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Unit-2 (2.1 - Power Factor Correction)

The document discusses power factor correction and explains different methods to improve low power factor including using static capacitors and synchronous condensers. It defines various types of power like active, reactive and apparent power. It also explains causes of low power factor and issues associated with it like increased conductor size and copper losses.

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Pravalika Reddy
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12 views

Unit-2 (2.1 - Power Factor Correction)

The document discusses power factor correction and explains different methods to improve low power factor including using static capacitors and synchronous condensers. It defines various types of power like active, reactive and apparent power. It also explains causes of low power factor and issues associated with it like increased conductor size and copper losses.

Uploaded by

Pravalika Reddy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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POWER FACTOR CORRECTION

A.C POWERS
Active Power:
Measured in watts (normally shown askW). Provides the “working” part of the
power system. Producing heat, light, motion etc.

Reactive Power:
Measured in volt-ampere-reactive (normally shown askVAR). It only
maintains the electromagnetic field and provides no “working” part of the
power system.

Apparent Power:
Measured in Volt-Ampere (normally shown askVA). Provided both
working and nonworking parts of the power system.
A.C POWERS
From waveforms, 0 to t1, V and I are both positive; therefore, power is positive.
At t=t1, V is 0V and thus Pis 0W. From t1 to t2, I is positive and V is negative;
therefore, Pis negative. From t2 to t3, both V and I are negative; therefore power
is positive, and so on.

Positive value of power waveform represents the real or working power which is
delivered from the sourceto the load.
Negative value of power waveform represents the reactive power which is
returned from the load to the source.
A.C POWERS - Power Comparison
POWER FACTOR
The cosine angle between the voltage and current in an a.c circuit is known as
power factor.
Power factor involves the relationship between two types of power,
workingpower andreactive power.
POWER FACTOR
Electrical energy is almost exclusively generated, transmitted and distributed in
the form of alternating current, therefore the question of power factor comes
immediately into picture.

Most loads (80%) in electrical distribution systems are inductive in nature and
hencethey have low P.Fwhich ishighly undesirable.

Low P.F causes an increase in reactive current, resulting in additional losses of


activepower in all elements of power system.

It is important to have power factor as close to unity as possible. Note that


leadingpower factor isalsoundesirable for power system.
POWEPOWER FACTORR
FACTOR
If the circuit is inductive, the current lags behind the voltage by an angle Ѳ and
power factor is referred to as lagging.
POWER FACTOR
If the circuit iscapacitive, the current leads the voltage by an angle Ѳand power factor
isreferred to asleading.
POWER FACTOR
If circuit is resistive, both current and voltage are in phase with each other and
power factor is referred as unity.
POWER FACTOR -Power Triangle-

Apparent power in a.c circuit has two components, active or working power
andreactive power.
Fromtrigonometric relation,

Thus the power factor of a circuit may also be defined as the ratio of active
power to the apparentpower.
Forleading currents, the power triangle becomes reversed.
POWER FACTOR -Power Triangle-
Now the power factor canbe defined in one of the following 3 ways:

1. Powerfactor =cosѲ=cosineanglebetween Vand I.


2. Powerfactor =cosѲ=Resistance/Impedance.
3. Powerfactor =cosѲ=Active power/Apparentpower.

Let us assume a circuit having current of 10 Aat a voltage of 200 V


andits power factor is0.8 lagging.
S= VI = 200(10) = 2000VA= 2KVA P=
VI cosѲ=200(10)(0.8) =1.6KW
Q=VI sinѲ=200(10)(0.6) = 1.2kVAR
The circuit receives an apparent power of 2KVAand is able to convert only 1.6KW
into working or active power. Reactive power 1.2KVAR neither consumed nor it
doesanyusefulwork, it flows backandforth in both direction periodically.
POWER FACTOR
Different types of electrical load have different Power Factors according to its
nature.

Name of Equipment Power Factor Percent

Lightly loaded induction motor 0.20 Lagging


Full Loaded induction motor 0.80 Lagging
Neon-lighting equipment 0.30 - 0.70 Lagging
Incandescent lamps 1.0 Unity

All types of resistance heating 1.0 Unity


devices (e.g. toaster, heater)
CAUSES OF LOW POWER FACTOR
MOST LOADS (80%) IN ELECTRICALDISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ARE INDUCTIVE
IN NATURE.THECAUSEOFLOWPOWERFACTORISONLYDUETOINDUCTIVE
LOADS.INDUCTIVELOADSRESPONSIBLEFORLOWP.FAREASFOLLOWS:

Most of ac motors are induction type motors (1Φ and 3 Φ). At light load these motors
work at extremely low P.Fof the order of 0.2 to 0.3 andrisesto 0.8 or
0.9 at full load.

Arc lamps, electric discharge lamps, welding equipment and industrial heating furnaces
operated at low laggingpower factor.

Transformers draws a magnetizing current from the supply. At normal load this
current does not affect the P.F, but they draws larger amount of magnetizing current
at light load, causeslow primary current P.F.
DE’MERITS OF LOW POWER FACTOR
LOWPOWERFACTORRESULTSIN THEFOLLOWINGDISADVANTAGES

LARGERKVARATING:Electric machines (alternators, transformers,


switchgears) are always rated in KVA. KVArating of any equipment varies
inversely with the P.F, therefore low P.Fincreases the KVArating, asa result KVA
rating making the equipment larger andexpensive.

GREATERCONDUCTORSIZE:To transmit a fixed amount of power at


constant voltage, the conductor will have to carry more current at low factor.
DE’MERITS OF POWER FACTOR
LARGECOPPERLOSSES:The larger amount of current at low power factor causes
2
more I Rlossesin all the elements of the system.

POORVOLTAGEREGULATION:Largeramount of current produceslarge voltagedrops(IR


drops)in alternators, transformers, transmission lines and distributors. Thisresults in
poorvoltage regulation.

PAYEDEXTRAUTILITYCHARGES:Systemoperated at low P.Fis uneconomical from


supplier`s point of view. Suppliers usually takes extra charges from consumers who
operated their load at low power factor.
POWER FACTOR CORRECTION
• The process of supplying reactive power (lagging or leading) to bring the P.F closer to
unity is known as power factor correction.

• This can be done by following equipments, should be connected in parallel with the
load.
POWER FACTOR CORRECTION -STATIC CAPACITOR
The capacitor draws a leading current and neutralizes the lagging reactive
component of the load current, this raisesthe power factor.
Correct amount of capacitance must be used, otherwise P.Fgoes from lagging to
leading which isalsoundesired condition.
POWER FACTOR CORRECTION -STATIC CAPACIT

When inductor released the energy, capacitor stored that energy asshown.
POWER FACTOR CORRECTION -STATIC CAPACIT

Assumea circuit shown in fig: Ain which pure resistive load of 120KW is connected
with 600V generator, supplying 200A as shown.

Now lagging inductive load is added asshown in fig: Bwith the same 600V
generator. In this caseP.Fdrops from unity to 0.6 lagging.
POWER FACTOR CORRECTION -STATIC CAPACIT

Even though it issupplying same 120KW to the load, but current exceeds from 200A to
333A. Thisextra current isknown asreactive current, causing decrease in P.Ffrom unity to
0.6.

Now we are determining the value of capacitor, placed in parallel with the load to
raise the P.F= 1
POWER FACTOR CORRECTION –SYNCH CONDENS
An over-excited synchronous motor running on no-load is known as
SynchronousCondenser.

Increasing the field excitation of synchronous motor will improve the P.Ffrom lagging to
leading byoperating in overexcitation mode.

When synchronous machine is connected in parallel with the supply, it takes the leading
current which partly neutralizes the laggingreactive component of the load.

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