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Communication Network

The document contains problems and solutions related to analyzing the performance of different MAC protocols like ALOHA, CSMA, and their variations. It includes calculating throughput, channel load, required number of stations, minimum frame size, and link utilization for these protocols under various conditions.

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Rishan Kundety
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15 views

Communication Network

The document contains problems and solutions related to analyzing the performance of different MAC protocols like ALOHA, CSMA, and their variations. It includes calculating throughput, channel load, required number of stations, minimum frame size, and link utilization for these protocols under various conditions.

Uploaded by

Rishan Kundety
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Problem-1

Calculate the throughput S for a pure ALOHA network if the offered traffic G is
0.75.

5/24/2024 19EC6PCCCN-DR Poornima G, ECE, BMSCE 1


Solution-1
Throughput for Pure ALOHA-
The throughput : S=Ge-2G
= 0.75* e-2*0.75
= 0.1673

So throughput S in % is =16.73%

5/24/2024 19EC6PCCCN-DR Poornima G, ECE, BMSCE 2


Problem-2

A group of N stations share 100 Kbps slotted ALOHA channel. Each station output
a 500 bits frame on an average of 5000 ms even if previous one has not been sent.
What is the required value of N?

5/24/2024 19EC6PCCCN-DR Poornima G, ECE, BMSCE 3


Solution-2
Throughput Of One Station-
Throughput of each station= Number of bits sent per second
= 500 bits / 5000 ms
= 500 bits / (5000 x 10-3 sec)
= 100 bits/sec

5/24/2024 19EC6PCCCN-DR Poornima G, ECE, BMSCE 4


Solution-2
Throughput Of Slotted Aloha-
= Efficiency x Bandwidth = 0.368 x 100 Kbps = 36.8 Kbps
Total Number Of Stations-
Throughput of slotted aloha = Total number of stations x Throughput of
each station
Substituting the values, we get-
36.8 Kbps = N x 100 bits/sec
∴ N = 368
Thus, required value of N = 368.

5/24/2024 19EC6PCCCN-DR Poornima G, ECE, BMSCE 5


Problem-3

Measurement of a slotted ALOHA channel with an infinite number of users shown


that 10 percent of the slots are idle. (a) What is the channel load, G? (b) What is the
throughput? (c) Is the channel underloaded or overloaded?

Hint: Apply P [k]=Gke-G/k! to solve G.


P [k] is the probability of k frames generated in a frame time.

5/24/2024 19EC6PCCCN-DR Poornima G, ECE, BMSCE 6


Solution-3
When a slot is idle, there is 0 frame generated in that frame time. Therefore Pr[0]=0.1.

Pr[0]=e-G=0.1; -G=ln(0.1); G=2.303.

(b) The throughput : S=Ge-G=2.303*0.1=0.2303.

(c) When G=1, the slotted Aloha obtains the optimal throughput.
G>1, we have too many generated frame in a slot. It is a overloaded situatoin.
Here we have G=2.303; S=0.2303<Smax=0.368. G>S. Therefore the channel is
overloaded.

5/24/2024 19EC6PCCCN-DR Poornima G, ECE, BMSCE 7


Problem-4

A Network using CSMA/CD has a bandwidth of 10Mbps. If the maximum


propagation time (including the delay in the devices and ignoring the time needed to
send a jamming signal) is 25.6µs, what is the minimum size of the frame?

5/24/2024 19EC6PCCCN-DR Poornima G, ECE, BMSCE 8


Solution-4
The frame transmission time is Tfr=Tp=51.2µs

(This means in worst case a station needs to transmit for a period of 51.2µs to detect the collision.)

The minimum size of the frame is 10Mbps*51.2us=512bits or 64bytes

5/24/2024 19EC6PCCCN-DR Poornima G, ECE, BMSCE 9


Problem-5

A CSMA/CD bus spans a distance of 1.5km. If the data rate is 5Mbps what is the
minimum frame size?

5/24/2024 19EC6PCCCN-DR Poornima G, ECE, BMSCE 10


Solution-5
The typical Propagation Speed in LAN cables = 200m/µs

End to End Propagation delay Tp= 1500/200 =7.5µs

Minimum frame size = 2*7.5*10-6*5*106

=75bits

5/24/2024 19EC6PCCCN-DR Poornima G, ECE, BMSCE 11


Problem-6

In a network if the average packet size is 400bytes, BW = 10Mbps, propagation


dealy is 120µs and the travel time of packet is 12 µs, Find ‘A’ that represents
number of packets?

5/24/2024 19EC6PCCCN-DR Poornima G, ECE, BMSCE 12


Solution-6

A = Maximum Transmission propagation delay/Travel time of average


sized packet

A=Tp / Tf = 120/12 = 10

5/24/2024 19EC6PCCCN-DR Poornima G, ECE, BMSCE 13


Problem-7

Compute the maximum channel utilization for a MAN which uses CSMA
mechanism and has a length of 50km, and operates at 50Mbps with a frame length
of 2000bits.

5/24/2024 19EC6PCCCN-DR Poornima G, ECE, BMSCE 14


Solution-7
Assume coaxial cable as the medium, the Propagation delay is 5µs/km

Frame Transmission Time is Tf= 2000/5 =40µs

Therefore A = Tp / Tf = 250/40 = 6.25

Utilization = Umax= 1/(1+ Tp / Tf ) = 1/(1+ A)= 0.14

5/24/2024 19EC6PCCCN-DR Poornima G, ECE, BMSCE 15


Problem-8

Now suppose Alyssa's 8-node network runs the Carrier Sense Multiple Access
(CSMA) MAC protocol. The maximum data rate of the network is 10 Megabits/s.
Including retries, each node sends traffic according to some unknown random
process at an average rate of 1 Megabit/s per node. Alyssa measures the network's
utilization and finds that it is 0.75. No packets get dropped in the network except
due to collisions.

5/24/2024 19EC6PCCCN-DR Poornima G, ECE, BMSCE 16


Solution-8
The offered load presented to the network is 8 Megabits/s in aggregate.
The throughput of the protocol is 0.75*10 = 7.5 Megabits/s.
The packet collision rate is therefore equal to 1–7.5/8 = 1/16 = 6.25%.

5/24/2024 19EC6PCCCN-DR Poornima G, ECE, BMSCE 17


Binary Division in CRC Checker
The divisor in a cyclic code is normally called the generator polynomial or simply the generator.

5/24/2024 19EC6PCCCN-DR Poornima G, ECE, BMSCE 18


Problem-3

If the bandwidth of the line is 1.5 Mbps, RTT is 45 msec and packet size is 1 KB, then find the link
utilization in stop and wait.

5/24/2024 19EC6PCCCN-DR Poornima G, ECE, BMSCE 19


Solution-3

Transmission delay (Tt) = Packet size / Bandwidth


= 1 KB / 1.5 Mbps
= (210 x 8 bits) / (1.5 x 106 bits per sec)
= 5.461 msec

Calculating Propagation Delay-

Propagation delay (Tp) = Round Trip Time / 2


= 45 msec / 2
= 22.5 msec

5/24/2024 19EC6PCCCN-DR Poornima G, ECE, BMSCE 20


Solution-3

Calculating Value Of ‘a’-


a = Tp / Tt
a = 22.5 msec / 5.461 msec
a = 4.12

Calculating Link Utilization-

Link Utilization or Efficiency (η) = 1 / 1+2a = 1 / (1 + 2 x 4.12)


= 1 / 9.24
= 0.108
= 10.8 %

5/24/2024 19EC6PCCCN-DR Poornima G, ECE, BMSCE 21


Problem-4

• A channel has a bit rate of 4 Kbps and one way propagation delay of 20 msec. The channel uses
stop and wait protocol. The transmission time of the acknowledgement frame is negligible. To get
a channel efficiency of at least 50%, what should the minimum frame size be?

5/24/2024 19EC6PCCCN-DR Poornima G, ECE, BMSCE 22


Solution-4

Transmission delay (Tt) = Packet size / Bandwidth= L Bits/4 kbps

Calculating Value Of ‘a’-


a = Tp / Tt ; a = 20 msec / ( L bits / 4 Kbps)
a = (20 msec x 4 Kbps) / L bits

Condition For Efficiency To Be At least 50%-


For efficiency to be at least 50%, we must have-
1 / 1+2a >= 1/2
a <= 1/2

5/24/2024 19EC6PCCCN-DR Poornima G, ECE, BMSCE 23


Solution-4

Substituting the value of ‘a’, we get-

(20 msec x 4 Kbps) / L bits <= 1/2


L bits >= (20 msec x 4 Kbps) x 2
L bits >= (20 x 10-3 sec x 4 x 103 bits per sec) x 2
L bits >= 20 x 4 bits x 2
L >= 160

frame size must be at least 160 bits.

5/24/2024 19EC6PCCCN-DR Poornima G, ECE, BMSCE 24

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