IS 1343 : 2012

samples are available, actual standard deviation shall 10.2.2 DISADVANTAGES

be used and mix designed properly.

10 PRE-TENSIONED AND POST-TENSIONED The availability of experienced builders is scanty.

CONCRETE Initial equipment cost is very high. Availability of
experienced engineers is scanty. Prestressed sections
10.1 COMPARISON are brittle. Prestressed concrete sections are less fire
resistant.
10.1.1 In pretensioned prestress concrete, steel is
tensioned prior to that of concrete. It is released once
10.3 LOSSES IN PRESTRESS
the concrete is placed and hardened. The stresses are
transferred all along the wire by means of bond.
Pretensioning
Suitable for short span and precast products like
1. Elastic deformation of concrete
sleepers, electric poles on mass production. In
2. Relaxation of stress in steel
pretensioning the cables are basically straight and
3. Shrinkage of concrete
horizontal. Placing them in curved or inclined position
4. Creep of concrete
is difficult. However the wire’s can be kept with
eccentrically. Since cables can not be aligned similar to
Post-tensioning
B.M.D. structural advantages are less compare to that
1. No loss due to elastic deformation if all wires are
of post-tensioned. Prestress losses are more compare to
simultaneously tensioned. If the wires are successively
that of post-tensioned concrete .
tensioned, there will be loss of prestress due to elastic
deformation of concrete.
10.1.2 Concreting is done first then wires are tensioned
2. Relaxation of stress in steel
and anchored at ends. The stress transfer is by end
3. Shrinkage of concrete
bearing not by bond. Suitable for long span bridges.
4. Creep of concrete
The post tensioning cables can be aligned in any
5. Friction
manner to suit the B.M.D due to external load system.
6. Anchorage slip
Therefore it is more economical particularly for long
span bridges. The curved or inclined cables can have
1) Loss due to elastic deformation of the concrete
vertical component at ends. These components will
reduce the design shear force. Hence post-tensioned
The loss of prestress due to deformation of concrete
beams are superior to pretensioned beams both from
depends on the modular ratio & the
flexural and shear resistances point. Losses are less
average stress in concrete at the level of steel.
compare to pre-tensioned concrete.
If ;-
Fc-Prestress in concrete at the level of steel
10.2 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE Es -Modulus of elasticity of steel
Ec-Modulus of elasticity of concrete
10.2.1 ADVANTAGE αe -Modular ratio
Strain in concrete at the level of steel =fc/Ec
The use of high strength concrete and steel in Stress in steel corresponding to this strain = fc/Ec ×Es
prestressed members results in lighter and slender Therefore, Loss of stress in steel = αe × fc
members than is possible with RC members. In fully If the initial stress in steel is known, the percentage loss
prestressed members the member is free from tensile of stress in steel due to elastic
stresses under working loads, thus whole of the section deformation of concrete can be computed.
is effective. In prestressed members, dead loads may be
2) Loss due to shrinkage of concrete
counter-balanced by eccentric prestressing. Prestressed
concrete member posses better resistance to shear The loss due to shrinkage of concrete results in
forces due to effect of compressive stresses presence or shortening of tensioned wires & hence contributes to
eccentric cable profile. Use of high strength concrete the loss of stress. The shrinkage of concrete is
and freedom from cracks, contribute to improve influenced by the type of cement, aggregate & the
durability under aggressive environmental conditions. method of curing used. Use of high strength concrete
with low water cement ratio results in reduction in
Long span structures are possible so that saving in
shrinkage and consequent loss of prestress. The
weight is significant & thus it will be economic. primary cause of drying shrinkage is the progressive
Factory products are possible. Prestressed members are loss of water from concrete. The rate of shrinkage is
tested before use. Prestressed concrete structure higher at the surface of the member.The differential
deflects appreciably before ultimate failure, thus giving shrinkage between the interior surfaces of large
ample warning before collapse. Fatigue strength is member may result in strain gradients leading to
better due to small variations in prestressing steel, surface cracking.
recommended to dynamically loaded structures
 3) Loss due to creep of concrete IS 1343 : 2012
The sustained prestress in the concrete of a prestress
member results in creep of concrete which is Friction and Anchorage Losses: Friction and anchorage
effectively reduces the stress in high tensile steel. The losses in prestressing tendons are assumed to be
loss of stress in steel due to creep of concrete can be predictable and manageable. These losses are
estimated if the magnitude of ultimate creep strain or accounted for during the design process to ensure that
creep-coefficient is known. the desired level of prestress is achieved in the
1. Ultimate Creep strain method member.
loss of stress in steel due to creep of concrete = εcc× fc
×Es Uniform Prestress Distribution: It is assumed that the
Where, εcc -Ultimate creep strain for a sustained unit prestress is uniformly distributed along the length of
stress. the member. This assumption simplifies the analysis
Fc -Compressive stress in concrete at the level of steel and allows for straightforward calculations of the
Es -Modulus of elasticity of steel. resultant forces and moments.

4) Loss of Prestress due to Steam Curing Steam Negligible Creep and Shrinkage: Creep and shrinkage
curing is often used with a pre-tensioning system. The effects in concrete are often assumed to be negligible
curing period has to be accelerated so as to release the during the design life of the structure. However, long-
pre- tensioning bed and the equipment for further term effects may be considered in some cases,
fabrication. Raising the temperature of concrete with especially for structures with extended service lives.
steam before hardening heats the prestressed steel and
thus relaxes some of the prestressing force. On cooling, Negligible Eccentricity: Eccentricity effects due to
the concrete contracts and offsets the strain recovery in prestressing tendons are assumed to be negligible or
the steel. Creep characteristics of steel changes at adequately accounted for in the design calculations.
100°C tem- perature; consequently there will be a
considerable loss of prestress in the member. Negligible Torsional Effects: Torsional effects are
often neglected in the design of prestressed concrete
11. LOAD BALANCING CONCEPT members, especially for members with predominantly
flexural behavior.

The three approaches to analyze a prestressed member 12.1 PARTIAL PRESTRESSING

at transfer and under service loads are: a) Based on
stress concept. b) Based on force concept. c) Based on Partial Prestressing:
load balancing concept.
Load balanced Concept The approach based on load The degree of prestress applied to concrete in which
balancing concept is used for a member with curved or tensile stresses to a limited degree are permitted in
harped tendons and in the analysis of indeterminate concrete under working load. In this case, in addition to
continuous beams. The moment, upward thrust and tensioned steel, a considerable proportion of
upward deflection (camber) due to the prestress in the untensioned reinforcement is generally used to limit the
tendons are calculated. The upward thrust balances part width of cracks developed under service load.
of the superimposed load.
Advantages:
12. ASSUMPTION MADE IN THE DESIGN Limited tensile stresses are permitted in concrete under
service loads with controls on the maximum width of
Linear Elastic Behavior: The behavior of materials cracks and depending upon the type of prestressing and
(concrete and steel) is assumed to be linear elastic environmental condition.
within the working stress range. This assumption Untensioned reinforcement is required in the cross-
simplifies the analysis and allows for the use of linear section of a prestresseed member for various reasons,
elastic theory for calculating stresses and deflections. such as to resist the differential shrinkage, temperature
effects and handling stresses.
Plane Sections Remain Plane: It's assumed that plane Hence this reinforcement can cater for the
sections before bending remain plane after bending. serviceability requirements, such as control of
This assumption simplifies the analysis and allows for cracking, and partially for the ultimate limit state of
the use of basic statics principles in analyzing the collapse which can result in considerable reduction in
behavior of prestressed concrete members. the costlier high tensile steel.
Saving in the cost of overall structure.
Bond Between Concrete and Prestressing Steel:
Adequate bond between concrete and prestressing steel Disadvantages:
is assumed to transfer the prestressing force effectively. The excessive upward deflections, especially in bridge
This assumption ensures that the applied prestressing structure where dead loads from a major portion of the
force is efficiently transmitted to the concrete section. total service loads, and these deflections may increase
with time of creep.
IS 1343 : 2012

12.1.1 LONG AND SHORT TERM DEFLECTION Iterate and Optimize Design:
Iterate the design process to optimize the structural
Short term deflection: configuration and reinforcement layout while ensuring
that the stresses are within permissible limits.
The short term deflection at transfer is due to the Considerations such as cost, constructability,
prestressing force (before long term losses) and self- aesthetics, and serviceability should also be taken into
weight. The effect of creep and shrinkage of concrete account during the optimization process.
are not considered.
Prepare Design Documentation:
Long term deflection: Document the design calculations, including load
assumptions, structural analysis results, stress
The long term deflection under service loads is due to calculations, and reinforcement details. Provide
the effective prestressing force (after long term losses) detailed drawings, specifications, and construction
and the gravity loads. The permanent components of guidelines to communicate the design requirements to
the gravity loads are considered in the effect of creep. contractors and construction personnel.
These components are dead load and sustained live
load. Review and Approval:
Review the design documentation for accuracy,
12.1.2 DESIGN AS PER STRESS CALCULATION completeness, and compliance with applicable codes,
standards, and regulations. Obtain approval from
Identify Loads and Load Combinations: relevant authorities, structural engineers, or design
Determine all the loads and load combinations that the review committees before proceeding with
structure will be subjected to during its service life. construction.
These loads may include dead loads, live loads, wind
loads, seismic loads, temperature loads, etc. 12.1.3 PERMISSIBLE STRESS

Analyze the Structure: In prestressed concrete design, the permissible stresses

Perform structural analysis to determine the internal for steel and concrete are typically determined based
forces and moments induced in various structural on the relevant design codes and standards, such as the
members due to the applied loads. This analysis can be Indian Standard IS 1343: 2012 for India. However, the
done using analytical methods, computer software, or permissible stress in steel and concrete can vary based
experimental testing. on factors such as the type of prestressing method (pre-
tensioning or post-tensioning), the grade of concrete,
Calculate Stresses: and the type of steel used.
Calculate the stresses induced in different structural
elements (such as beams, columns, slabs, etc.) using 1. Permissible Stress in Steel:
the principles of mechanics and structural analysis. - For high tensile steel tendons used in prestressed
Stresses can be calculated for various loading concrete, the permissible stress is often taken as a
conditions, including bending, shear, axial, and fraction (typically around 0.6 to 0.7) of the ultimate
torsional stresses. tensile strength of the steel. This ensures that the steel
remains within its elastic limit to prevent failure.
Check Permissible Stresses:
Compare the calculated stresses with the allowable or 2. Permissible Stress in Concrete:
permissible stresses specified by relevant design codes, - The permissible stress in concrete under
standards, or material specifications. These permissible compression varies based on factors such as the grade
stresses are typically determined based on the material of concrete and the level of prestress. Typically, it
properties (e.g., yield strength for steel, compressive ranges from about 0.45 to 0.65 times the characteristic
strength for concrete) and safety factors. strength of concrete. This ensures that the concrete
remains within its safe limits and avoids excessive
Design Reinforcement or Members: cracking or failure.
If the calculated stresses exceed the allowable limits,
necessary reinforcement or modifications to the These values are guidelines and may vary based on
structural members are required to ensure that the specific design requirements and safety factors outlined
stresses remain within acceptable bounds. This may in the design standards. It's crucial to consult the
involve adding additional reinforcement, increasing relevant design codes and standards, as well as work
member dimensions, or altering the structural with experienced structural engineers, to ensure the
configuration. safe and efficient design of prestressed concrete
structures.
 Z = (1000 * 150 2)/6 = (375 * 104) mm3

Vertical prestress required

A cylindrical fixed base prestressed concrete water
fc =[(fmin.w/ η) + (Mt/Z)]
tank of internal diameter 30m is required to store
water upto depth of 7.5m. Design the tank for =[(1/0.75)+ (67×106/375*104)] =19.2N/mm2
following data Since this stress exceeds the permissible value of fct
The permissible comp. stress in concrete at transfer =13 N/mm^ 2 , the thickness of the tank wall at base is
13 MPa. Residual comp. stress required in concrete increased to 200 mm. Thus,
during services 1 N/mm2. Losses ratio is 0.75. Wires Z = (1000 * 2002)/6) = (666 * 104) mm3
of 5mm dia are available to be stressed initialy upto fc =[(1/0.75)+ (67×106/666*104)] =12N/mm2
1000MPa for circumferential winding and cables Vertical prestressing force = fc A
made up of 12 wires of 8mm. diameter are available = [(12x1000x200)/1000] = 2400 kN
and can be stressed to 1200MPa for vertical
Prestressing, fck = 40MPa Using 8 mm diameter (12 nos.) Freyssinet cables
Solution : Force/cable = [(50x12x1200)/1000] = 720 kN
For the required depth of storage of 7.5 m and diameter Spacings of vertical cables = [1000x720/2400]
30 m, an average wall thickness of 150 mm is =300mm
tentatively assumed. The approximate vertical prestress required to
D=30m, H= 7.5m and t = 150 mm, η = 0.75, internal counteract winding stresses as per IS code is
radius R = 15m, w = 10, fct = 13 Mpa, f min.w = 1, fs = = 0.3 fc = 0.3 x 9.4 = 2.82 N/mm²
1000 Mpa, As = π/4(5)2 = 20 m2 Vertical prestressing force required
= [(2.82×1000×200) / (1000) ] = 564 kN
(H2/Dt) = (7.52/(30 * 0.15)) = 12.5
Ultimate tensile force in wires at base of tank
ww = wH = (10 * 7.5) kN/m2 = 0.075N/mm2
= [(87×20×1500) / (1000) ] = 2610 kN
From tables
Load factor against collapse =2610 /720 =3.6
maximum ring tension Nd and moments Mw in tank
Direct tensile strength concrete = 0.267√(40)
walls for the fixed base condition are:
=1.7 N/mm²
Nd = coe. x wHR = (0.64 * 10 * 7.5 * 15) -----for 0.7H
Cracking load [(1000*200)*{(0.75*9.4 + 1.7)/(1000)}]
= 720 kN/m = 720 N/mm
= 1760kN
Mw = coe. x wH3 = 0.01 x 10 x 7.53 --------- for 1.0H
Factor of safety against cracking = (1760/720) = 2.45
= 42.5kNm/m = 42500Nmm/mm Nominal reinforcements of 0.2 per cent of the cross-
Minimum wall thickness sectional area are to be provided in the circumferential
t=[ Nd / (η *fct - fmin.w)]=[ 720/(0.75*13-1)]=82.3 mm and longitudinal directions. This requirement will be
Net thickness available (allowing for vertical cablesof fulfilled by providing 8 mm diameter mild steel bars at
diameter 30 mm) is t = (150 - 30) = 120mm 300 mm spacing on both faces at a cover of 20 mm
Required circumferential prestress is,
fc=[ (Nd/ηt) + (fmin.w /η) ]= [720/(0.75 * 120) + 1/0.75]
=9.4 N/mm²
Spacing of circumferential wire winding at base is
s = [ (2 Nd / ww)(fs As / fc D t) ]
= [(2x720/0.075) (1000x20/9.4x30x103x120)]
= 11.4 mm
Number of wires / meter = 1000/11.4 = 87
Ring tension Nd at 0.1H (0.75m) from top is
Nd = (0.097 * 10 * 7.5 * 15) = 109 kN/m = 109 N/mm
fc = [109/(0.75 * 120) + 1/0.75] = 2.5 N/mm²
s = [(2 * 109/0.075) * (1000 * 20)/(2.5*30* 10 3* 120)]
= 64mm
Number of wires/metre at the top of tank = 16
Maximum radial pressure due to prestress is,
wt = (2fs*As)/(sD)= (2*1000*20)/(11.4*30*103))
= 0.117 N/mm²
Maximum vertical moment due to prestress is,
Mt = Mw(wt / ww) = 42500 (0.117/0.075)
= 67,000 Nmm/mm = (67×106) N mm/m
Considering one metre length of tank along the
circumference, the section modulus is