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A microgrid is a small-scale power grid that can operate while connected to a traditional grid or independently. Microgrids integrate distributed energy sources like solar panels and batteries to reduce emissions and improve reliability. Major challenges for microgrids include sharing power smoothly, maintaining stable voltage and frequency when disconnected from the main grid, and transitioning seamlessly between grid-connected and isolated modes of operation.

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6 views

MG 1

A microgrid is a small-scale power grid that can operate while connected to a traditional grid or independently. Microgrids integrate distributed energy sources like solar panels and batteries to reduce emissions and improve reliability. Major challenges for microgrids include sharing power smoothly, maintaining stable voltage and frequency when disconnected from the main grid, and transitioning seamlessly between grid-connected and isolated modes of operation.

Uploaded by

ily
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Report 1

GENERALITY ABOUT MICROGRIDS

1.1 What is a microgrid?


A microgrid is conceptually considered as a small-scale grid,formed by interconnection of loads
and distributed energy sources, such as microturbines, wind turbines, fuel cells and PVs integrated
with storage devices, such as batteries, flywheels and power capacitors on low voltage distribution
systems,with the capability to operate either as a grid connected or as an intentionally islanded
system [1] [2],a microgrid can be connected to either a dc bus or an ac bus,the following figure 1.1
illustrate an example of a microgrid configuration

Figure 1.1: example-of-a-microgrid-configuration[3]

1.2 Why we opted for microgrids:


The increasing need for energies, and thier impact on the environment, with the high penetration
of renewable energies the microgrid appear as an optimal solution microgrids also can resolve lot
off issus existed or caused by the main grid as it is mentioned in the table1.1 where the importance

1
Report 1. GENERALITY ABOUT MICROGRIDS

of microgrids is growing in the last two decades, numerous research works and projects had been
done all over the world.
Table 1.1: Comparaison between microgrid and main grid

Microgrid Electrical Grid


-Integrate renewable resources -Dependency on a high capacity fossil-fuel generators
-Reduce Carbone emissions -Increasing carbon emissions
-Decentralization of power production -Getting a large amount of power in one place
-Control the flow of power -Using a long transmission lines to deliver power
-Reduce losses -Not economic
-Higher controllability and operability degree -Has low reliability against sudden faults
-Bidirectional power flow -Unidirectional power flow

1.3 Major challenges


1. Active and reactive power sharing: In order to realize satisfied power sharing without the
communication between DG units, the voltage droop control and its different variations have
been reported in the literature[4],these control techniques consist in making tight adjustments
over the output-voltage frequency and amplitude of the inverter in order to compensate for
the active and reactive power unbalances[5]
2. Frequency and voltage regulation:the microgrid voltage/frequency and supply-demand
power balance are mainly held by the utility grid. While in the islanded mode, the inverter-
based DGs should be responsible for keeping the voltage/frequency stability and maintaining
the proper power sharing according to their corresponded ratings,in the last three decades,
the droop-concept-based control laws have become significant solutions in inverter-based
microgrids due to the salient features of communication-free and plug-and-play capability[6]
3. Lack of inertia and damping: In conventional power systems, the synchronous generators
(SGs) provide inertia (due to rotating a heavy mass) and damping (due to mechanical fric-
tion and electrical losses in the stator, field, and damper windings) properties for the system.
These properties include an initial and intrinsic potential of the system that opposes changes
against faults and disturbances. High penetration of the inverter-interfaced DGs/RESs re-
duces total inertia and damping of the conventional bulk power systems (e.g. 70inertia con-
stant is predicted in the period of 2014 and 2034, due to increases of the number of RESs [7]
,to address this issue, the virtual synchronous generator (VSG) has provided an appropriate
solution VSG has larger inertia therefore better frequency stability [8],Later, some improved
virtual inertia control methods have been proposed especially adaptative virtual inertia where
the performance of frequency regulation is greatly improved [6]
4. Unbalanced and nonlinear Load:Standard approach only works well when linear loads
are shared, since the amount of distorted power demanded by the nonlinear and unbalanced
loads in this sense additionals control loops were proposed[5]
5. Seamless transition operation from grid-connected to islanded mode: Microgrid, as a
small-scale power system, can work in both grid connected (GC) and islanding (IS) modes.
In each mode of operation, distributed energy resources (DER) in microgrids (MGs) can be
controlled using different strategies,various techniques have been introduced in the literature
which aims to minimize the effects of disturbances during a transition process[9]

Page 2
Bibliography

[1] J. Rocabert, A. Luna, F. Blaabjerg, and P. Rodriguez, “Control of power converters in ac


microgrids,” IEEE transactions on power electronics, vol. 27, no. 11, pp. 4734–4749, 2012.

[2] M. Islam, R. Hosen, and M. Rahman, “A study on micro-grid technology: Some key aspects,”
Asian Journal of Information Technology, vol. 1, pp. 25–28, 07 2019.

[3] J. Liu, Studies on Improving Dynamic Performance of Microgrids by Applying Virtual Syn-
chronous Generator Control to Distributed Generators. PhD thesis, 01 2016.

[4] J. He and Y. W. Li, “An enhanced microgrid load demand sharing strategy,” IEEE Transactions
on Power Electronics, vol. 27, no. 9, pp. 3984–3995, 2012.

[5] J. M. Guerrero, J. Matas, L. G. D. V. De Vicuna, M. Castilla, and J. Miret, “Wireless-control


strategy for parallel operation of distributed-generation inverters,” IEEE Transactions on In-
dustrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 5, pp. 1461–1470, 2006.

[6] X. Hou, Y. Sun, X. Zhang, J. Lu, P. Wang, and J. M. Guerrero, “Improvement of frequency
regulation in vsg-based ac microgrid via adaptive virtual inertia,” IEEE Transactions on Power
Electronics, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 1589–1602, 2019.

[7] A. Fathi, Q. Shafiee, and H. Bevrani, “Robust frequency control of microgrids using an ex-
tended virtual synchronous generator,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 33, no. 6,
pp. 6289–6297, 2018.

[8] J. Liu, Y. Miura, and T. Ise, “Comparison of dynamic characteristics between virtual syn-
chronous generator and droop control in inverter-based distributed generators,” IEEE Transac-
tions on Power Electronics, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 3600–3611, 2015.

[9] M. Ganjian-Aboukheili, M. Shahabi, Q. Shafiee, and J. M. Guerrero, “Seamless transition of


microgrids operation from grid-connected to islanded mode,” IEEE Transactions on Smart
Grid, 2019.

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