INTRO TO COUNSELING PRELIMS REVIEWER HISTORY OF COUNSELING

WHAT IS COUNSELING? 19TH CENTURTY

 belongs to the family of social services  Counseling in the simplest form is talking
or guidance movement (Gladding p.4) as a type of treatment for emotional
 If comes under the umbrella of problems
PSYCHOLOGY/PSYCHOTHERAPY  Early counselors called themselves
o The scientific study of behavior teachers and social advocates
and mental processes.  Areas of focus included child welfare,
career guidance education, and legal
Counseling reform
 is an applied social science that helps
individuals get better understanding of SIGMUND FREUD
them to handle their roles &  was an Austrian neurologist
relationships effectively.  developed psychoanalysis as a form of
therapy for those with serious issues
WHAT IS COUNSELING? both internal and emotionally
 The application of mental health,
psychological or human development PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
principles, through cognitive, affective,  is the method of treating people through
behavioral or systematic interventions... dialogue between a person and a
(Gladding p.6) psychoanalyst
 Counseling attempts to provide  This treatment uses interpretations to
encouragement and guidance for those bring memories to the forefront to
who are facing losses, decisions, or examine their connection to behavior
disappointments... stimulate personality
growth and development; help people Early 1900s
cope more effectively with the  2 major events that helped Counseling
problems of living, with inner conflict gain legitimacy as it begin to be
and with crippling emotions... (Collins practiced:
1988, p.16)
1913
WHAT IS COUNSELING?  National Vocational Guidance
 Counseling is a science and an art. Association (NVGA), today’s American
 It is a science because it applies Counseling Association was founded
techniques and procedures that are
utilized in helping a person to 1917
understand their situations and employ  Smith-Hughes Act was passed to
the most adequate solutions for provide public schools funding for
problem solving and life change; it is an vocational education
art because it allows the therapist to use
unique or own personality and DURING THE DEPRESSION
experiences in assisting the client.

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1st marriage and family counseling center PROFOUND DECADE
 was established by Abraham and
Hannah Stone and was the start of a 1952
boarder approach in counseling (1929)  The American Personnel and Guidance
Association organized groups interested
E.G, Williamson in guidance, counseling, and personal
 developed the 1st theory of counseling matters.
to work with students and the
unemployed by emphasizing a direct, 1953
counselor centered approach know as  The American School Counselor
trait-factor counseling (1930) Association (ASCA) was created

US government National Defense Education Act of 1958

 establishes the US Employment Service  increased funding to upgrade and train
which published the Dictionary of school counselors and programs
Occupational Titles as a source of
career info for vocational specialists DIVERSIFICATION
(1939)  Starting with Title IX and the affirmative
action and anti-discrimination
GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING Legislation a need for specialized
 Carl Rodgers theory of “personhood”. training developed for counselors to be
Was based on the belief that people able to properly handle society’s
were responsible for their own growth different needs. (1972)
and would understand themselves  Mental Health clinics, hospices,
better off they felt accepted. employee assistance programs,
 Also showed the difference between psychiatric hospitals and rehab centers
o Guidance - focused on helping began to employee counselors
people choose what they want  The Association of Counselor Educators
o Counseling - helping people and Supervisors (ACES) created
obtain those goals (1942) standards to acquire master’s degrees
in counseling.
GOVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT
TRAINING DEVELOPMENT
World War 2  The National Board of Certified
 the government saw the need for Counselors (NBCC) was started to
counselors to help train the military. certify counselors nationally (1982)
 Test were developed for counselors to
George-Barden Act pass in order to become National
 promoted counseling by providing Certified Counselors
funding for vocational education for  Gender issues, sexual preferences,
counseling training institutes moral development and the
considerations that come along with
Veterans Administration (VA) working with different cultural views and
 funded counselor training (1946) groups received more attention

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REFORM PSYCHOLOGY
 Counseling was included in the health  The science that systematically studies
care human resources as a mental behavior and experiences
health profession giving it the same
credibility as psychology, psychiatry HELPING
and social work.  The service of assisting clients to
 The ASCA National Standards for School manage their problems in living more
Counseling with 3 core domains of effectively
academic, career and personal.
strengthened school counseling and MOTIVATION
roles (1997)  The ability to stimulate a person to
 Counselor gave more consideration to operate or behave in a selected way
social factors that influence
development of mental illnesses such as INTERVENTION
family and personal environment and  Operate as an agent between the
socioeconomic status. client and their personal issue

TODAY & BEYOND COACHING

 With the aftermath of 9/11, School  The systematic process of training and
shootings, and other national disasters, assimilation in order to confront issues
counselors begin to focus on conflict
and safety from the perspective of MEDIATION
prevention and treatment.  An authoritative entity that determines
 The counseling community has created how a dispute is settled or apportioned
crisis plans for working with all ages to
provide treatment and how to properly
deal with grieving and stress
 Technology ¡s always improving and
continuously evolves to help community
outreach, public policy making, and
great interaction between people and
counselors.

TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH COUNSELING

GUIDANCE
 Is the process of helping people make
important choices that affect their
lives…(Gladding p.5)

PSYCHOTHERAPHY
 Focuses on serious problems associated
with intra-psychic, internal, personal
issues/conflict (p.6)

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MICRO SKILLS IN COUNSELING: GENUINENESS
 “people don’t care about how much
ATTENDING SKILLS you know until they know how much
you care”
OBJECTIVE: To encourage clients to verbalize
their ideas and/or feelings freely. VOCAL TONE
 the counselor’s voice is warm, pleasant,
EYE CONTACT and caring. This strongly indicates
 must indicate interest in the client. (The interest and willingness to listen to the
appropriate one is somewhere between client.
staring and total aversion of the eyes)
PARAPHRASING SKILLS
POSTURE
 adopt a relaxed body posture. Avoid Objectives: to test whether the counselor
sitting in a tense and uptight manner. understands what the client said.
(Usually, in moments of intimate  To communicate to the client that the
disclosure by clients, a marked forward counselor is trying to understand
lean may build rapport) his/her basic message.

GESTURE Essentially, paraphrasing is restating the client’s

 the counselor communicates much with basic message in similar but usually fewer
body movements. words.
 The head nod is the most typical gesture
in listening, with small ones to It would be wise for the counselor to ask
demonstrate continued attention, and himself/herself constantly with this question:
larger and repeated nods to signify “what is this person’s basic thinking and feeling
agreement. message to me?

VERBAL AND NON-VERBAL BEHAVIOR OF THE CLARIFYING SKILLS

COUNSELOR Objective: To bring vague materials into
 these are powerful forms of active sharper focus. The general guidelines for
listening to motivate the client to talk clarifying are:
and continue speaking.  Admit confusion about client’s
meaning
DISTANCE  Try to restate or ask for clarification,
 it should be close enough to signify repetition, or illustration.
acceptance and good rapport
QUESTIONING SKILLS IMPORTANT GUIDELINES:
CLOTHING AND GROOMING  Ask open-ended questions that cannot
 the counselor’s grooming provides be answered with “yes” or “no”.
important information about how well (Questions starting with “how” or
he or she takes care of himself. “what” are more likely to elicit
elaborated responses rather than
“are”, “is” or “do”)

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  Ask questions that elicit feelings about  Focusing the client’s scattered
what the client has just uttered rather thoughts and feelings
than information.  Checking to understand the client’s full
spectrum of message
REFLECTING SKILLS  Assuring the client that the session is
 This skill expresses to the client that the moving along well.
counselor is in his/her frame of
reference and that the counselor is Guidelines:
affirming the client’s deep concerns  Attend to the many themes and
feelings as the client speaks.
Reflecting also reads the implied feelings of the  Integrate the significant ideas and
nonverbal body language of the client: feelings into broad statements of their
basic meanings
NOTE:  Do not put new ideas to the summary
 Do not confuse paraphrasing and  Decide if it would be more
reflecting skills. appropriate to state your summary or
 Paraphrasing is a restatement or a request the client to summarize the
portion of the cognitive content in a basic themes, agreement, or plans.
client’s response, whereas reflection is a
restatement of the affective portion.
 If there is the presence of both, the
counselor must make a distinction
between the two and reflect the
affective content.

Common Errors:
 Stereotype responses
 Timing (getting into the pattern of
reflecting after almost every statement
that the client makes.)
 The use of inappropriate language, not
sensitive to the cultural experience
and educational level of the client.

Summarizing Skills
 Most counseling sessions wander widely
over many ideas and feelings.
 Summarizing involves tying together all
of these into one statement or
paragraph.

The counselor summarizes for the purpose of:

 Closing the discussion on a theme

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AUTONOMY: Counselors should encourage Event/Development in Counseling
and enable clients to take control of the Year
History
direction of their own lives wherever possible
1970s multicultural counseling.

NONMALEFICENCE: Counselors’ chosen action Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

1970s
or inaction should never intentionally cause gains popularity.
harm Development of family therapy
1980s
approaches.
BENEFICENCE: Mental health and well-being Positive psychology movement
should be a priority for the good of the 1990s
influences counseling.
individual and for society more broadly
1. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939):
JUSTICE: Counselors should treat all people o Often referred to as the father of
fairly and equitably psychoanalysis.
o Developed the talking cure and
FIDELITY: Counselors should honor all personal explored the role of the
and professional commitments, promises and unconscious mind.
responsibilities o His work laid the foundation for
the understanding of
Event/Development in Counseling psychodynamic therapy.
Year
History
Early forms of counseling practiced 2. Carl Rogers (1902-1987):
Ancient by priests and healers. o Pioneered person-centered
Times therapy.
Philosophical teachings of Socrates
o Emphasized the importance of
and Plato promote self-reflection.
empathy, unconditional positive
16th - Emergence of pastoral counseling in regard, and congruence in
17th C. religious settings. therapy.
Sigmund Freud develops o Contributed to the humanistic
19th
psychoanalysis, influencing talk psychology movement.
Century
therapy.
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow 3. Albert Ellis (1913-2007):
develop humanistic counseling. o Developed Rational Emotive
1900s Behavior Therapy (REBT).
Behaviorism and cognitive
psychology contribute to counseling. o Focused on identifying and
challenging irrational beliefs.
First edition of the DSM (Diagnostic
1952 o Influenced the development of
and Statistical Manual) is published.
cognitive-behavioral therapy
Carl Rogers' person-centered (CBT).
1950s
therapy gains prominence.
Vietnam War increases demand for
1960s
counseling services.
1960s Rise of feminist therapy and

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4. Abraham Maslow (1908-1970): 10. B.F. Skinner (1904-1990):
o Known for the hierarchy of needs o Developed operant conditioning
theory. theory.
o A major figure in humanistic o Influenced behavior modification
psychology, emphasizing self- and behavioral therapy.
actualization and personal
growth. 11. Virginia Axline (1911-1988):
o Known for play therapy.
5. Virginia Satir (1916-1988): o Developed non-directive play
o Renowned family therapist. therapy techniques for working
o Developed the Satir Growth with children.
Model, which focuses on
improving family communication 12. Elaine Aron (1944-present):
and relationships. o Pioneered research on highly
sensitive individuals.
6. Aaron T. Beck (1921-present): o Her work has contributed to
o Father of cognitive therapy. understanding personality traits
o Developed cognitive and sensitivity in counseling.
restructuring techniques.
o Contributed to the development 13. Irvin Yalom (1931-present):
of CBT. o Prominent existential
psychotherapist.
7. Gestalt Therapy Founders (Fritz Perls, o Known for his contributions to
Laura Perls, and Paul Goodman): group therapy and existential
o Developed Gestalt therapy, therapy.
which focuses on awareness and
the "here and now." 14. Mary Ainsworth (1913-1999):
o Emphasized personal o Studied attachment patterns and
responsibility and self-awareness. contributed to attachment
theory.
8. John Bowlby (1907-1990): o Her research had implications for
o Known for attachment theory. child counseling and
o His work influenced the development.
understanding of parent-child
relationships and their impact on 15. Gloria Neubert (1926-2000):
development and mental health. o A leader in feminist therapy.
o Advocated for a gender-
9. Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936): inclusive approach in counseling.
o Known for classical conditioning.
o His research on behavior and
learning had implications for
behavior therapy.

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 Year Person Contribution
Organization
Established in human development and
American Counseling Association mental health.
1952
(ACA) Founded Rational Emotive
American Psychological Behavior Therapy (REBT), a
1892
Association (APA) Albert Ellis cognitive-behavioral approach
National Board for Certified that helps individuals identify and
1982 change irrational beliefs.
Counselors (NBCC)
American School Counselor Developed the theory of
1952 psychosocial development,
Association (ASCA)
Erik Erikson outlining stages of psychological
American Association for
and social growth across the
Marriage and Family Therapy 1942
lifespan.
(AAMFT)
Prominent in object-relations
National Association of Social
1955 Melanie theory, emphasizing the impact of
Workers (NASW)
Klein early relationships on
International Association for psychological development.
1992
Counseling (IAC)
Made significant contributions to
American Mental Health child psychoanalysis and the
1976 Anna Freud
Counselors Association (AMHCA) understanding of defense
Association for Multicultural mechanisms.
Counseling and Development 1972 Pioneered structural family
(AMCD) Salvador therapy, focusing on the structure
American Association of Sexuality Minuchin and organization of families in
Educators, Counselors, and 1967 therapy.
Therapists (AASECT) Developed family systems theory,
Murray exploring the interplay of family
Person Contribution Bowen dynamics and individual
Margaret Pioneered art therapy as a form of functioning.
Naumburg psychotherapy. Known for her work in family
Renowned for her work in art therapy and communication,
Edith Virginia Satir
therapy and its therapeutic emphasizing the importance of
Kramer healthy family relationships.
applications.
Developed the interpersonal
Harry Stack theory of psychiatry, emphasizing
Sullivan the role of interpersonal
relationships in mental health.
Known for attachment theory,
John
which focuses on the importance
Bowlby
of early attachment relationships

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Component Meaning/Description Component Meaning/Description
The initial phase where the and providing feedback to help
counselor gathers information the client gauge their growth.
about the client's concerns, The final phase, involving closure
Assessment history, and current situation to and reflection on the counseling
understand their needs and process. It includes evaluating
goals. This includes assessment Termination
the achievement of goals,
tools, interviews, and evaluations. discussing future self-help
The process of identifying and strategies, and saying goodbye.
labeling the client's specific Post-counseling support, if
mental health issues or necessary, to ensure the client
Diagnosis
challenges based on assessment maintains progress and addresses
findings. It helps guide treatment Follow-Up
any lingering concerns. It can
planning. involve occasional check-ins or
Collaboratively establishing clear referrals.
and achievable objectives that
the client aims to work toward
Goal Setting
during the counseling process.
Goals provide direction and
motivation.
The development of a trusting
and collaborative relationship
Therapeutic between the counselor and the
Alliance client, fostering a safe and open
environment for exploration and
growth.
Creating a roadmap for
counseling that outlines
Treatment
strategies, interventions, and
Planning
timelines for addressing the
client's goals and needs.
The implementation of
therapeutic techniques and
approaches tailored to the
Intervention client's unique issues and goals.
This can include various
counseling modalities and
strategies.
Evaluation Continuously assessing the client's
and progress, making adjustments to
Feedback the treatment plan as needed,

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 Therapy Primary Goals and Therapy Primary Goals and
Approach Objectives Approach Objectives
Uncover and explore Create a non-judgmental
unconscious conflicts and and empathetic
desires. therapeutic environment.
Gain insight into how past Increase self-awareness in
experiences influence the "here and now."
Psychoanalysis current behavior and Promote personal
emotions. responsibility and self-
Gestalt Therapy
Reduce symptoms by acceptance.
bringing unconscious Help clients resolve
material to conscious unfinished business and
awareness. inner conflicts.
Identify and modify Explore and confront
observable and learned existential concerns (e.g.,
behaviors. mortality, meaninglessness).
Increase adaptive Encourage individuals to
Behaviorism behaviors and decrease Existential Therapy
take responsibility for their
maladaptive ones. choices and actions.
Focus on measurable Foster personal growth and
changes and symptom authentic living.
reduction.
Identify and challenge
negative thought patterns.
Restructure irrational beliefs
Cognitive Therapy
and cognitive distortions.
Promote cognitive and
emotional change.
Identify and dispute
irrational beliefs and
Rational Emotive thought patterns.
Behavior Therapy Replace irrational beliefs
(REBT) with rational ones.
Promote emotional and
behavioral change.
Encourage self-
actualization and personal
Humanistic
growth.
Therapy
Promote self-awareness
and self-acceptance.

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PSYCHOANALYTIC THERAPY EROS
 The Life Instinct
SIGMUND FREUD o Procreation
 He is best known as the founder of o Social Cooperation
psychoanalysis, o Survival
 a revolutionary clinical method for
understanding and treating THANATOS
psychological issues arising from inner  The Death Instinct
conflicts. o Aggression
 Freud's approach involved dialogue o Risky Behavior
between the patient and psychoanalyst, o Reliving Trauma
exploring the unconscious mind,
dreams, and human agency. INSTINCTS
 Freud's influential ideas have left a
lasting impact on psychology, including LIFE INSTINCTS
the concept of the unconscious mind,  It serves as the purpose of the survival of
the Oedipus complex, and his structural the individual and the human race; they
model of the psyche: the id, ego, and were oriented toward growth,
superego. development and creativity.

WHAT IS PSYCHOANALYTIC THERAPY? DEATH INSTINCT

 looks at how the unconscious mind  It accounts for the aggressive drive. At
influences thoughts and behaviors. times, people manifest through their
 Psychoanalysis frequently involves behavior an unconscious wish to die or
looking childhood experiences in order to hurt themselves or others.
to discover how these events might
have shaped the individual and how
they contribute to current actions. STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY

FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTICAL THEORY According to Psychoanalytic view, the

1. Conscious Personality consists of three systems:
2. Preconscious
3. Subconscious  ID: Biological component
 EGO: Psychological component
VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE  SUPEREGO: Social component
 The Freudian View of Human Nature
was naturally deterministic. ID
 According to Freud, our behavior is  The Spoiled Brat of the Personality
determined by irrational forces,  Ruled by the pleasure principle, which is
unconscious motivation, biological and aimed at reducing tension, avoiding
instinctual drives as these evolve pain and gaining pleasure
through key psychosexual stages.  Never matures
 Does not think but only wishes or acts

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EGO DENIAL
 “Traffic Cop”  “closing one’s eyes” to the existence of
 It is the “executive” that governs, an threatening aspect of reality
controls and regulates the personality  It is a way of distorting what the
 Ruled by the reality principle, the ego individual thinks, feels, or perceives in a
does realistic and logical thinking traumatic situation

SUPEREGO REACTION FORMATION

 Judicial Branch of Personality  Actively expressing the opposite impulse
 It includes a person’s moral code, the when confronted with a threatening
main concern being whether an action impulse
is good or bad, right and wrong
PROJECTION
CONSCIOUS AND UNCONSCIOUS  Attributing to others one’s own
acceptable desires and impulses
CONSCIOUSNESS  This is a mechanism of self-deception
 A thin slice of the total mind
DISPLACEMENT
UNCONSCIOUSNESS  Directing energy toward another object
 Cannot be studied directly but is or person when the original object or
inferred by behavior person is inaccessible

EGO-DEFENSE MECHANISM RATIONALIZATION

 It helps the individual cope with anxiety  Manufacturing “good” reason to
and prevent ego from being explain a bruised ego
overwhelmed  It helps justify behaviors
 The defenses employed depend on the  It aids in softening the blow connected
individual’s development and degree with disappointments
of anxiety
SUBLIMATION
TWO CHARACTERISTICS OF DEFENSE  Diverting sexual aggressive energy into
MECHANISM socially acceptable and sometimes
1. They either deny or distort reality even admirable channels
2. The Operate in unconscious level
REGRESSION
REPRESSION  Going back to an earlier phase of
 Threatening or painful thoughts and development when there were fewer
feelings are excluded from awareness demands
 Freud explained it as an involuntary
removal of something from INTROJECTION
consciousness  Taking in and “swallowing” the values
and standards of others

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IDENTIFICATION 1. Insight into Unconscious Processes:
 Identifying with successful causes , Psychoanalytic therapy delves into the
organizations, or people in the hope unconscious mind, helping individuals
that you will be perceived as worthwhile gain insight into repressed thoughts,
feelings, and experiences. This self-
COMPENSATION awareness can aid in understanding
 Making perceived weakness or and addressing underlying
developing certain positive traits to psychological issues.
make up for limitations
2. Understanding Root Causes: This therapy
TECHNIQUES IN PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY aims to uncover the root causes of
psychological problems, such as
THE DREAM ANALYSIS unresolved childhood conflicts. By
 In regard to psychoanalysis Is very identifying these origins, clinicians can
Intriguing to me. Freud believed that work with patients to address deep-
Ideas of repression emerge when we seated issues.
dream. He explains our dreams as the
royal road to the unconscious (McLcod. 3. Symptom Relief: Psychoanalytic therapy
2014) doesn't merely treat symptoms but
targets the underlying causes. This can
INTERPRETATION lead to more lasting symptom relief as
 is used during psychoanalytic therapy opposed to just managing surface-level
when a therapist tends to stay quiet to manifestations.
allow the client to talk openly
(Psychoanalytic Therapy, n d.) 4. Long-Term Benefits: Some studies
suggest that long-term psychoanalytic
FREE ASSOCIATION therapy can have lasting benefits, even
 Is a basic technique used in therapy it after treatment has concluded. It may
allows a client to talk about whatever help individuals develop healthier
comes to mind (McLeod. 2014). coping mechanisms and improved self-
 Saying whatever comes to mind, usually esteem.
lying in a relaxed position.
 No matter how trivial or embarrassing 5. Improved Relationships: By addressing
unconscious dynamics and past
traumas, psychoanalytic therapy can
lead to improved interpersonal
relationships. Patients may develop
better communication skills and the
ability to form healthier connections.

6. Holistic Approach: This therapy

considers the individual as a whole, not
just their symptoms. It acknowledges the
importance of exploring emotional,

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 cognitive, and behavioral aspects,  adolescent issues
leading to a comprehensive treatment  depression
approach.
TYPES OF INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOTHERAPY
7. Tailored Treatment: Psychoanalytic 1. Supportive Therapy
therapy is flexible and can be adapted 2. Hypnosis
to the unique needs of each patient. 3. Reality Therapy
This personalized approach can 4. Abreaction Therapy
enhance treatment effectiveness.
1. Tailored Treatment: Individual therapy
8. Critiques and Limitations: It's important allows therapists to tailor treatment
to note that psychoanalytic therapy has plans to each person's specific needs.
faced criticisms and evolved over time. This personalized approach is crucial in
Some argue that it lacks empirical addressing unique psychological issues.
evidence compared to other therapies.
However, its influence on the 2. Confidentiality: It provides a safe and
development of modern psychology is confidential space for clients to discuss
undeniable. their concerns openly, promoting trust
and honesty between the therapist and
INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOTHERAPY client.
 is a method of bringing about change in
a person by exploring his or her feelings, 3. Effective Diagnosis: Individual therapy
attitude, thinking and behavior. aids in accurate diagnosis of mental
 It is a process of meeting with therapist health conditions, ensuring that clients
to assist a person in dealing with receive appropriate interventions.
symptoms or problems a person having.
4. Focused Attention: Therapists can give
GOALS their full attention to one client during
 Remove or modify existing symptoms. individual sessions, leading to in-depth
 Mediate disturbed patterns of behavior. exploration and understanding of the
 Promote positive personality growth and client's issues.
development.
5. Self-Disclosure: Clients are more likely to
ISSUS FOR WHICH INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOTHERAPY self-disclose in one-on-one settings,
MAY HELP which is vital for therapists to gain
 personal growth and exploration insights into their emotional state and
 sexuality issues anxiety problems experiences.
 spiritual issues
 stress related problems 6. Progress Monitoring: Therapists can
 life adjustment issues closely monitor a client's progress,
 alcohol and drug dependence making necessary adjustments to
 coping with change grief and loss treatment plans as needed.
 past trauma
 relationship issues

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7. Flexibility: Individual therapy can be
adapted to various therapeutic
modalities, such as cognitive-behavioral
therapy, psychodynamic therapy, or
humanistic therapy, depending on what
suits the client best.

8. Privacy: It offers clients a private and

non-judgmental environment to explore
sensitive topics, helping them work
through deep-seated issues.

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