Problem-1
Calculate the throughput S for a pure ALOHA network if the offered traffic G is
0.75.
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Solution-1
Throughput for Pure ALOHA-
The throughput : S=Ge-2G
= 0.75* e-2*0.75
= 0.1673
So throughput S in % is =16.73%
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Problem-2
A group of N stations share 100 Kbps slotted ALOHA channel. Each station output
a 500 bits frame on an average of 5000 ms even if previous one has not been sent.
What is the required value of N?
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Solution-2
Throughput Of One Station-
Throughput of each station= Number of bits sent per second
= 500 bits / 5000 ms
= 500 bits / (5000 x 10-3 sec)
= 100 bits/sec
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Solution-2
Throughput Of Slotted Aloha-
= Efficiency x Bandwidth = 0.368 x 100 Kbps = 36.8 Kbps
Total Number Of Stations-
Throughput of slotted aloha = Total number of stations x Throughput of
each station
Substituting the values, we get-
36.8 Kbps = N x 100 bits/sec
∴ N = 368
Thus, required value of N = 368.
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Problem-3
Measurement of a slotted ALOHA channel with an infinite number of users shown
that 10 percent of the slots are idle. (a) What is the channel load, G? (b) What is the
throughput? (c) Is the channel underloaded or overloaded?
Hint: Apply P [k]=Gke-G/k! to solve G.
P [k] is the probability of k frames generated in a frame time.
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Solution-3
When a slot is idle, there is 0 frame generated in that frame time. Therefore Pr[0]=0.1.
Pr[0]=e-G=0.1; -G=ln(0.1); G=2.303.
(b) The throughput : S=Ge-G=2.303*0.1=0.2303.
(c) When G=1, the slotted Aloha obtains the optimal throughput.
G>1, we have too many generated frame in a slot. It is a overloaded situatoin.
Here we have G=2.303; S=0.2303<Smax=0.368. G>S. Therefore the channel is
overloaded.
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Problem-4
A Network using CSMA/CD has a bandwidth of 10Mbps. If the maximum
propagation time (including the delay in the devices and ignoring the time needed to
send a jamming signal) is 25.6µs, what is the minimum size of the frame?
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Solution-4
The frame transmission time is Tfr=Tp=51.2µs
(This means in worst case a station needs to transmit for a period of 51.2µs to detect the collision.)
The minimum size of the frame is 10Mbps*51.2us=512bits or 64bytes
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Problem-5
A CSMA/CD bus spans a distance of 1.5km. If the data rate is 5Mbps what is the
minimum frame size?
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Solution-5
The typical Propagation Speed in LAN cables = 200m/µs
End to End Propagation delay Tp= 1500/200 =7.5µs
Minimum frame size = 2*7.5*10-6*5*106
=75bits
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Problem-6
In a network if the average packet size is 400bytes, BW = 10Mbps, propagation
dealy is 120µs and the travel time of packet is 12 µs, Find ‘A’ that represents
number of packets?
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Solution-6
A = Maximum Transmission propagation delay/Travel time of average
sized packet
A=Tp / Tf = 120/12 = 10
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Problem-7
Compute the maximum channel utilization for a MAN which uses CSMA
mechanism and has a length of 50km, and operates at 50Mbps with a frame length
of 2000bits.
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Solution-7
Assume coaxial cable as the medium, the Propagation delay is 5µs/km
Frame Transmission Time is Tf= 2000/5 =40µs
Therefore A = Tp / Tf = 250/40 = 6.25
Utilization = Umax= 1/(1+ Tp / Tf ) = 1/(1+ A)= 0.14
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Problem-8
Now suppose Alyssa's 8-node network runs the Carrier Sense Multiple Access
(CSMA) MAC protocol. The maximum data rate of the network is 10 Megabits/s.
Including retries, each node sends traffic according to some unknown random
process at an average rate of 1 Megabit/s per node. Alyssa measures the network's
utilization and finds that it is 0.75. No packets get dropped in the network except
due to collisions.
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Solution-8
The offered load presented to the network is 8 Megabits/s in aggregate.
The throughput of the protocol is 0.75*10 = 7.5 Megabits/s.
The packet collision rate is therefore equal to 1–7.5/8 = 1/16 = 6.25%.
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Binary Division in CRC Checker
The divisor in a cyclic code is normally called the generator polynomial or simply the generator.
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Problem-3
If the bandwidth of the line is 1.5 Mbps, RTT is 45 msec and packet size is 1 KB, then find the link
utilization in stop and wait.
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Solution-3
Transmission delay (Tt) = Packet size / Bandwidth
= 1 KB / 1.5 Mbps
= (210 x 8 bits) / (1.5 x 106 bits per sec)
= 5.461 msec
Calculating Propagation Delay-
Propagation delay (Tp) = Round Trip Time / 2
= 45 msec / 2
= 22.5 msec
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Solution-3
Calculating Value Of ‘a’-
a = Tp / Tt
a = 22.5 msec / 5.461 msec
a = 4.12
Calculating Link Utilization-
Link Utilization or Efficiency (η) = 1 / 1+2a = 1 / (1 + 2 x 4.12)
= 1 / 9.24
= 0.108
= 10.8 %
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Problem-4
• A channel has a bit rate of 4 Kbps and one way propagation delay of 20 msec. The channel uses
stop and wait protocol. The transmission time of the acknowledgement frame is negligible. To get
a channel efficiency of at least 50%, what should the minimum frame size be?
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Solution-4
Transmission delay (Tt) = Packet size / Bandwidth= L Bits/4 kbps
Calculating Value Of ‘a’-
a = Tp / Tt ; a = 20 msec / ( L bits / 4 Kbps)
a = (20 msec x 4 Kbps) / L bits
Condition For Efficiency To Be At least 50%-
For efficiency to be at least 50%, we must have-
1 / 1+2a >= 1/2
a <= 1/2
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Solution-4
Substituting the value of ‘a’, we get-
(20 msec x 4 Kbps) / L bits <= 1/2
L bits >= (20 msec x 4 Kbps) x 2
L bits >= (20 x 10-3 sec x 4 x 103 bits per sec) x 2
L bits >= 20 x 4 bits x 2
L >= 160
frame size must be at least 160 bits.
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