8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 1/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 2/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 3/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

To meet the mission requirements with the

minimum flight crew (namely the first pilot and the
second pilot)

Economic benefits like

Saving of crew salaries

Expenses and training costs

Reduction in weigh-more passengers or longer
range on less fuel
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 4/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

IN THE MILITARY CASE

 A single seat fighter or strike (attack) aircraft

is lighter
 Costs less than an equivalent two seat version

 Elimination of the second crew member

(navigator/observer/crew member)

 Reduction in training costs

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 5/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

OTHER VERY IMPORTANT DRIVERS FOR

AVIONICS SYSTEMS ARE

Increased safety
Air traffic control requirements
All weather operation
Reduction in fuel consumption
Improved aircraft performance and control
and handling and reduction in maintenance costs

* In the military case, the avionics systems are also being

driven by a continuing increase in the threats posed by the
defensive and offensive capabilities of potential aggressors

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 6/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 7/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

COCKPIT DISPLAY Provides

Visual presentation of Information & Data

from A/c sensors and systems

PROVIDE THE PILOT WITH

Primary flight information

Navigation information
Engine data
Airframe data
Warning information
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 8/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

MILITARY PILOT ALSO HAS WIDE

ARRAY OF ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
VIEW SUCH AS

• Infra-red imaging sensors

• Radar

• Tactical mission data

• Weapon aiming

• Threat warning
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 9/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 10/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 11/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

 Head Up Display (HUD)

 Helmet Mounted Display (HMD)

 Forward Looking InfraRed (FLIR) video picture

through HUD
 Head position sensor
 Night Vision Goggles (NVG) - HMD

 HMDs & Virtual cockpit

 Colored Head Down Display (HDD)
 Multi-Function Display (MFD) with Multi -Function
Keys (MFK)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 12/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 13/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 14/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 15/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 16/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 17/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 18/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 19/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 20/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 21/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

Two way communication between the ground

bases and the aircraft or between aircraft
Communication radio suite on modern aircraft is
a very comprehensive one and covers several
operating frequency bands
Long range - HF radios operating in the band
2-30 Mhz
Near to medium range (civil aircraft) by VHF
radios operating in the band 30-100 Mhz

Contd..
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 22/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

Contd..

VHF and UHF are line of sight propagation

systems
Equipment is usually at duplex level of
redundancy
VHF radios are generally by triplex level on a
modern airliner

SATCOM systems
and provide in many
very reliable modern
world wideaircraft
communication

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 23/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 24/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

Essential for the crew to interact with

the avionics systems
KEY BOARDS
TOUCH PANELS
DIRECT VOICE INPUT (DVI) CONTROL
EXPLOITS
SPEECH RECOGNITION
TECHNOLOGY

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 25/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

TOUCH SCREENS

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 26/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

Fully Connected Speech

Must Be Able to Operate in the Cockpit

Environment
Vocabulary size - required size is around
200-300 words

Speech template duration - Speech Template

Duration is around 5 Seconds

Contd..
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 27/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems
Contd..
Vocabulary duration - Maximum duration
of the total vocabulary is around 160 Seconds
Syntax nodes - max. no. of syntax nodes
required is 300
Duration of utterance - no restriction on the
max. duration of an input utterance
Recognition response time - this must be in
real time

EYE TRACKERS
Improved target designation accuracy
Data entry in conjunction with a helmet
mounted display
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 28/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 29/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

TWO AREAS
AUTO STABILISATION (or stability augmentation) systems

Needed for most swept wing jet a/c

Lightly damped short period oscillatory motion

FBW FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEMS

Enables a lighter, higher performance aircraft designed

with relaxed stability

Good consistent handling which is sensibly constant

over a wide flight envelope and range of load conditions

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 30/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

Continuous automatic stabilization of the aircraft by

computer control of the control surfaces
Auto pilot integration

Care free maneuvering characteristics

Ability to integrate additional controls automatically

such as
Leading edge slats/flaps and trailing edge
flaps to generate additional lift

Variable wing sweep

Thrust vector control nozzles and engine thrust

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 31/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

Elimination of mechanical controls runs - friction,

backslash

Small control stick

Ability to exploit aerodynamically unstable configuration

Aerodynamics versus stealth - the concept of reducing

the radar cross section
Very high integrity, a failure survival system

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 32/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 33/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 34/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 35/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 36/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 37/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 38/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 39/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 40/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

Air Data Systems

Accurate information on the air data quantities

Altitude
Calibrated airspeed
Vertical speed
True airspeed
Mach number
Air stream incidence angle (angle of attack)
Total air temperature

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 41/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 42/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

Attitude and heading information are essential

for a/c mission

Autopilot
Navigation system
Weapon aiming

INERTIAL SENSORS

Gyros - mechanical - electromechanical - RLG-FOG

Accelerometer
AHRS
Strap Down

Gimbaled systems

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 43/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 44/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

ACCURATE NAVIGATION INFORMATION

Aircraft's position, ground speed, track angle (direction
of motion of the aircraft relative to true north)

NEED FOR ACCURATE NAVIGATION

Effective operation of any a/c

Automatic because of speed

Density of air traffic on major air routes to fly in a

specified corridor defined by ATC authorities-3D-4D
(time) - high accuracy NAV is essential & forms part of

FMS
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 45/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems Contd..

For military operation - to enable the a/c to fly low &

take advantage of terrain screening from enemy radar

Use of weapon - released from several Kms away from

target also requires an accurate knowledge of the a/c
position in order to indicate the mid course inertial
guidance of the missile.

DR systems

Position fixing systems

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 46/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 47/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

Self contained and independent of external systems

DR navigation systems used in aircraft are

Air data/heading reference system - lower accuracy

Doppler/heading reference systems - widely used

in helicopters
Inertial Navigation systems - most accurate and
widely used systems
Doppler/Inertial navigation system - combination

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 48/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

POSITION FIXING SYSTEMS

Range and bearing (R/) radio navigation aids
VOR/DME
TACAN- Accuracy of 1-2 miles

HYPERBOLIC RADIO NAVIGATION SYSTEMS

LORAN C - positional accuracy of around 150 m

8 LORAN C chains comprising 34 ground station

transmitters
OMEGA - accuracy around 2 NM -VLF at 10 khz
using 8 ground stations

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 49/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

GPS - most important & accurate position fixing

navigation System

Used by a/c, ships & land vehicles

Eqpt is passive & requires only a receiver

Accuracy

C/A code - 100 m

P- code 16m - position, 0.1 m/s - velocity

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 50/64
 APPROACH GUIDANCE TO THE
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

AIRFIELD/AIRPORT ILS, MLS

A full navigation suite on an aircraft include

INS, GPS, VOR/DME, ILS, MLS

Many of these systems are at duplex level and

some may be at triplex level

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 51/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 52/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 53/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 54/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

Weather radar
Installed in all civil airliners & in many general
aviation aircraft
To detect water droplets and provide warning of
storms, cloud turbulence and severe precipitation-
aircraft can alter course and avoid such turbulent
conditions
It should be noted that in severe turbulence,
the violence of the vertical gusts can subject the
aircraft structure to very high loads and stresses
These radars can also generally operate in
ground mapping and terrain avoidance modes.

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 55/64
 Modern fighter aircraft generally
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

Have a ground attack role as well as the prime

interception role and carry very sophisticated multi-
mode radars
In the airborne interception mode, the radar, must
be able to detect aircraft upto 100 miles away and
track while scanning and keeping tabs on several
aircraft simultaneously (typically at least 12 aircraft)
The radar must also have a 'look down' capability
and be able to track low flying aircraft below it.
In the ground attack or mapping mode, the radar
system is able to generate a map type display from the
radar returns from the ground, enabling specific
terrain features to be identified for position fixing and
target acquisition.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 56/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 57/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

The term
to cover 'house keeping'
the automation management
of the backgroundhas been
tasks used
which
are essential for the aircraft's safe and efficient operation
Such tasks include
Fuel management. The embraces fuel flow and fuel
quantity measurement and control of fuel transfer
from the appropriate fuel tanks to minimize changes
in the aircraft trim

Electrical power supply system management

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 58/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

Cabin/cockpit pressurization systems

Environmental control system

Warning systems

Maintenance
comprise and monitoring
monitoring systems.
and recording These
systems which are
integrated into an on-board maintenance computer
system. This provides the information to enable speedy
diagnosis and rectification of equipment and system
failures by pin-pointing faulty units and providing all the
information, such as part numbers etc., for replacement
units down to module level in some cases

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 59/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 60/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

Control and the efficient management and monitoring

of the engines
Electronic equipment involved in a modern jet
engine is very considerable

It forms an integral part of the engine and is

essential for its operation

Contd..

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 61/64
8/4/2019
Engine control electronics is physically mounted
Avionic Systems

on the engine FADEC

Automatically controls the flow of fuel and respond

to throttle command
Control system ensures the engine limits in terms of
temperatures, engine speeds and accelerations are not
exceed and the engine respond in an optimum manner
to the throttle command

Full authority in terms of the control it can

exercise on the engine and a high integrity failure
survival control system is essential

A FADEC engine control system is thus similar in

many ways to a FBW flight control system

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 62/64
 Other very important engine avionic systems
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

include

Engine health monitoring systems which measure,

process and record a very wide range of parameters
associated with the performance and health of the
engines

Give early warning of engine performance deterioration,

excessive wear, fatigue damage, high vibration levels,
excessive temperature levels etc

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 63/64
8/4/2019 Avionic Systems

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/avionic-systems 64/64