Handbook of Optical

Constants of Solids II

Edited by

EDWARD D. PALIK

Institute of Physical Sciences and Technology

University of Maryland
College Park, Maryland

ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.

Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers
Boston San Diego New York
London Sydney Tokyo Toronto
 Contents

List of Contributors xv
Preface xix

Part I DETERMINATION OF OPTICAL CONSTANTS

Chapter 1 Introductory Remarks

EDWARD D. PALIK
r. Introduction 3
II. The Chapters 3
m. The Critiques 5
IV. The Tables 6
V. The Figures of the Tables 7
VI. General Remarks 7
VII. Errata 8
References 11

Chapter 2 Convention Confusions 21

R. T. HOLM
I. Introduction 21
II. Units 22
III. Wave Equation 22
IV. Polarization 26
V. Fresnel's Amplitude Reflection Coefficients 37
VI. Nomenclature 50
VII. Concluding Remarks 51
Acknowledgments 52
References 52

Chapter 3 Methods for Determining Optical Parameters of Thin

Films 57
E. PELLETIER
I. Introduction 57
II. An Example of Comparison between the Different
Techniques of Index Determination 58
III. Principle Methods of Index Determination 60
IV. Sensitivity and Accuracy of the Determination Methods 64
V. Overlapping and Tests of Validity of the Model 67
VI. Results and Conclusion 71
References 71

v
VI Contents

Chapter 4 The Attenuated Total Reflection Method 75

G. J. SPROKEL AND J. D. SWALEN
I. Introduction 75
II. Surface-Plasmon Oscillations 77
III. Optical Analysis of ATR Structures 81
IV. Guided Modes 84
V. Applications of ATR 87
VI. Conclusion 94
References 94

Chapter 5 Optical Properties of Superlattices 97

P. APELLANDO. HUNDERI
I. Introduction 97
II. The Classical Optical Response of a Multilayer System 98
III. Semiconductor Superlattices 101
IV. Amorphous Superlattices 109
V. Collective Excitations 112
VI. Lattice Disorder 118
VII. The Effect of Nonlocal Dielectric Functions 120
VIII. Concluding Remarks 122
References 122

Chapter 6 Caiculation of the Refractive Index of Compound

Semiconductors below the Band Gap 125
B. JENSEN
I. Introduction 125
II. The Quantum-Density-Matrix Formulation of the Complex
Dielectric Constant 128
III. Comparison with Experimental Results 138
IV. Summary 147
References 148

Chapter 7 Caiculation of Optical Constants, n and k, in the

Interband Region 151
A. R. FOROUHI A N D I. BLOOMER
I. Introduction 151
II. The Extinction Coefficient, k(E), and the Refractive Index,
n(E) 154
III. Discussion 163
IV. Examples 166
V. Summary 174
References 175

Chapter 8 Temperature Dependence of the Complex Index of

Refraction 177
MICHAEL E. THOMAS
I. Introduction 177
II. Temperature Dependence of n and k 179
 VII

III. Conclusions 199

References 199

Chapter 9 Measurement of n and * in the XUV by the

Angle-of-Incidence Total-External-Reflectance Method 203

MARION L. SCOTT
I. Introduction 203
II. General Considerations 204
III. Aluminum Reflectance versus Angle in UHV 206
IV. Determination of n and k 207
V. Comparison with Other Results 210
References 212

Chapter 10 Spectroscopic Ellipsometry in the 6-35 eV Region 213

J. BARTH, R. L. JOHNSON, AND M.
CARDONA
I. Introduction 213
iL The Bessy VUV Eilipsometer 217
m. Theory 226
IV. Results and Comparison with Reflectance Spectra 237
V. Summary 244
Acknowledgment 245
References 245

Chapter 11 Methods Based on Multiple-Slit Fourier Transform

Interferometry for Oetermining Thin-Film Optical
Constants in the VUV/Soft X-Ray Range 247
ROMAN TATCHYN
I. Introduction to MSFTI 247
II. Fundamental Dimensional Constraints and Inequalities 253
III. Relationship of MSFTI to Alternative Metrological
Techniques 254
IV. General Experimental Equations and Sensitivity Analysis 258
V. A Characterization of the Optical Constants of Au Using
MSFTI in the 280-640 e V Range 265
VI. Problems and Prospects in Sample Preparation 270
VII. Prospects for MSFTI in Other Spectral Regimes 272
VIII. Summary 273
Acknowledgments 274
References 274

Chapter 12 Determination of Optical Constants from

Angular-Dependent, Photoelectric-Yield
Measurements 279
H.-G. BIRKEN, C. BLESSING, A N D C. KUNZ
I. Introduction 279
II. Theoretical Background 280
III. Experimental Details 285
VIII Contents

IV. Examples 286

V. Conclusions and Future Prospects 289
References 292

Chapter 13 Determination of Optical Constants by High-Energy,

Electron-Energy-Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) 293
J. PFLÜGER AND J. FINK
I. Introduction 293
II. Description of an EELS Experiment 295
III. Scattering Cross-Section 297
IV. Exact Determination of the Loss Function 298
V. Kramers-Kronig Analysis 299
VI. Brief Summary of the Evaluation Procedure 300
VII. Comparison with Reflectivity Measurements 300
VIII. Optical Properties of TiC, VC, TiN, and VN 303
References 310

Chapter 14 Optical Parameters for the Materials in HOC I and

HOCH 313
EDWARD D. PALIK
I. Introduction 313
II. The Parameters 313
References 334

Part II CRITIQUES

Subpart 1 Metals

An Introduction to the Data for Several Metals 341

DAVID W. LYNCH A N D W. R. HUNTER
I. Introduction 341
References 341
II. Alkali Metals 342
References 344
III. Lithium (Li) 345
References 347
IV. Sodium (Na) 354
References 357
V. Potassium (K) 364
References 367
VI. Chromium (Cr) 374
References 376
VII. Iron (Fe) 385
References 387
VIII. Niobium (Nb) 396
References 397
IX. Tantalum (Ta) 408
References 409
Contents IX

Beryllium (Be)
E. T . A R A K A W A , T . A . C A L L C O T T , A N D
YUN-CHING CHANG 421
References 425

Cobalt (Co) 435

L. W A R D
References 440

Graphite (C) 449

A. B O R G H E S I A N D G. G U I Z Z E T T I
References 453

Liquid Mercury (Hg) 461

E. T. A R A K A W A A N D T. I N A G A K I
References 465

Palladium (Pd) 469

A . B O R G H E S I A N D A . PIAGGI
References 472

Vanadium (V) 477

G. G U I Z Z E T T I A N D A . PIAGGI
References 480

Subpart 2 Semiconductors

Aluminum Arsenide (AlAs) 489

E D W A R D D. PALIK, O . J . G L E M B O C K I , A N D
KENICHI T A K A R A B E
Acknowledgments 492
References 492

Aluminum Antimonide (AlSb) 501

D A V I D F. E D W A R D S A N D R I C H A R D H. W H I T E
References 505

Aluminum Gallium Arsenide (AüSa, ^As) 513

O. J . G L E M B O C K I A N D K. T A K A R A B E
Acknowledgments 515
References 515
 Contents

Cadmium Selenide (CdSe) 559

H. PILLER
References 563

Cadmium Sulphide (CdS) 579

L. WARD
References 586

Gallium Antimonide (GaSb) 597

DAVID F. EDWARDS A N D RICHARD H. WHITE
References 601

Silicon-Germanium Alloys (SUGe,-*) 607

J. HUMLICEK, F. LUKES, AND E. SCHMIDT
References 611

Lead Tin Telluride (PbSnTe) 637

H. PILLER
References 639

Mercury Cadmium Telluride (Hg,_,CdJe) 655

P. M. AMIRTHARAJ
Acknowledgments 666
References 667

Selenium (Se) 691

EDWARD D. PALIK
Acknowledgments 693
References 694

Cubic Silicon Carbide (ß-SiC) 705

SAMUEL A. ALTEROVITZ AND JOHN A.
WOOLLAM
References 706

Tellurium (Te) 709

EDWARD D. PALIK
Acknowledgments 713
References 713

Tin Telluride (SnTe) 725

H. PILLER
References 727
Contents

Zinc Selenide (ZnSe)

Zinc Telluride (ZnTe) 737
L. WARD
References 747

Subpart 3 Insulators

Aluminum Oxide (Al203) 761

FRANQOIS GERVAIS
References 764

Aluminum Oxynitride (ALON) Spinel 777

WILLIAM J. TROPF AND MICHAEL E.
THOMAS
References 780
Notes Added in Proof 781

Barium Titanate (BaTi03) 789

CHUEN W O N G , YE Y U N G TENG, J . ASHOK,
A N D P. L. H. VARAPRASAD
Acknowledgments 793
References 793

Beryllium Oxide (BeO) sos

DAVID F. EDWARDS A N D RICHARD H. WHITE
References 807

Calcium Fluoride (CaF2) 815

D. F. BEZUIDENHOUT
References 825

Amorphous Hydrogenated "Diamondlike" Carbon

Films and Arc-Evaporated Carbon Films 837
SAMUEL A. ALTEROVITZ, N. SAVVIDES, F. W.
SMITH, AND JOHN A. WOOLLAM
References 840

Cesium lodide (Csl) 853

JOHN E. ELDRIDGE
References 857

Copper Oxides (CiijO, CuO) 875

CARL G. RIBBING AND ARNE ROOS
References 878
XII Contents

Magnesium Aluminium Spinel (MgAljOJ 883

WILLIAM J . TROPF A N D MICHAEL E.
THOMAS
References 887

Magnesium Fluoride (MgF2) 899

T H O M A S M. COTTER, MICHAEL E. T H O M A S ,
A N D W I L L I A M J . TROPF
References 903

Magnesium Oxide (MgO) 919

DAVID M . ROESSLER A N D DONALD R.
HUFFMAN
Acknowledgments 939
References 939

Polyethylene [CJUX 957

J . ASHOK, P. L H. VARAPRASAD, A N D J . R.
BIRCH
References 968

Potassium Bromide (KBr) 989

EDWARD D. PALIK
References 992

Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate (KH2P0„ KDP) and

Three of Its Isomorphs IOOS
DAVID F. EDWARDS A N D RICHARD H. WHITE
References 1008

Sodium Fluoride (NaF) 1021

I. OHÜDAL A N D K. NAVRÄTIL
References 1024

Strontium Titanate (SrTi03) 1035

FRANCOIS GERVAIS
References 1037

Thorium Fluoride (ThF,) 1049

I. OHLiDAL A N D K. NAVRÄTIL
References 1054
 Contents xiii

Water (H20) 1059

MARTIN R. QUERRY, DAVID M. WIELICZKA,
A N D DAVID J . SEGELSTEIN
References 1063

Yttrium Oxide (Y203) 1079

WILLIAM J . TROPF A N D MICHAEL E.
THOMAS
References 1084
Notes Added in Proof 1086