CSE 102

Introduc0on to Computer Science

Lecture 8

Dept. of Information Systems

Hanyang University
 Objectives
After studying this chapter, students will be able to:
• Describe and compare different network technologies,
including dial-up, broadband, and wireless
• Explain how different kinds of networks (LAN, WAN,
WLAN, WWAN) are connected, and how
communications works in each
• Explain the importance of standards and protocols for
communications among computing devices
• Name the layers of the protocol hierarchy, and describe
the purpose of each layer

Invitation to Computer Science, 6th Edition 2

 Objectives (continued)
After studying this chapter, students will be able to:
• Demonstrate how protocols like DNS, IP,TCP, and
HTTP function
• Explain how the existence of the Internet has led to new
modes of communication, such as e-mail, resource
sharing, and e-commerce
• Describe the highlights of the history of the Internet and
the Web, and explain how the modern system came
into being

Invitation to Computer Science, 6th Edition 3

 Basic Networking Concepts

• Computer network: made up of computing

devices, nodes, and interconnections
• Networks may be wired or wireless; communication
links use various technology
• Wired:
– Dial-up
– Broadband
• Wireless:
– WLAN
– WWAN
Invitation to Computer Science, 6th Edition 4
 Basic Networking Concepts
(continued)
Switched, dial-up
telephone lines
• Analog lines
• Transmit digital data
• Modem modulates
carrier wave
• Speeds up to 56k bps
• Bandwidth = capacity

Invitation to Computer Science, 6th Edition 5

 Basic Networking Concepts
(continued)
• Broadband: transmission rate > 256k bps
• Home users:
– Asymmetric download/upload times
– Digital subscriber line (DSL)
• Uses phone lines, but sends digital signal on different
frequencies than voice
• Down: 5-15 Mbps, Up: 1-2 Mbps
– Cable modem
• Uses cable TV lines
• Down: 10-20 Mbps, Up: 1-3Mbps

Invitation to Computer Science, 6th Edition 7

 Basic Networking Concepts
(continued)
• Commercial/institutional users:
– Ethernet (1970s)
• Dedicated coaxial cable
• Operates at 10 Mbps
– Fast Ethernet (early 1990s)
• Dedicated lines (coaxial, fiber-optic, or twisted-pair)
• Operates at 100 Mbps
– Gigabit Ethernet Standard (late 1990s)
• From gigabit networking research project
• IEEE standard
• Operates at 1000 Mbps
Invitation to Computer Science, 6th Edition 8
Invitation to Computer Science, 6th Edition 9
 Basic Networking Concepts
(continued)
Wireless data communication
• Radio, microwave, infrared signals to mobile
computers
• Laptops, tablet computers, smartphones, etc.
• Mobile computing: deliver data regardless of
location

• Bluetooth:
– Low-power, close range (30-50 feet), connect
devices like wireless mice, cameras, video games
Invitation to Computer Science, 6th Edition 10
 Basic Networking Concepts
(continued)
Wireless local area network (WLAN)
• Computers transmit wirelessly to base station with
wired connection
• Range of 150-300 feet (1 meter = 3 feet)
• Terminology:
– Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)
– IEEE 802.11 wireless network standards
– Wi-Fi hot spot: e.g., libraries, campuses, coffee shops
– Metropolitan Wi-Fi service: cities provide routers

Invitation to Computer Science, 6th Edition 11

 Basic Networking Concepts
(continued)
Wireless wide area network (WWAN)
• Computers transmit wirelessly to remote base
station with wired connection
• Cellular technology: antennas on towers miles apart
• Example: 4G: voice and data, transmits at 5-20 Mbps
• Signal may be blocked when indoors
• Errors with data transmission can slow performance
• Security: wireless signals easy to intercept

Invitation to Computer Science, 6th Edition 12

 Basic Networking Concepts
(continued)
Local Area Networks (LAN)
• Wired connection
• Computers, printers, and servers in close proximity
• Examples: same room, office building, campus
• Privately owned and operated
• Topology: how computers connected, affects how
they communicate

Invitation to Computer Science, 6th Edition 13

 Basic Networking Concepts
(continued)
• Bus topology
– Shared lines
– Take turns using line
• Ring topology
– Messages circulate
until reach source
• Star topology
– All send to central
node, which routes to
destination

Invitation to Computer Science, 6th Edition

 Basic Networking Concepts
(continued)
Ethernet LAN with shared cable
• Bus topology
• Single cable over short
distances
• Multiple cables over longer
distances
• Repeater amplifies signal
• Bridge routes messages only
when necessary

Invitation to Computer Science, 6th Edition

 Basic Networking Concepts
(continued)
Ethernet LAN with switch
• Bus topology, still
• Shared cable is inside switch
• Wiring closet contains switch and ports
• Ethernet jacks in rooms connect to switch in
closet
• Wireless base stations also connect to switch in
closet

Invitation to Computer Science, 6th Edition 16

Invitation to Computer Science, 6th Edition 17
 Basic Networking Concepts
(continued)
Wide Area Networks (WANs)
• Wired connection
• Computers located at great distances
• Examples: across state or country
• Dedicated point-to-point lines
– Computers connect to other computers on individual
lines
• Store-and-forward, packet-switched
– Packets go from node to node until reach
destination
Invitation to Computer Science, 6th Edition 18
 Basic Networking Concepts
(continued)
• Routing of packets determined dynamically
– A-B-C-D or A-B-F-D or A-E-F-D or A-E-F-B-C-D
• Redundant paths, fault tolerance, responsive to
traffic load

Invitation to Computer Science, 6th Edition 19

Invitation to Computer Science, 6th Edition 20
 Basic Networking Concepts
(continued)
Internet structure
• Combination of LANs and WANs
• Connected by routers that direct message traffic
• Internet service provider (ISP) provides access to
the Internet for private individuals and
organizations
• ISPs exist at multiple levels: local, regional,
national, international (tier-1 network or Internet
backbone)

Invitation to Computer Science, 6th Edition 21

Invitation to Computer Science, 6th Edition 22
Invitation to Computer Science, 6th Edition 23
Invitation to Computer Science, 6th Edition 24
 Basic Networking Concepts
(continued)
Internet growth has been astonishing:

Invitation to Computer Science, 6th Edition 25

 Internet Topology?

CSE 102 – Introduction to Computer Science 26

 Communication Protocols

• Protocol: a standard set of rules for

communicating
• Standards evolve over time
• International agreements make Internet possible
• Internet Society makes standards and promotes
research: www.isoc.org
• Protocol hierarchy/protocol stack, TCP/IP
– layers of protocols
– physical transmission to end application rules and
standards

Invitation to Computer Science, 6th Edition 27

Invitation to Computer Science, 6th Edition 28
Invitation to Computer Science, 6th Edition 29
 Communication Protocols
Network Layer (continued)
Network layer protocols
• Transmit message across multiple nodes in a
network
• “Good faith” transmission
• Requirements:
– Standard for addressing all network nodes
– Routing method for finding route from any node to
any other node
• Internet network layer: IP (Internet Protocol)

Invitation to Computer Science, 6th Edition 30

 Communication Protocols
Network Layer (continued)
Addressing
• Host name: human-friendly name for node
• IP address: unique numerical address used by
computer, 141.140.1.5
• Domain Name Service (DNS): map host names to
IP addresses
– Symbolic host name goes to local DNS server
– If it has no record, goes to remote servers until one
has the host name and retrieves the IP address

Invitation to Computer Science, 6th Edition 31

 Communication Protocols
Network Layer (continued)
Routing
• Picking a path through network from source to
destination
• Seek shortest/best path: fastest travel
• Massive network requires efficient path-seeking
• Networks are dynamic: nodes come online and go
offline all the time. Routing must adapt quickly

Invitation to Computer Science, 6th Edition 32

 Communication Protocols
Transport Layer (continued)
Transport layer protocols
• Application-to-application, reliable packet delivery
• Port number: unique identifier for program

Invitation to Computer Science, 6th Edition 33

 Communication Protocols
Transport Layer (continued)
• Application types have standard port numbers
– Web server: port 80
– Domain Name Service: port 42
– SMTP, sending e-mail: port 25
• TCP (Transport Control Protocol)
– Ensures no errors
– Establishes ordered delivery of packets
– Another version of ARQ algorithm
– Virtual direct, quality connection between programs

Invitation to Computer Science, 6th Edition 34

Invitation to Computer Science, 6th Edition 35
 Communication Protocols
Application Layer (continued)
Application layer protocols
• Handle formatted data transmitted between
application programs

Invitation to Computer Science, 6th Edition 36

 Communication Protocols
Application Layer (continued)
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
• Web page/service identified by unique URL
(Uniform Resource Locator)
– protocol://host name/page
– Multiple protocols: http, mailto, news, ftp
• Web browser uses TCP to send formatted
messages to Web server, and vice versa
– TCP uses network layer (IP), data link layer, and
physical layer

Invitation to Computer Science, 6th Edition 37

 Communication Protocols
Application Layer (continued)
Process: http://hostname/page
• Browser reads protocol, extracts host name (and
requests IP address from DNS server)
• Sends a connect message to port 80 on that
machine
• After connection established, sends “Get” message
with page information
• Server responds with message containing page
contents, size, and indicates connection closes at
end of message

Invitation to Computer Science, 6th Edition 38

 A Brief History of the Internet and the
World Wide Web
• “A Brief History of the Internet”, 1997, by some of
the founders
• Early years
– Licklider’s “Galactic Network”, 1962
– ARPA-funded ARPANET, 1966
– E-mail, 1972
– Many networks (e.g., HEPNet, DECNet) 1970s/80s
• Internetworking: standards for communication
• Gateway: device for translating between networks

Invitation to Computer Science, 6th Edition 40

Invitation to Computer Science, 6th Edition 41
 A Brief History of the Internet and the
World Wide Web (continued)
• Middle years
– TCP/IP established standard
– Telnet, FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
– NSFNet, broadens access (1984)
• ARPANET only open to ARPA grant recipients
• NSFNet open to universities, government agencies,
libraries, museum, schools
– Networks begin to connect, late 1980s
• ARPANET ceases to be as separate network
• NSFNet turns over to private providers, 1995

Invitation to Computer Science, 6th Edition 42

 A Brief History of the Internet and the
World Wide Web (continued)
World Wide Web
• High-energy physicist at CERN: Tim Berners-Lee
• Wanted user-friendly information and data
exchange
• Hypertext: documents containing links to other
documents
• Web protocols made public; rapid expansion

Invitation to Computer Science, 6th Edition 44

Invitation to Computer Science, 6th Edition 45