // turn the LED off by making the voltage LOW
23. delay(1000); // wait for a second
24.}

Lets try using a different pin of the Arduino – say D7. Move the red jumper lead from pin D13 to pin
D7 and modify the following line near the top of the sketch:

1. int led = 13;

so that it reads:

1. int led = 7;

Upload the modified sketch to your Arduino board and the LED should still be blinking,
but this time using pin D7.
 Experiment No 6
Aim: Write Program for RGB LED using Arduino.

Objectives: Student should get the knowledge of Arduino IDE and RGB Led

Outcomes: Student will be developed programs using Arduino IDE and Arduino Board for RGB
Led

Hardware Requirements:

 1x Breadboard
 1x Arduino Uno R3
 1x LED
 1x 330Ω Resistor
 2x Jumper Wires
Blinking the LED
With a simple modification of the breadboard, we could attach the LED to an output pin of the
Arduino. Move the red jumper wire from the Arduino 5V connector to D13, as shown below:

Now load the 'Blink' example sketch from Lesson 1. You will notice that both the built-in 'L' LED
and the external LED should now blink.
The following test sketch will cycle through the colors red, green, blue, yellow, purple, and aqua.
These colors being some of the standard Internet colors.

1. /*
2. Adafruit Arduino - Lesson 3. RGB LED
3. */
4.
5. int redPin = 11;
6. int greenPin = 10;
7. int bluePin = 9;
8.
9. //uncomment this line if using a Common Anode LED
10.//#define COMMON_ANODE
11.
12.void setup()
13.{
14. pinMode(redPin, OUTPUT);
15. pinMode(greenPin, OUTPUT);
16. pinMode(bluePin, OUTPUT);
17.}
18.
19.void loop()
20.{
21. setColor(255, 0, 0); // red
22. delay(1000);
23. setColor(0, 255, 0); // green
24. delay(1000);
25. setColor(0, 0, 255); // blue
26. delay(1000);
27. setColor(255, 255, 0); // yellow
28. delay(1000);
29. setColor(80, 0, 80); // purple
30. delay(1000);
31. setColor(0, 255, 255); // aqua
32. delay(1000);
33.}
34.
35. void setColor(int red, int green, int blue)
36.{
37. #ifdef COMMON_ANODE
38. red = 255 - red;
39. green = 255 - green;
40. blue = 255 - blue;
41. #endif
42. analogWrite(redPin, red);
43. analogWrite(greenPin, green);
44. analogWrite(bluePin, blue);
45.}

The sketch starts by specifying which pins are going to be used for each of the colors:
Download file Copy
Code
1. int redPin = 11;
2. int greenPin = 10;
3. int bluePin = 9;

The next step is to write the 'setup' function. As we have learnt in earlier lessons, the setup
function runs just once after the Arduino has reset. In this case, all it has to do is define the three
pins we are using as being outputs.

1. void setup() 2. {
3. pinMode(redPin, OUTPUT);
4. pinMode(greenPin, OUTPUT);
5. pinMode(bluePin, OUTPUT); 6.
}

Before we take a look at the 'loop' function, lets look at the last function in the sketch.
Download file Copy
Code

1. void setColor(int red, int green, int blue) 2. {

3. analogWrite(redPin, red);
4. analogWrite(greenPin, green);
5. analogWrite(bluePin, blue); 6. }

This function takes three arguments, one for the brightness of the red, green and blue LEDs. In
each case the number will be in the range 0 to 255, where 0 means off and 255 means
maximum brightness. The function then calls 'analogWrite' to set the brightness of each LED.
If you look at the 'loop' function you can see that we are setting the amount of red, green and
blue light that we want to display and then pausing for a second before moving on to the next
color.

1. void loop() 2. {
3. setColor(255, 0, 0); // red
4. delay(1000);
5. setColor(0, 255, 0); // green 6.
delay(1000);
7. setColor(0, 0, 255); // blue 8.
delay(1000);
9. setColor(255, 255, 0);// yellow 10.
delay(1000);
11. setColor(80, 0, 80); // purple 12.
delay(1000);
13. setColor(0, 255, 255);// aqua
14. delay(1000);
15.}

Try adding a few colors of your own to the sketch and watch the effect on your LED .
 Experiment No 7
Aim: Study the Temperature sensor and Write Program foe monitor temperature using Arduino.

Objectives: Student should get the knowledge of Temperature Sensor

Outcomes: Student will be developed programs using Arduino IDE and Arduino Board for
Temperature Sensor

Connecting to a Temperature Sensor

These sensors have little chips in them and while they're not that delicate, they do need to be handled
properly. Be careful of static electricity when handling them and make sure the power supply is
connected up correctly and is between 2.7 and 5.5V DC - so don't try to use a 9V battery!

They come in a "TO-92" package which means the chip is housed in a plastic hemi-cylinder with three
legs. The legs can be bent easily to allow the sensor to be
plugged into a breadboard. You can also solder to the pins to connect long wires. If you need to
waterproof the sensor, you can see below for an Instructable for how to make an excellent case.
Reading the Analog Temperature Data
Unlike the FSR or photocell sensors we have looked at, the TMP36 and friends doesn't act like a resistor.
Because of that, there is really only one way to read the temperature value from the sensor, and that is
plugging the output pin directly into an Analog (ADC) input.
Remember that you can use anywhere between 2.7V and 5.5V as the power supply. For this
example I'm showing it with a 5V supply but note that you can use this with a 3.3v supply just as
easily. No matter what supply you use, the analog voltage reading will range from about 0V
(ground) to about 1.75V.
If you're using a 5V Arduino, and connecting the sensor directly into an Analog pin, you can use
these formulas to turn the 10-bit analog reading into a temperature:
Voltage at pin in milliVolts = (reading from ADC) * (5000/1024)
This formula converts the number 0-1023 from the ADC into 0-5000mV (= 5V) If you're using
a 3.3V Arduino, you'll want to use this:
Voltage at pin in milliVolts = (reading from ADC) * (3300/1024)
This formula converts the number 0-1023 from the ADC into 0-3300mV (= 3.3V) Then, to convert
millivolts into temperature, use this formula:
Centigrade temperature = [(analog voltage in mV) - 500] / 10
Simple Thermometer

This example code for Arduino shows a quick way to create a temperature sensor, it simply prints to
the serial port what the current temperature is in both Celsius and Fahrenheit.
1. //TMP36 Pin Variables
2. int sensorPin = 0; //the analog pin the TMP36's Vout (sense) pin is connected to
3. //the resolution is 10 mV / degree centigrade with a
4. //500 mV offset to allow for negative temperatures 5.
6. /*
7. * setup() - this function runs once when you turn your Arduino on
8. * We initialize the serial connection with the computer 9. */
10.void setup()
11.{
12. Serial.begin(9600); //Start the serial connection with the computer
13. //to view the result open the serial monitor
14.} 15.
16.void loop() // run over and over again
17.{
18. //getting the voltage reading from the temperature sensor
19. int reading = analogRead(sensorPin); 20.
21. // converting that reading to voltage, for 3.3v arduino use 3.3
22. float voltage = reading * 5.0; 23. voltage
/= 1024.0;
24.
25. // print out the voltage
26. Serial.print(voltage); Serial.println(" volts"); 27.
28. // now print out the temperature
29. float temperatureC = (voltage - 0.5) * 100 ; //converting from 10 mv per degree wit 500
mV offset
30. //to degrees ((voltage - 500mV)
times 100)
31. Serial.print(temperatureC); Serial.println(" degrees C"); 32.
33. // now convert to Fahrenheit
34. float temperatureF = (temperatureC * 9.0 / 5.0) + 32.0;
35. Serial.print(temperatureF); Serial.println(" degrees F"); 36.
37. delay(1000);
38.}
 Experiment No 8
Aim: Study and Implement RFID, NFC using Arduino.

Objectives: Student should get the knowledge of RFID, NFC using Arduino.

Outcomes: Student will be developed programs using Arduino IDE and Arduino Board for
RFID, NFC.

Hardware Requirements:

● 1 x Arduino UNO or 1 x Starter Kit for Raspberry Pi + Raspberry Pi

● 1 x Communication Shield
● 1 x RFID 13.56 MHz / NFC Module for Arduino and Raspberry Pi
● 1 x Mifare tag (card/keyring/sticker)
● 1 x PC
RFID:
RFID system is made up of two parts: a tag or label and a reader. RFID tags or labels are embedded
with a transmitter and a receiver. The RFID component on the tags have two parts: a microchip that
stores and processes information, and an antenna to receive and transmit a signal. The tag contains the
specific serial number for one specific object.

To read the information encoded on a tag, a two-way radio transmitter-receiver called an interrogator or
reader emits a signal to the tag using an antenna. The tag responds with the information written in its
memory bank. The interrogator will then transmit the read results to an RFID computer program.

How to Interface RFID Reader to Arduino

Lets first wire the whole thing up. You may observe the circuit diagram given below. Take note of the
following stuffs.

Note 1:- Power supply requirement of RFID Readers vary from product to product. The RFID reader I
used in this tutorial is a 12 Volts one. There are 5 Volts and 9 Volts versions available in the market.

Note 2:- You may ensure the RFID Reader and RFID Tags are frequency compatible. Generally they are
supposed to be 125Khz. You may ensure this before purchasing them.

Note 3:- There are two possible outputs from an RFID Reader. One is RS232 compatible output and other
one is TTL compatible output. A TTL compatible output pin can be connected directly to Arduino.
Whereas an RS232 compatible output must be converted
to TTL using an RS232 to TTL converter (You can design this yourself using MAX232 IC)

So that’s all! Lets get to circuit diagram!

Make connections as shown. Make sure you connect Ground Pin of RFID reader to Ground
Pin of Arduino. I am using the SoftwareSerial Library of Arduino which enables digital pins to
be used in serial communication. I have used pin 9 as the Rx of Arduino. (You can also use the
hardware Rx pin of Arduino uno – that’s pin 0). If you are new to SoftwareSerial Library, you
may read my previous tutorial oninterfacing GSM module to Arduino (this article clearly
explains how to use Software Serial Library).

Lets get to the programming side!

#include <SoftwareSerial.h>

SoftwareSerial mySerial(9, 10);

void setup()

{
 mySerial.begin(9600); // Setting the baud rate of Software Se rial Library

Serial.begin(9600); //Setting the baud rate of Serial Monito

r

}void loop()

if(mySerial.available()>0)

Serial.write(mySerial.read());

mySerial.available() – checks for any data coming from RFID reader module through the SoftwareSerial
pin 9. Returns the number of bytes available to read from software serial port. Returns a -1 if no data is
available to read.

mySerial.read() – Reads the incoming data through software serial port.

Serial.write() – Prints data to serial monitor of arduino. So the function Serial.write(mySerial.read()) –

prints the data collected from software serial port to serial monitor of arduino.
 Experiment No 9
Aim: Study and Implement MQTT Protocol using Arduino.

Objectives: Student should get the knowledge of MQTT Protocol using Arduino.

Outcomes: Student will be developed programs using Arduino IDE and Arduino Board for
MQTT Protocol

MQTT:

MQ Telemetry Transport (MQTT) is an open source protocol for constrained devices and low-
bandwidth, high-latency networks. It is a publish/subscribe messaging transport that is extremely
lightweight and ideal for connecting small devices to constrained networks.
MQTT is bandwidth efficient, data agnostic, and has continuous session awareness. It helps minimize
the resource requirements for your IoT device, while also attempting to ensure reliability and some
degree of assurance of delivery with grades of service. MQTT targets large networks of small devices
that need to be monitored or controlled from a back-end server on the Internet. It is not designed for
device-to-device transfer. Nor is it designed to “multicast” data to many receivers. MQTT is extremely
simple, offering few control options.

MQTT methods

MQTT defines methods (sometimes referred to as verbs) to indicate the desired action to be performed
on the identified resource. What this resource represents, whether pre-existing data or data that is
generated dynamically, depends on the implementation of the server. Often, the resource corresponds
to a file or the output of an executable residing on the server.

Connect
Waits for a connection to be established with the server.
Disconnect
Waits for the MQTT client to finish any work it must do, and for the TCP/IP session to disconnect.
Subscribe
 Waits for completion of the Subscribe or UnSubscribe method.
UnSubscribe
Requests the server unsubscribe the client from one or more topics.
Publish
Returns immediately to the application thread after passing the request to the MQTT client.
 Experiment No 10
Aim: Study and Configure Raspberry Pi.

Objectives: Student should get the knowledge of Raspberry Pi.

Outcomes: Student will be get knowledge of Raspberry Pi

Raspberry Pi

The Raspberry Pi is a series of small single-board computers developed in the United Kingdom by the
Raspberry Pi Foundationto promote the teaching of basic computer science in schools and in developing
countries.[4][5][6] The original model became far more popular than anticipated, selling outside of its
target market for uses such as robotics. Peripherals (including keyboards, mice and cases) are not
included with the Raspberry Pi. Some accessories however have been included in several official and
unofficial bundles.

According to the Raspberry Pi Foundation, over 5 million Raspberry Pis have been sold before February
2015, making it the best-selling British computer.[8] By November 2016 they had sold 11 million
units[9][10], reaching 12.5m in March 2017, making it the third best-selling "general purpose computer"
ever.

To get started with Raspberry Pi, you need an operating system. NOOBS (New Out Of Box Software) is an easy
operating system install manager for the Raspberry Pi.

How to get and install NOOBS

DOWNLOAD NOOBS OS FROM

We recommend using an SD card with a minimum capacity of 8GB.

1. GO to the https://www.raspberrypi.org/downloads/

2. Click on NOOBS, then click on the Download ZIP button under ‘NOOBS (offline and network install)’,
and select a folder to save it to.

3. Extract the files from the zip.

FORMAT YOUR SD CARD

It is best to format your SD card before copying the NOOBS files onto it. To do this:

1. Download SD Formatter 4.0 for either Windows or Mac.

2. Follow the instructions to install the software.

3. Insert your SD card into the computer or laptop’s SD card reader and make a note of the drive letter
allocated to it, e.g. G:/

4. In SD Formatter, select the drive letter for your SD card and format it.

DRAG AND DROP NOOBS FILES

1. Once your SD card has been formatted, drag all the files in the extracted NOOBS folder and drop them
onto the SD card drive.

2. The necessary files will then be transferred to your SD card.

3. When this process has finished, safely remove the SD card and insert it into your Raspberry Pi.

FIRST BOOT

1. Plug in your keyboard, mouse, and monitor cables.

2. Now plug the USB power cable into your Pi.

3. Your Raspberry Pi will boot, and a window will appear with a list of different operating systems that you
can install. We recommend that you use Raspbian – tick the box next to Raspbian and click on Install.

4. Raspbian will then run through its installation process. Note that this can take a while.

5. When the install process has completed, the Raspberry Pi configuration menu (raspi- config) will load.
Here you are able to set the time and date for your region, enable a Raspberry Pi camera board, or even
create users. You can exit this menu by using Tab on your keyboard to move to Finish.

LOGGING IN AND ACCESSING THE GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE

The default login for Raspbian is username pi with the password raspberry. Note that you will not see any
writing appear when you type the password. This is a security feature in Linux.

To load the graphical user interface, type startx and press Enter.
 Experiment No 11
Aim: WAP for LED blink using Raspberry Pi.

Objectives: Student should get the knowledge of LED blinking using Raspberry Pi. Outcomes: Student

will be developed program of LED bilking using Raspberry Pi. Hardware Requirements:

 1x Breadboard
 1x Raspberry Pi
 1x RGB LED
 1x 330Ω Resistor
 2x Jumper Wires

Semiconductor light-emitting diode is a type of component which can turn electric energy into light
energy via PN junctions. By wavelength, it can be categorized into laser diode, infrared light-emitting
diode and visible light-emitting diode which is usually known as light-emitting diode (LED).
When 2V-3V forward voltage is supplied to an LED, it will blink only if forward currents flow through the
LED. Usually there are red, yellow, green, blue and color-changing LEDs which change color with
different voltages. LEDs are widely used due to their low operating voltage, low current, luminescent
stability and small size.
LEDs are diodes too. Hence they have a voltage drop which usually varies from 1V to 3V depending on
their types. Generally they brighten if supplied with a 5mA-30mA current and we usually use 10mA-
20mA.Thus when an LED is used ,it is necessary to connect a current-limiting resistor to protect it from
being burnt.
In this experiment, connect a 220Ω resistor to the anode of the LED, then the resistor to 3.3 V and connect the
cathode of the LED to GPIO0 (See Raspberry Pi Pin Number Introduction). Write 1 to GPIO0, and the LED will
stay off; write 0 to GPIO0, and then the LED will blink, just as indicated by the principle above
Step 1: Build the circuit given above

Step 2: Change directory

cd /home/pi/Sunfounder_SuperKit_ Python_code_for_RaspberryPi/

Step 3: Run
sudo python 01_led.py
Now, you should see the LED blink.

Python Code
#!/usr/bin/env python
import RPi.GPIO as GPIO
import time

LedPin = 11 # pin11

def setup():
GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BOARD) # Numbers GPIOs by physical location
GPIO.setup(LedPin, GPIO.OUT) # Set LedPin's mode is output
GPIO.output(LedPin, GPIO.HIGH) # Set LedPin high(+3.3V) to off led

def loop():
while True:
print '...led on'
GPIO.output(LedPin, GPIO.LOW) # led on
time.sleep(0.5)
print 'led off...'
GPIO.output(LedPin, GPIO.HIGH) # led off
time.sleep(0.5)

def destroy():
GPIO.output(LedPin, GPIO.HIGH) # led off
GPIO.cleanup() # Release resource
if name == ' main ': # Program start from here
setup()
try:
loop()
except KeyboardInterrupt: # When 'Ctrl+C' is pressed, the child program destroy() will be
executed.
destroy()
 Experiment No 12
Aim: Study and Implement Zigbee Protocol using Raspberry Pi.

Objectives: Student should get the knowledge of Zigbee Protocol using Raspberry Pi.

Outcomes: Student will be developed program of Zigbee Protocol using Raspberry Pi.

Hardware Requirements

 Raspberry Pi2
 XBee 1mW Wire Antenna- Series 1 (2 No:)
 XBee Explorer Dongle (2 No:)

ZigBee Communication Using Raspberry Pi:

ZigBee is a communication device used for the data transfer between the controllers, computers, systems,

really anything with a serial port. As it works with low power consumption, the transmission distances is

limited to 10–100 meters line-of- sight. ZigBee devices can transmit data over long distances by

passing data through a mesh network of intermediate devices to reach more distant ones. ZigBee is

typically used in low data rate applications that require long battery life and secure networking. Its main

applications are in the field of wireless sensor network based on industries as it requires short-range low-

rate wireless data transfer. The technology defined by the ZigBee specification is intended to be

simpler and less expensive than other wireless networks.

Here we make use of an interface of Zigbee with Raspberry Pi2 for a proper wireless communication. Raspberry

Pi2 has got four USB ports, so it is better to use a Zigbee Dongle for this interface. Now we want to check the

communication between the two paired ZigBee modules.

The response showed inside a red box indicates the presence of a usb device in the module. Write a python script to

perform Zigbee communication which is given below.

import serial

# Enable USB Communication

ser = serial.Serial('/dev/ttyUSB0', 9600,timeout=.5) while

True:

ser.write('Hello User \r\n') # write a Data

incoming = ser.readline().strip()

print 'Received Data : '+ incoming

The two zigbee must be in a line of sight and check the results in the Python shell and in the hyperterminal of the

computer.