Title: Definite Integration

Chapter: Definite Integration

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Worksheet Compiled By: Prashant Jain (PJ Sir)

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b b
Property (1)  f(x) dx =
a
 f(t) dt
a

i.e. definite integral is independent of variable of integration.

b a
Property (2)  f(x) dx = –
a
 f(x) dx
b

b c b
Property (3)  f(x) dx =
a
 f(x) dx +
a
 f(x)
c
dx, where c may lie inside or outside the interval [a, b].

 x+3 : x  3 5
Example # 1 : If f(x) = 
3x + 1 : x  3
2
, then find  f(x)
2
dx.
3
5 3 5 3 5
 x2 
 f(x) dx =  f(x) dx +  f(x) dx  (x + 3) dx + 3 +  + 3x 
2
Solution = (3x 1) dx = +
2 2 3 2 2 2
5
 x3 + x 
3

9−4 211
= + 3 (3 – 2) + 53 – 33 + 5 – 3 =
2 2

8
Example # 2 : Evaluate  | x − 5 | dx.
2
8 5 8
Solution :  | x − 5 | dx =  (−x + 5) dx +
2 2
 (x – 5) dx
5
=9
2 5 2
Example # 3 : Show that  (2x + 1) dx =  (2x + 1) +  (2x + 1)
0 0 5

Solution : L.H.S. = x2 + x ]20 = 4 + 2 = 6 ; R.H.S. = 25 + 5 – 0 + (4 + 2) – (25 + 5) = 6

 L.H.S. = R.H.S

Self practice problems :

Evaluate the following

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 4 4
(1)  (| x – 1| + | x – 3 |)dx
0
(2)  [x]dx , where [x] is integral part of x.
–2
9
 t  dt.
(3) 
0
 
Ans. (1) 10 (2) 3 (3) 13

 a
2 f ( x ) dx , f( − x) = f(x)
a a
if i.e. f(x) is even
Property (4) −a f(x) dx = 0 (f(x) + f(−x)) dx =  0
 0 , if f( − x) = −f(x) i.e. f(x) is odd

3 x + 3− x
1
Example # 4 : Evaluate 
−1 1 + 3x
dx
1
3 +3x −x 1
 3x + 3− x 3− x + 3x  1
 3x + 3− x 3x (3− x + 3x ) 
Solution : 
−1 1 + 3x
dx = 
0

 1+ 3
x
+  dx =
1 + 3− x  
0

 1+ 3
x
+
1 + 3x


1
1
 3 3   3 x
3   1 –x
1  1 –1
 1 8
= 
0
(3x + 3− x ) dx = 
 n3
–  = 
n3 0  n3
–  – 
n3   n3
– 
n3 
=
n3 3 – 3  = 3 n3
 


2
Example # 5 : Evaluate  
cos x dx.
−
2
 
2 2
Solution :  cos x dx = 2  cos x dx = 2 ( cos x is even function)
 0
−
2

2−x
1
Example # 6 : Evaluate
−1
loge  
2+x
 dx.

2−x 2+x 2−x

Solution : Let f(x) = loge    f(–x) = loge   = – loge  2 + x  = – f(x)
2+x 2−x  
2−x
1
i.e. f(x) is odd function   log
−1
e  2 + x  dx = 0
 

Self practice problems :

Evaluate the following

 
1 2 4
sec xdx
| x |  sin 
7
(4) dx. (5) x dx. (6) dx.
−1   1 + 2x
− −
2 4

Ans. (4) 1 (5) 0 (6) n ( )

2 +1

b b a a
Property (5) 
a
f(x) dx = 
a
f(a + b − x) dx. Further 
0
f(x) dx = 
0
f(a − x) dx

 
2
g (sin x) 2
g (cos x) 
Example # 7 : Prove that 
0
g (sin x) + g (cos x)
dx = 
0
g (sin x) + g (cos x)
dx =
4
.

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     
g  sin  − x  
 
2 2
g (sin x)  2
Solution : Let  =  g (sin x) + g (cos x)
dx   =       
dx
0 0
g  sin  − x   + g  cos  − x  
 2   2 

2
g (cos x)
= 
0
g (cos x) + g (sin x)
dx

on adding, we obtain
 
2
 g (sin x) g (cos x)  2

2 = 
0

 g (sin x) + g (cos x)
+
g (cos x) + g (sin x)
 dx =


0
dx =
4

Self practice problems:

Evaluate the following

 2
x x
(7) 0 1+ sin x dx. (8)  sin x + cos x
0
dx.
 5
2 12
x sin x cos x dx
(9)  sin
0
4
x + cos4 x
dx. (10)

 1+ cot x
12

 2 
Ans. (7)  (8)
2 2
(
loge 1 + 2 ) (9)
16
(10)
6
 a
2 f ( x ) dx , f(2a − x) = f(x)
2a a
if
Property (6) 0 f(x) dx = 0 (f(x) + f(2a − x)) dx =  0
 0 , if f(2a − x) = −f(x)

Example # 8 : Evaluate  0
cot x.cos2x dx

Solution : Let f(x) = cotx cos2x

 f( – x) = cot(–x) cos2(–x) = –cotx cos2x = – f(x)

 
0
cot x cos2x dx = 0


dx
Example # 10 : Evaluate 
0 1 + 3cos2 x
dx.

1 dx
Solution : Let f(x) =
1 + 3cos2 x
 f( – x) = f(x)  
0 1 + 3cos2 x
   

sec 2 x dx  −1  tan x  
2
2
dx 2
sec 2 x dx 2
=2 
0 1 + 3 cos2 x
=2 
0 1 + tan2 x + 3
=2 
0 4 + tan2 x
=  tan 
  2  0
 

  tan x   tan0 
  tan is undefined, we take limit = lim tan–1   – tan–1   = /2 – 0 = /2
2 x → / 2–
 2   2 

Example # 11 : Evaluate :  (cot –1 x)2 dx
0

Solution : Let  =  (cot –1 x)2 dx  Let x = cot  dx = – cosec2 d
0

0 2
  =   (–co sec )d  =   (co sec )d
2 2 2 2

 0
2

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  
2 2

(  (– cot ))
/ 2
= 2
+ 2  cot  d   = 0 + 2  cot  d
0
0 0

  S tandard result
2    
= ( 2 nsin  )0
/2
–2  nsin  d 2 –
= 0 – 2 ×  –  n2 = n2.
 2
0   nsin  d = n2
 0 2
Self practice problems :

Evaluate the following


(
 n 1 + x2 )  dx. 
tan−1 x
1
 
(11)  
 1 + x2 
(12)  x(1 + x 2 )
dx (13)  n sin  x  dx.
2 
0
  0 0


Ans. (11)  n2 (12) n2 (13) – n2
2

Property (7) If f(x) is a periodic function with period T, then

nT T
(i)  f(x) dx = n
0
 f(x) dx, n  z
0
a +nT T
(ii) 
a
f(x) dx = n  f(x)
0
dx, n  z, a  R
nT T
(iii)  f(x)
mT
dx = (n – m)  f(x) dx, m, n  z
0
a +nT a
(iv) nT
f(x) dx =  f(x)
0
dx, n  z, a  R
b +nT b
(v) 
a +nT
f(x) dx =  f(x)
a
dx, n  z, a, b  R

e
{x}
Example # 11 : Evaluate dx , where {.} denotes the fractional part function.
−3
5 1 1

( )
1
 e dx = (5 – (–3)) e dx = 8 e dx = 8 e = 8 (e –1)
{x} {x} x x
Solution :
0
−3 0 0

1000 n
Example # 12 : Evaluate 
n =1
 | cos2x |dx
n–1
1 2 1000 1000
Solution :  | cos2x | dx +  | cos2x | dx + ........+
0 1

999
| cos2x | dx = 
0
| cos2x | dx

Now |cos2x| is a periodic function of period 1/2

1
2
I = 2000  | cos 2x | dx
0
 I = 2000 × 2 = 4000

Self practice problems :

Evaluate the following

41
2
2x –  2x 
(14) e
−1
dx , where [•] denotes the greatest integer function.

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 14  3
3 2
(15) 
0
| sin x | dx (16) 

(sin4 x + cos4 x)dx

43 19 3
Ans. (14) (e – 1) (15) (16)
2 2 8

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 Exercise I
 1 − sin x   1 + sin x 
b a
1. Let f(x) = n   , then show that
 1 + sin x 
a
f(x) dx = 
b
n   dx.
 1 − sin x 

2. Evaluate :
2

 [x
2
(i) ] dx (where [.] denotes greatest integer function)
0
 2
(ii) 
0
1 + sin2x dx (iii)  f(x)dx
0
where

4 

| x − 4x + 3 |dx 
(v) [cot −1 x]dx (where [.] denotes greatest integer function)
2
(iv)
0 0
5
(vi)  | x + 2 | dx
−5
1
(vii)  [cos−1 x]dx (where [.] denotes greatest integer function)
−1

3. Evaluate :
/ 4 / 4
x + / 4
1

 e dx  
|x|
(i) (ii) | sin x | dx (iii) dx
−1 − / 4 − / 4
2 − cos2x

/ 2
g(x) − g( −x)
1

 sin x cos x 
5 4
(iv) dx (v) dx
−1 − / 2
f( −x) + f(x)

4. Evaluate
/2 /2
sin x esin x
(i) 
0 sin x + cos x
dx (ii) 
0 esin x + ecos x
dx
/ 2
asin x + bcos x
a
x
(iii) 
0 x + a−x
dx (iv) 
0
sin x + cos x
dx
/ 2
sin x − cos x
(v) 
0 (sin x + cos x)2
dx

5. Evaluate:
2 
dx
(i)  sin(sin x) + sin(cos x) dx
0
(ii) 
0
5 + 4cos 2x
/ 2 
 1  dx
(iii) 
0
(2 nsin x − n sin2x) dx (iv) 
0
n  x + .
 x  1 + x2
 
Ans. (i) 0 (ii) (iii) – n 2 (iv) n2
3 2

6. Evaluate:
2
(i)  {2x}
−1
dx (where function {.} denotes fractional part function)
10 
(ii)  (| sin x | + | cos x |)
0
dx

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 n

 [x] dx
(iii) 0
n
, where [x] and {x} are integral and fractional parts of x and n  N

0
{x} dx

2n
  sin x  
(iv) 
0
 | sin x | − 
  2 
  dx (where [ ] denotes the greatest integer function and n  )

 T T
7. If f(x) is a function defined  xR and f(x) + f(–x) = 0  x  − , and has period T, then prove
 2 2 
x
that (x) =  f(t)
a
dt is also periodic with period T.

n +1 4
8. Suppose for every integer n, . 
n
f(x)dx = n2 The value of  f(x)dx
−2
is :

(A) 16 (B) 14 (C) 19 (D) 21

9. Let f : R → R, g : R → R be continuous functions. Then the value of integeral

 x2 
n1/ 
f   [f(x) − f( − x)]
 4 
  x2 
dx is :
n
g   [g(x) + g( − x)
 4 
(A) depend on  (B) a non-zero constant (C) zero (D) 2

−1 x + x3 
1
10.  cot 
 1+ x
4  dx is equal to

−1


(A) 2 (B) (C) 0 (D) 
2

 {x + 3x2 + 3x + 3 + (x + 1)cos(x + 1)} dx is equal to

3
11.
−2

(A) – 4 (B) 0 (C) 4 (D) 6

 x n(1 + e )dx
x
12. =
−1

(A) 0 (B) n(1 + e) (C) n(1 + e) – 1 (D) 1/3

3/2
k
13. If  | x sin x | dx
−1
=
2
, then the value of k is:

(A) 3 + 1 (B) 2 + 1 (C) 1 (D) 4

2
4
dx
14. The value of definite integral is  1 + sin x + cos x
0
 ln2  ln2
(A)  ln 2 (B) (C) (D) 2 ln2
2 4

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 3+ n 3
n (4 + x)
15.
2− n3
 n (4 + x) + n (9 − x)
dx is equal to:

5
(A) cannot be evaluated (B) is equal to
2
1
(C) is equal to 1 + 2 n 3 (D) is equal to + n 3
2


16. The value of the definite integral I =  x 1+ | cos x | dx is equal to
0

(A) 2 2  (B) 2  (C) 2  (D) 4

/ 2
17. The value of 
0
n | tan x + cot x | dx is equal to :

 
(A)  n 2 (B) – n 2 (C) n 2 (D) – n 2
2 2

1
e x dx 1
x 2 dx 1
18. Let 1 = 0 1 + x and 2 = e
0
x3
(2 − x ) 3
, then
2
is

(A) 3/e (B) e/3 (C) 3e (D) 1/3e

[ x]

19. The value of 0

{x} dx (where [ . ] and { . } denotes greatest integer and fraction part function

respectively) is
1 1
(A) [x] (B) 2[x] (C) (D) [x]
2 2[x]

11
11x k
20. If 
0 11[x]
dx =
log11
, (where [ ] denotes greatest integer function) then value of k is

(A) 11 (B) 101 (C) 110 (D)121

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 Answer Key
2. (i) 5– 2 – 3 (ii) 2 2 (iii) 9
(iv) 4 (v) cot 1 (vi) 29
(vii) cos 1 + cos 2 + cos 3 + 3
2
3. (i) 2e – 2 (ii) 2 – 2 (iii) (iv) 0 (v) 0
6 3
  a 
4. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (a + b) (v) 0
4 4 2 4
 
5. (i) 0 (ii) (iii) – n 2 (iv) n2
3 2
3
6. (i) (ii) 40 (iii) n – 1 (iv) 4n
2
8. C 9. C 10. D 11. C 12. D
13. A 14. B 15. D 16. C 17. A
18. C 19. A 20. C

Solution
 1– sin x   1 + sin x   1 + sin x 
b b b a
1.  f(x)
a
dx =  n 
a
 dx =
 1 + sin x 
–
a
n 
 1 − sin x  dx =  n  1 − sin x  dx
 b  

2 1 2 3 2

 [x ] dx =  0.dx +  1 dx +  2 dx + 3
2
2. (i) dx
0 0 1 2 3

= ( 2 – 1) + 2 [ 3 – 2] + 3[2 – 3] = 5 – 2 – 3

  
 
(ii) = 
0

1 + sin2xdx = | sin x + cos x |dx =
0
2  sin  x + 4  dx
0

 3  / 4      

= 2

 sin  x +  dx −
 4  
sin  x +  dx  = 2 2
4 
0 3 / 4 

2 1 2

  
1 2
(iii) f(x)dx = f(x)dx + f(x)dx = x 2 + x 0 + x3 = 2 + (8 – 1) = 9
1
0 0 1

4 1 3 4

x − 4x + 3 dx =  (x 
− 4x + 3)dx − (x − 4x + 3)dx + (x 2 − 4x + 3)dx = 4 
2 2 2
(iv)
0 0 1 3
 cot1 

 [cot  1dx +  0dx = cot1

−1
(v) x]dx =
0 0 cot1
– 2 – 2 5
5 5
 x2   x2 
(vi)
–5
 | x + 2 | dx = – –5 (x + 2) dx + –2 (x + 2) dx = – 
2
+ 2x  +  + 2x 
– 5  2  –2
  25   25   5  45  9 49 58
= – 2 − 4 −  – 10  +  + 10 – (2 − 4)  = –  –2 –  +  + 2 = + = = 29
  2   2   2  2  2 2 2

1 cos3 cos 2 cos1 1

 [cos x]dx =    
−1
(vii) 3.dx + 2.dx + 1.dx + 0.dx
−1 −1 cos3 cos 2 cos1

= 3(cos3+1) + 2 (cos 2 – cos3)+(cos1–cos2) + 0 = cos1 + cos2 + cos3 + 3

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 1 1

 e dx = 2 e dx = 2 e 0 = 2[e – 1]

|x| x x 1
3. (i)
–1 0
/ 4 / 4

  sin xdx = −2[cos x]

/ 4
(ii) | sin x | dx = 2 0 = 2− 2
– / 4 0
/ 4
x + / 4
(iii) = 
− / 4
2 − cos2x
dx
/ 4
/ 4
=2 
0
2 − cos2x
dx
/ 4 / 4
 dx  sec 2 x
=
2 
0 3 − 2cos2 x
dx ; =
2 
0 3(1 + tan2 x) − 2
dx

/ 4
 sec 2 x
=
2
; 
0 3 tan2 x + 1
dx

put tan x = t
 
1 1
dt dt
=
2  1 + 3t 2
dx ; =
6   1 
2
dx
t +
0 0 2

 3

( ( ))   2
1
= . 3 tan−1 t 3 ; = . 3 . ; =
6 0 6 3 6 3
1

 sin x cos4 xdx = 0

5
(iv)
–1

since sin5x cos4x is odd function

(v) given function is odd  =0

/2
sin x
4. (i) = 
0 sin x + cos x
dx Applying property (iv)
/2 /2
cos x 
= 
0 cos x · sin x
 2 = 
0
dx  =
4

 
/2 /2 sin  − x  / 2
sin x  2  cos x
(ii) =  sin x + cos x
dx = 0     
dx ; =  sin x + cos x
dx
0
sin  – x  + cos x  – x  0

2  2 
/ 2
 
2 =  1.
0
dx =
2
 =
4

a−x
a a a
x a
(iii) = 
0 x + a−x
dx = 
0 x + a−x
dx ; 2 =  1. dx = a 
0
=
2

/2
a sin x + bcos x
(iv) = 
0
sin x + cos x
dx Applying property (iv)

/2 / 2
a cos x + b sin x (a + b) sin x + (a + b)cos x
= 
0
cos x + sin x
dx  2 = 
0
sin x + cos x
dx

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  
  = (a + b)   = (a + b)
2 4

   
/ 2 /2 sin  − x  − cos  − x 
sin x − cos x 2  2 
(v) =  (sin x + cos x)2
dx =      
2
dx
 sin  − x  + cos  − x  
0 0

  2   2 
/ 2
cos x − sin x
= 
0 (sin x + cos x)2
dx = –   =0

2 2 
5. (i) = 
0
{sin(sin x)} dx + 
0
sin(cos x)dx = 0 + 2 sin(cos x)dx 
0
{as sin(sin(2 – x)) = –sin(sinx)}= 0

{as sin(cosx) = –sin(cos( – x))}

  /2 /2
dx sec 2 x sec 2 x 2 1  
(ii) 0
5 + 4cos2x
=  9 + tan
0
2
x
dx = 2 
0
9 + tan x
2
dx = tan  tan x 
3 3 0
=
3

/ 2 / 2

(iii) 
0
(2 n sin x − n 2 − n sin x − n cos x) dx = – 
0
n 2 dx = –
2
n 2

/2 /2
 2     
(iv) Let x = tan   = 
0
n(tan  + cot )d = 
0
n 
 sin2 
d =
2
n2 −  −
 2
n2  = n2


2 2 2
6. (i)  (2x – [2x] dx =
– 1

– 1
2x dx –  [2x] dx
–1

 –1/ 2 0 1/ 2 1 3/2 2 
=  x2  –1 –        [2x]dx 
2
[2x]dx + [2x]dx + [2x]dx + [2x]dx + [2x]dx +
 
 –1 –1/ 2 0 1/ 2 1 3/2 
= 3 –   −2x  −1 +  − x  –1/ 2 + 0 +  x 1/ 2 + 2x 1 + 3x  3 / 2 
−1/ 2 0 1 3/2 2
 
 1 1 9 9 3
= 3 – 1 − 2 + 0 − + + 1 + 6 –  = – 3 =
 2 2 2 2 2

20
2
(ii) =  (| sin x | + | cos x |) dx
0

2
 
= 20  ( sin x + cos x ) dx
0


prd of | sin x | + | cos x | =
2 
 
 | sin x | + | cos x | dk vkor Z
d ky =
 2 

= 40
n
n 1 2
(iii) 0
[x] dx =  0
0. dx + 
1
1.dx + ....... + 
n – 1
(n – 1) dx

= 1 + 2 + 3 + ....+ (n – 1) =
n(n – 1)
...... (i) 
 [x]dx
0
= (n – 1)
 x dx
n
2
0

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 sin x 1  sin x 
(iv)  0    =0
2 2  2 
2n  /2
= 
0
| sin x | dx = 2n  (sin x) dx = 4n
0
 cos x
0
dx = 4n

x
7. (x) = 
a
f(t) dt
x+T
x x+T
(x + T) = a
f(t) dt = a
f(t) dt + 
x
f(t) dt
x + T T/2 x +T
= (x) +
x
 f(t) dt = (x) +  f(t)
x
dt + 
T/2
f(t) dt
T/2 x
= (x) + 
x
f(t) dt + 
–T / 2
f(t + T) dt

(by using shifting property)

x T/2 T/2
= (x) + 
–T / 2
f(t) dt + x
f(t) dt = (x) + 
–T / 2
f(t) dt

  T T    T T 
= (x) + 0 = (x)  f(x) is odd on  – ,    – 2 , 2  es
a f(x) fo"ke gS

  2 2     
 (x + T) = (x)
−1 0 1 2 3 4
8. =  f(x) dx +  f(x) dx + f(x) dx + f(x) dx +  f(x) dx +  f(x) dx
−2 −1 0 1 2 3

= (–2)2 + (–1)2 + 0 + 12 + 22 + 32
[using given relation]
= 19

 x2 
f [f(x) – f(–x)]
– n  4 
 
9. =   x2 
dx = 0
n g(x) + g( − x)
 4  
g
 
 x2 
f [f(x) – f(–x)]
– n  4 
 
Since   x2 
dx = 0 is an odd function
n g(x) + g( − x)
 4  
g
 

1
 −1  x + x3
  
−1 − x − x
3   1
10. = cot 

0  1+ x
4
 + cot 
  1+ x
4
 0

  dx =  dx = 

11. Put x + 1 = t
1

 (t + 2 + ( t3 and t cos t are odd functions)

3
t cos t) dt
−1
1
= 2 
0
2 dt = 4

1 1 1
1

 = [x n(1 + ex ) + {−x n(1 + e− x )}]dx = [x n(1 + ex ) − x n(1 + ex ) + x 2 ]dx =  x dx =
2
12.
3
0 0 0

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 0 1 3/2 1 3/2
13. =  x sin x dx + x sin x dx −
−1 0
1
x sin x dx = 2 x sin x dx −
0
 x sin x
1
dx

1 3/2
 −2  cos x 2sin x   − x cos x sin x  3 + 1 k
=  + –  + = = 2  k = 3 + 1
  2  0   2 1 2 

14. Let x = t2
/2 /2
2tdt  − 2t
 = 
0
1 + sin t + cos t
; =  1 + cos t + sin t dt
0
/2
dt
2 =  
0
(1 + cos t) + sin t
t
/2 /2 sec 2 /2
 1 2 dt =  ln  1 + tan t   n2
=
4 
0 cos 2 t t
+ cos sin
t
dt =
4  1 + tan
t 2 
 2 
0
=
2
0
2 2 2 2

3 + n3 3 + n3
n(4 + x) n(9 − x)
15. = 
2 − n3
n(4 + x) + n(9 – x)
dx =  = 
2 − n3
n(9 − x) + n(4 + x)
dx

3 + n3

2 = 
2 − n3
1. dx = 3 + n 3 – (2 – n 3) = 1 + 2 n3

  /2
16. 
 = (  − x) 1+ | cos x | dx
0
 2 =  
0
1+ | cos x | dx  2 = 2 
0
1 + cos x dx

/2 /2
x x
 = 2 = 
0
cos   dx =
2
2 2 .sin  
20
= 2

/ 2 /2 / 2
sin2 x + cos2 x  sin2x 
17. 
0
n | tan x + cot x | dx = 
0
n
sin x cos x
dx = 
0
− n 
 2 
 dx
/2 /2 /2
 sin2x 
=– 
0
n
 2 
 dx = − 
0
nsin2x dx + 
0
n2 dx

  
=  n 2  + n 2 .   =  n 2
2  2

1
x 2 dx
18. 2 = e
0
x3
(2 − x 3 )
Let 1 – x3 = t  – 3x2dx = dt
1
1
dt 1
1
et dt 1 1
 2 =
3 0 e1−t (1+ t) =
3e 0 1 + t =
3e

2
= 3e.

na a
19. 
0
f(x) dx = n  f(x) dx
0

where a is period of f(x).

[ x] 1
[x]
 = 0
{x} dx = [x]  x dx
0
{ {x} = x, when x  [0, 1)}  =
2

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 11 111 1
20. =  11{x} dx =  11{x} dx = 11  11{x} dx  {x} is periodic with period 1 
0 0 0
1
1
 11x   11 1  110 k
= 11 11 dx = 11 
x
 = 11  −  = n11 = n11 k = 110
0  n11 0  n11 n11

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