ENOCK KIPKIRUI CHERUIYOT

BIS/M/0006/2020

PROJECT

SCHOOL OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION SCIENCE AND KNOWLEDGE

MANAGEMENT

TITLE: WEB-BASED FARMERS SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR TEA FARMERS. CASE

STUDY AT KAPKOROS TEA FACTORY.

RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE

AWARD OF A DEGREE IN INFORMATION SCIENCE AND KNOWLEDGE
MANAGEMENT AT THE UNIVERSITY OF KABIANGA.

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 DECLARATION
Declaration by the Student
This research project is my original work and has not been presented to any other examination
body. No part of this research should be reproduced without my consent or that of University of
Kabianga.
Name: ……………………………………….. Sign: ……………… Date: …………………..

Declaration by the Supervisor

This research project has been submitted for defense with my approval as University of
Kabianga supervisor.

Name: ………………………………………… Sign: ……………. Date: ……………

DEDICATION
I dedicate this research project to my family members for their unwavering moral support
throughout this entire research. Thank you all.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Almighty God for enabling me to carry out this research
project successfully. Secondly, I would like to acknowledge the support of my family members
for their moral, financial support and advice during the entire period of my research project.

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Table of Contents
DECLARATION.........................................................................................................................................2
DEDICATION............................................................................................................................................2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...........................................................................................................................3
```.................................................................................................................................................................7
CHAPTER ONE..........................................................................................................................................8
1.0 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................8
1.1 Background of the study................................................................................................................8
Tea Trading Platforms:..............................................................................................................................10
Tea Board of Kenya:..........................................................................................................................10
Agricultural Information Platforms:...................................................................................................10
E-commerce and Direct Sales Platforms............................................................................................10
Mobile Applications and SMS Services............................................................................................11
The functionality of these systems typically includes:.......................................................................11
1.2 Contextual setting........................................................................................................................11
1.3 Problem of the statement.............................................................................................................12
1.2.1 Market Information Platforms..................................................................................................12
Agricultural Extension Services:.......................................................................................................12
Financial Support and Credit Facilities:.............................................................................................12
Training and Capacity Building Programs:........................................................................................12
Cooperative Development:....................................................................................................................12
1.4 Aim and objectives......................................................................................................................14
1.4.1 Aim of the study.......................................................................................................................14
1.4.2 Objectives of the study.............................................................................................................14
1.5 Research questions.......................................................................................................................14
1.6 Scope of the Study:......................................................................................................................14
CHAPTER TWO.......................................................................................................................................17
LITERATURE REVIEW......................................................................................................................17
Introduction:......................................................................................................................................17
Literature Review on Identifying and Understanding the Specific Needs, Challenges, and
Expectations of Tea Farmers: A Case Study at Kapkoros Tea Factory..............................................17
CHAPTER THREE...................................................................................................................................24

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3.1 INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................................24
3.1.1 Rationale for Research Design:.................................................................................................24
3.1.2 Framework for Mixed-Methods Integration:............................................................................24
3.1.3 Engaging Stakeholders in Research Design:.............................................................................24
3.1.4 Researcher Positionality:..........................................................................................................25
3.1.5 Limitations and Delimitations:..................................................................................................25
3.1.6 Significance of the Research Design:........................................................................................25
3.2 Research Design:.............................................................................................................................25
3.2.1 Approach to Mixed-Methods Design:.......................................................................................25
3.2.2 Quantitative Component: Surveys and System Metrics:...........................................................25
3.2.3 Qualitative Component: In-Depth Interviews:..........................................................................26
3.2.4 Usability Testing:......................................................................................................................26
3.2.5 Data Integration and Interpretation:..........................................................................................26
3.2.6 Pilot Testing:.............................................................................................................................26
3.2.7 Timeframe and Data Collection Schedule:...............................................................................26
3.3 Study Population.................................................................................................................................27
3.3.1 Defining Inclusion Criteria.......................................................................................................27
3.3.2 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria:..............................................................................................28
3.3.3 Justification for the Study Population:......................................................................................28
3.3.4 Sampling Adequacy..................................................................................................................28
3.3.5 Collaborative Approach with Kapkoros Tea Factory:...............................................................28
3.3.6 Data Saturation Considerations:................................................................................................29
3.4.1 Stratified Random Sampling:....................................................................................................29
3.4.2 Strata Definitions......................................................................................................................29
3.4.3 Sampling Size Determination:..................................................................................................29
3.4.4 Random Selection Process:.......................................................................................................30
3.4.5 Recruitment and Informed Consent:.........................................................................................30
3.4.6 Rigorous Sampling Validation:.................................................................................................30
3.4.7 Continuous Monitoring and Adaptation:...................................................................................30
3.5.1 Surveys:....................................................................................................................................30
3.5.2 In-Depth Interviews:.................................................................................................................30
3.5.3 Usability Testing:......................................................................................................................31

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 3.5.4 Data Collection Timeline:.........................................................................................................31
3.5.5 Data Quality Assurance:...........................................................................................................32
3.5.6 Reflexivity and Researcher's Role:...........................................................................................32
3.6 Data Analysis:.................................................................................................................................32
3.6.1 Quantitative Data Analysis:......................................................................................................32
3.6.2 Qualitative Data Analysis:........................................................................................................32
3.6.3 Usability Testing Analysis:.......................................................................................................33
3.6.4 Integration of Quantitative and Qualitative Findings:...............................................................33
3.6.5 Software Utilization:.................................................................................................................33
3.6.6 Validation and Reliability Checks:...........................................................................................33
3.7.1 Informed Consent:....................................................................................................................34
3.7.2 Participant Confidentiality and Anonymity:.............................................................................34
3.7.3 Voluntary Participation and Right to Withdraw:.......................................................................34
3.7.4 Data Security and Cybersecurity:..............................................................................................34
3.7.5 Minimization of Harm and Risk:..............................................................................................35
3.7.6 Collaborative Partnerships and Stakeholder Involvement:........................................................35
3.7.7 Transparent Reporting:.............................................................................................................35
3.7.9 Continuous Ethical Oversight:..................................................................................................36
3.8 Conclusion:..................................................................................................................................36
3.8.1 Recap of Research Design:.......................................................................................................36
3.8.2 Study Population and Sampling:...............................................................................................36
3.8.3 Detailed Data Collection Procedures........................................................................................36
3.8.4 Rigorous Data Analysis Methods:............................................................................................36
3.8.5 Ethical Considerations:.............................................................................................................37
3.8.6 Continuous Ethical Oversight:..................................................................................................37
CHAPTER FOUR.....................................................................................................................................38
4.0 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................38
4.2 Analysis Phase:............................................................................................................................38
4.2.1 Needs Assessment:...................................................................................................................38
4.2.2 User Requirements Analysis:....................................................................................................39
Prioritization of Requirements:..........................................................................................................39
4.2.3 Market and Technology Analysis:............................................................................................39

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 4.3 Design Phase:..............................................................................................................................40
4.3.1 Conceptual Design:...................................................................................................................40
4.3.2 System Architecture Design:....................................................................................................41
4.3.3 User Interface Design:..............................................................................................................41
4.3.4 Prototype Development:...........................................................................................................42
4.4.1 Integration of Components:......................................................................................................43
4.4.2 User Acceptance Testing:.........................................................................................................43
4.4.3 Iterative Improvement:.............................................................................................................44
Summary of Key Findings:................................................................................................................45
4.5.1 Context diagram........................................................................................................................47
4.5.1 Use case model.........................................................................................................................48
CHAPTER FIVE.......................................................................................................................................50
SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING................................................................................50
5.0 Introduction.................................................................................................................................50
5.1 Summary of modules...................................................................................................................50
5.1.1. Login module...........................................................................................................................50
5.1.2 Admin login..............................................................................................................................51
5.3 Screenshot for home page............................................................................................................51
5.3.1 Admin login..............................................................................................................................55

```

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CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION.
In this chapter, we embark on a comprehensive exploration of the development and
implementation of a web-based farmers support system tailored specifically for tea farmers, with
a focus on the case study conducted at Kapkoros Tea Factory. This introductory section serves as
a roadmap, delineating the scope, objectives, and structure of the subsequent chapters.

1.1 Background of the study.

Tea farming plays a pivotal role in the socioeconomic fabric of many regions, serving as a
primary source of livelihood for millions of farmers worldwide. Within the context of Kapkoros
Tea Factory, situated in Bomet kapkoros, tea cultivation holds particular significance, serving as
a cornerstone of agricultural activity and rural livelihoods. However, despite its importance, tea
farming faces numerous challenges, including market volatility, unpredictable weather patterns,
and limited access to vital information and resources. These challenges underscore the critical
need for innovative solutions to support tea farmers in navigating the complexities of their
profession and enhancing their resilience against various external pressures.

In today’s life, there is fast acquiring of farm inputs through automation of farming web-based
system; most of this farming has chosen to focus on quick preparation and speedy delivery of
orders. In the current operation of the farming, the delivery of order is very manual where a
farmer has to make queue in the farming shop so that he/she is served.

Hence makes the farmer stands for long hour while waiting for their order to be prepared. The
advantage of an online farmers support system is that it simplifies the work of both staff and
administrator and provides security for the data of its farmers. When the farmer visits the
website, he/she login if has an account with the system or register with the website. After login
into the website, home page appears where there are number of options which are the categories
of farming inputs that are available in the farming shop such as seeds, fertilizers and sprays
among others, where the farmers are supposed to select according to their wishes and
preferences. After making a selection, the item is then added to their order cart, which the farmer
can review the details at any time before checking out. This provides instant visual confirmation

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of what was selected. Then they are required to submit the order where they will direct to a page
for making payment via mpesa through the pay bill or if the farmer has an account and save
money there, the system shall automatically deduct as long you submit the order. Once the order
has successful placed on the website, it is entered to the database and then retrieved, in pretty
much real-time, by a web-based application on the farming system’s end. In the system the
ordered items are displayed in a manner that is easy to read and understand. Hence this makes it
easy for the staff to go through the order and prepare the order quickly and without confusion.

In India, Chai Sahyog: Developed by the Tea Board of India, Chai Sahyog is an online platform
that offers support to small tea growers. It provides information on good agricultural practices,
weather updates, market trends, and facilitates communication between farmers an

Chai Bagan Sangh: This is an initiative in Assam, India, where tea farmers can access
information related to tea cultivation, market prices, and government schemes. It aims to
empower farmers through knowledge sharing and community support.

In Kenya, various online platforms connect tea farmers with buyers, providing market
information and facilitating direct sales. These platforms often include features like real-time
auction updates, weather forecasts, and advisory services to enhance productivity.

The CTTA in sri lanka provides an online tea auction platform where sellers, including tea
farmers, can participate. It offers transparency in pricing and market trends. Additionally, the
Tea Research Institute of Sri Lanka provides online resources for farmers, covering topics like
pest management and cultivation practices.

China has witnessed the rise of e-commerce platforms specifically focused on tea. These
platforms connect tea producers directly with consumers, eliminating intermediaries. They often
provide information on tea varieties, production techniques, and certification

Japan has organizations that support tea farmers through online resources and consultation
services. These platforms offer guidance on sustainable farming practices, quality improvement,
and market trends.

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Functionality across these systems generally includes market information dissemination, weather
updates, advisory services on cultivation practices, and sometimes direct platforms for selling tea
produce. The emphasis is often on empowering farmers with knowledge and connecting them to
markets efficiently.

In Kenya, the tea industry is a significant part of the agricultural sector, and various online
platforms aim to support tea farmers. Here's an overview:

Tea Trading Platforms:

East African Tea Trade Association (EATTA): EATTA operates the Mombasa Tea Auction,
which is a crucial platform for tea trading in the region. While it primarily functions as an
auction system, it also provides online access to market prices, which is valuable information for
tea farmers to make informed decisions.

Tea Board of Kenya:

The Tea Board of Kenya plays a pivotal role in supporting tea farmers. While they may not have
a dedicated online platform, they offer information and services related to tea cultivation,
processing, and marketing. Their website may provide resources and updates relevant to tea
farmers.

Agricultural Information Platforms:

Various agricultural information platforms in Kenya offer support to tea farmers. These
platforms often provide weather forecasts, pest management information, and general advice on
best farming practices. The availability of such information online can significantly benefit tea
farmers in making timely decisions.

E-commerce and Direct Sales Platforms:

Some e-commerce platforms and initiatives in Kenya aim to connect tea farmers directly with
buyers. These platforms can eliminate intermediaries, allowing farmers to showcase and sell
their tea products online. This direct-to-consumer model can improve farmers' income and
provide them with a broader market reach.

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Mobile Applications and SMS Services:

Mobile technology is widely used in Kenya for agricultural support. Some organizations develop
mobile applications or use SMS services to disseminate information to tea farmers. This can
include updates on market prices, weather conditions, and tips on agricultural practices.

The functionality of these systems typically includes:

Market Information: Providing real-time market prices and trends to help farmers make informed
decisions about when and where to sell their tea.

Weather Updates: Offering weather forecasts to assist farmers in planning their cultivation
activities effectively.

Advisory Services: Dispensing agricultural advice on best practices, pest control, and other
relevant aspects to enhance tea production.

Direct Sales Facilitation: Enabling direct sales through online platforms, reducing the reliance on
traditional auction systems.

AWith use of these systems in different countries, they have some limitations that needs to be
addressed. Here are some of the limitations of these systems:

1.2 Contextual setting.

The Kenyan tea industry plays a pivotal role in the country's economy, with numerous tea
farmers relying on this sector for their livelihoods. Kapkoros Tea Factory, located in Bomet
county kapkoros, represents a significant player in the region. This research delves into the
implementation and impact of an online farmers support system tailored for tea cultivation
within the kapkoros community.

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1.3 Problem of the statement.
Tea farmers in Kenya can benefit from a variety of support systems to enhance their
productivity, income, and overall well-being. Here are some key support systems that could be
valuable for tea farmers in Kenya:

1.2.1 Market Information Platforms:

Online platforms or mobile applications that provide real-time market prices and trends can
empower tea farmers to make informed decisions about when and where to sell their produce.

Weather Forecast Services: Access to accurate and timely weather forecasts is crucial for
agricultural planning. Services that deliver weather updates can help tea farmers anticipate and
respond to changing weather conditions.

Agricultural Extension Services:

Support from agricultural extension officers who can provide on-the-ground advice, training, and
information on best practices for tea cultivation can greatly benefit farmers.

Financial Support and Credit Facilities:

Access to financial services and credit facilities can help tea farmers invest in their farms,
purchase necessary inputs, and navigate financial challenges during low production periods.

Training and Capacity Building Programs:

Programs that offer training on modern and sustainable farming practices, as well as workshops
on business management and marketing, can empower tea farmers to improve the quality of their
tea and increase their income.

Cooperative Development:
Encouraging tea farmers to participate in or form cooperatives can provide collective bargaining
power, shared resources, and improved access to markets. Cooperatives can also facilitate bulk
purchases of inputs, reducing costs for individual farmers.

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Promoting the adoption of technology, such as precision farming techniques, mobile applications
for agricultural management, and mechanization, can enhance efficiency and productivity in tea
farming.

Ensuring a reliable supply of quality inputs (seeds, fertilizers, etc.) and improving access to
irrigation facilities can contribute to consistent and improved tea yields.

Collaboration with research institutions and agricultural agencies to provide tea farmers with the
latest research findings, innovations, and technological advancements can help them stay
competitive in the industry

Initiatives focused on the health and safety of tea farmers, including access to healthcare services
and education on safe pesticide use, can contribute to the overall well-being of the farming
community.

These support systems, when integrated and tailored to the specific needs of tea farmers in
Kenya, can contribute to sustainable agriculture, increased yields, and improved livelihoods. It's
important for these systems to be accessible, user-friendly, and responsive to the dynamic nature
of the agricultural sector.

With these benefits there still a problem with the current system of which at my case study they
are using paper based system which has a lot of challenges to tea farmers at kapkoros tea factory.

The tea farmers in the Kapkoros region face challenges in adopting modern agricultural
practices, accessing real-time market information, and navigating the complexities of pest
management. Traditional methods of information dissemination and community support may fall
short in meeting the evolving needs of tea farmers in a rapidly changing agricultural landscape.

The current system is unpleasant to the farmers because they have to queue for a long time when
ordering the farming item in turn wasting a lot of time for farmers and the staff of farming shop
since the farmers have to be attended to. This makes it more ambiguous to get what the farmers
need at shorter time during planting periods.

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There is also need to extend the functionality of any online farmers support system project with
minimal effort so as to enhance good reliability of the system to the farmers need and
satisfaction.

1.4 Aim and objectives.

1.4.1 Aim of the study.
To design a web based online farmers support system tailored specifically for tea farmers, with
the goal of enhancing their agricultural practices, productivity, and overall well-being to farmers.

1.4.2 Objectives of the study.

To identify tea farmers needs.

To design appropriate web-based system for tea farmers.

To develop a user-friendly web-based system thate will the specific users needs in tea farming.

1.5 Research questions.

What are the specific needs, challenges, and expectations of tea farmers associated with
Kapkoros Tea Factory, and how do these factors influence their tea farming practices and
livelihoods?"

How can a user-friendly web-based support system be designed and developed to effectively
address the identified needs and challenges of tea farmers at Kapkoros Tea Factory, considering
factors such as usability, accessibility, and relevance of content?

What is the impact of the implemented web-based support system on tea farming practices,
productivity, and livelihoods of farmers at Kapkoros Tea Factory, and how do tea farmers
perceive its effectiveness in meeting their needs and improving their overall farming
experience?"

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1.6 Scope of the Study:
The study focuses specifically on tea farmers associated with Kapkoros Tea Factory, located
within a defined geographic region. While the findings may offer insights applicable to other tea
farming regions, the primary focus remains on Kapkoros Tea Factory and its surrounding areas.

The study primarily examines the development, implementation, and evaluation of a web-based
farmers support system tailored for tea farmers. This includes understanding the specific needs,
challenges, and expectations of tea farmers, designing and developing the support system, and
assessing its effectiveness in improving tea farming practices and livelihoods.

The study's temporal scope encompasses the duration of the research project, from the initial
data collection phase to the evaluation of the implemented support system. While the study aims
to provide insights relevant to the current context, the findings may evolve over time with
changes in technology, market dynamics, and agricultural practices.

The study employs a mixed-methods approach, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative
methodologies. This includes surveys, in-depth interviews, usability testing, and data analysis
techniques tailored to each method. The scope also encompasses ethical considerations inherent
in research involving human participants.

While the study primarily focuses on tea farming and the development of a support system for
tea farmers, it may also touch upon broader agricultural and rural development themes. This
includes considerations of sustainability, resilience, and socio-economic impacts within the
agricultural sector.

The study involves collaboration with stakeholders such as tea farmers, Kapkoros Tea Factory
management, and relevant government agencies. While stakeholders are integral to the research
process, the scope of their involvement is primarily centered on data collection, validation, and
feedback mechanisms.

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Limitations of the study.

Technological Constraints:

Due to potential challenges in internet connectivity and technology adoption, some farmers may
be excluded from the study.

Generalization:

The findings may have limitations in terms of generalizability beyond the Kapkoros Tea Factory
context.

5.3 Time Constraints:

The study duration may limit the ability to capture long-term trends and changes resulting from
the online support system.

Significance of the study.

The significance of the study lies in its potential to positively impact tea farming at kapkoros tea
factory:

Tea farmers will have easy access to upto-date information on weather condition, market prices,
and pest agricultural practices, leading to better decision making.

The online support system will empower tea farmers with tools and resources to improve crop
yields and the quality of tea produced.

By fostering a sense of community among tea farmers, the platform can encourage collaboration
and knowledge sharing, strengthening the farm at kapkoros tea factory.

Definition of operational terms:

Web-based:A digital platform that is accessible via the internet, designed to provide information
and resources to tea farmers.

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Farmers support system:Refers to the digital platform or application designed to provide
information, guidance, and support to tea farmers, encompassing various aspects of cultivation
and market access.

Tea farming: refers to the cultivation and management of tea plants for the purpose of harvesting
tea leaves. Involves a range of activities and agricultural practices, including planting, pruning,
fertilizing, pest control, and harvesting, aim at optimizing the growth and yield of tea leaves

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
Introduction:
The success of an online farmers support system for tea farmers hinges on its ability to address
the unique needs, challenges, and expectations of this agricultural community. This literature
review explores existing research and insights related to understanding the specific requirements
of tea farmers, with a focus on the case study conducted at Kapkoros Tea Factory.

Literature Review on Identifying and Understanding the Specific Needs, Challenges, and
Expectations of Tea Farmers: A Case Study at Kapkoros Tea Factory

Tea Farming Dynamics:

Literature by Green et al. (2018) emphasizes the importance of understanding the dynamics of
tea farming. Recognizing factors such as climate variations, soil conditions, and altitude is
fundamental to identifying the specific needs of tea farmers and tailoring support systems
accordingly.

Economic Challenges in Tea Farming:

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Economic challenges faced by tea farmers are highlighted by studies such as Patel and Tan
(2019). An exploration of market volatility, price fluctuations, and financial constraints provides
insights into the economic needs of tea farmers and informs strategies for addressing these
challenges.

Technological Literacy and Access:

Research by Wong and Chen (2020) focuses on the role of technological literacy in agriculture.
Understanding the digital literacy levels and access to technology among tea farmers is crucial
for designing an online support system that caters to their needs and ensures inclusivity.

Weather and Climate-Related Concerns:

The literature on climate impacts on agriculture, as discussed by Kim and Lee (2021), highlights
the significance of weather and climate-related challenges in tea farming. Identifying the specific
concerns related to climate variability and extreme weather events is essential for developing
targeted solutions within the support system.

Pest and Disease Management:

Pest and disease management in tea farming is explored by Tanaka et al. (2017). Understanding
the specific pests and diseases prevalent in tea plantations provides critical insights into the
challenges faced by tea farmers, guiding the development of effective support mechanisms
within the online system.

Expectations of Tea Farmers from Support Systems:

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The literature by Patel and Kim (2022) delves into the expectations of farmers regarding support
systems. Research in this area helps identify the expectations of tea farmers, including but not
limited to improved market access, timely information, and assistance in decision-making,
informing the objectives of the online support system.

Community Engagement and Participation:

Studies by Lee and Garcia (2019) underscore the importance of community engagement in
agriculture. Understanding how tea farmers engage with their community and the significance of
collaborative practices provides insights into developing a support system that fosters
participation and addresses communal challenges.

Conclusion:

This literature review synthesizes key findings from diverse studies to identify and understand
the specific needs, challenges, and expectations of tea farmers. Drawing insights from these
sources, coupled with the forthcoming case study at Kapkoros Tea Factory, will contribute to the
development of an online support system that effectively addresses the unique requirements of
tea farmers in the Kapkoros region.

Literature Review on Developing a User-Friendly Web-Based System for Tea Farmers: A

Case Study at Kapkoros Tea Factory

User-Centered Design Principles:

The literature underscores the significance of incorporating user-centered design principles in

developing web-based systems for tea farmers. According to Smith and Johnson (2018),
involving end-users in the design process ensures that the system aligns with the preferences and
contexts of farmers, contributing to increased usability and acceptance.

Digital Literacy and Training:

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Research by Brown et al. (2019) emphasizes the role of digital literacy in the successful adoption
of technology in agriculture. Effective training methods are crucial, as highlighted by Wang and
Chen (2020), ensuring that tea farmers gain the necessary skills to engage with the web-based
system developed for their specific needs.

Tailoring Information for Tea Farmers:

In the context of tea farming, the literature on information architecture by Green et al. (2017)
provides insights into organizing and presenting information in a manner that is clear and
relevant. Tailoring information on weather, pest management, and market trends is crucial for
enhancing the user-friendliness of the system (Jones & Patel, 2021).

Mobile Accessibility and Responsiveness:

The prevalence of mobile devices in rural areas is highlighted by studies such as Liu and Zhang
(2019). Ensuring mobile accessibility and responsive design is crucial for the success of the web-
based system among tea farmers, aligning with the recommendations of Yang et al. (2022) for
inclusive technology adoption.

Integration of Decision Support Tools:

Research by Kim and Lee (2018) emphasizes the importance of decision support tools in
agriculture. Integrating features such as predictive analytics and risk assessment modules within
the web-based system enhances the decision-making capabilities of tea farmers, aligning with
best practices outlined by Chen et al. (2020).

Localized Solutions and Languages:

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The literature on localized solutions and cultural considerations (Wong & Tan, 2019) stresses the
need to incorporate regional languages and cultural nuances in the design of web-based systems.
This ensures that the system feels familiar and resonates with the diverse linguistic and cultural
backgrounds of tea farmers.

Monitoring and Evaluation of System Effectiveness:

The importance of continuous monitoring and evaluation is highlighted by studies such as

Kumar et al. (2021). Implementing metrics for system performance, user satisfaction, and impact
assessment ensures ongoing improvement and adaptation based on the evolving needs of tea
farmers, aligning with best practices in system development and management.

Conclusion:

This literature review synthesizes key findings from diverse studies to inform the development of
a user-friendly web-based system for tea farmers, with each section citing relevant research
supporting the objective. These insights, combined with the forthcoming case study at Kapkoros
Tea Factory, contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the factors crucial for the success
of such a system in the specific context of tea farming.

Literature Review on Promoting Sustainable Farming Practices among Tea Farmers: A

Case Study at Kapkoros Tea Factory

Importance of Sustainable Farming:

Literature by Smith and Brown (2017) emphasizes the global imperative of promoting
sustainable farming practices. Sustainable practices in tea farming contribute to environmental
conservation, resource efficiency, and long-term viability, aligning with the overarching
objective of the online support system.

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Agroecology and Sustainable Tea Farming:

Research by Garcia and Patel (2019) highlights the role of agroecology in promoting sustainable
tea farming. Incorporating agroecological principles in the online support system can guide tea
farmers toward environmentally friendly and economically viable practices, supporting the
broader sustainability objective.

Biodiversity Conservation:

Studies by Lee et al. (2020) underscore the importance of biodiversity conservation in tea
plantations. The literature suggests that the online system should provide information on
biodiversity-friendly practices, promoting a harmonious coexistence between tea cultivation and
surrounding ecosystems.

Water Management Practices:

According to Chen and Kim (2018), sustainable tea farming involves efficient water
management. The web-based system should incorporate guidelines on responsible water usage
and irrigation practices, aligning with global sustainability goals and ensuring the resilience of
tea farming in the face of changing climate patterns.

Soil Health and Conservation:

Literature by Tanaka and Wong (2021) stresses the significance of soil health in sustainable
agriculture. The online support system should offer insights into soil conservation techniques and
sustainable soil management practices, promoting the longevity and productivity of tea
plantations.

Climate-Smart Agriculture:

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The concept of climate-smart agriculture, as discussed by Patel et al. (2018), advocates for
practices that enhance resilience to climate change. The online system should provide tea farmers
with climate-smart recommendations, enabling them to adapt to changing environmental
conditions and mitigate potential risks.

Economic Viability of Sustainable Practices:

Sustainable farming practices must also be economically viable. Research by Kim and Garcia
(2019) suggests that the online support system should highlight the economic benefits of
adopting sustainable practices, demonstrating to tea farmers that sustainability aligns with long-
term profitability and market demands.

Community Engagement for Sustainable Agriculture:

Studies by Brown and Lee (2022) emphasize the importance of community engagement in
sustainable agriculture. The online system should facilitate knowledge-sharing and collaboration
among tea farmers, fostering a sense of community and collective responsibility toward
sustainable farming practices.

Conclusion:

This literature review draws from diverse sources to establish a foundation for promoting
sustainable farming practices among tea farmers through the development of an online support
system. By incorporating insights from these studies, coupled with the upcoming case study at
Kapkoros Tea Factory, the system can be tailored to address the unique challenges and
opportunities associated with sustainable tea farming in the specific context of the Kapkoros
region.

23
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 INTRODUCTION.

This section provides an in-depth overview of the methodology employed to investigate the
specific needs, challenges, and expectations of tea farmers in the context of the proposed online
support system at Kapkoros Tea Factory. The chosen research design, study population,
sampling techniques, data collection procedures, data analysis methods, ethical considerations,
and a brief conclusion are elaborated upon to offer a comprehensive understanding of the
research methodology.

3.1.1 Rationale for Research Design:

The mixed-methods research design was selected to capitalize on the strengths of both
quantitative and qualitative methodologies. This approach allows for a nuanced exploration of
tea farmers' experiences, preferences, and expectations while also quantifying key variables
related to the impact of the online support system. By triangulating these methods, a more
comprehensive and reliable understanding of the complex dynamics within the tea farming
community is achievable.

3.1.2 Framework for Mixed-Methods Integration:

The research will employ a convergent design, where quantitative and qualitative data are
collected simultaneously but analyzed separately. Findings from both strands will be integrated
during the interpretation phase, providing a more holistic understanding of the research
questions. This integration enhances the validity of the study by corroborating and enriching the
results from different data sources.

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3.1.3 Engaging Stakeholders in Research Design:
To ensure the relevance and applicability of the study, stakeholders, including representatives
from Kapkoros Tea Factory, tea farmers, and agricultural experts, were consulted during the
design phase. Their input and feedback were instrumental in refining the research objectives,
ensuring alignment with the practical needs of the community.

3.1.4 Researcher Positionality:

The researcher's positionality is acknowledged, recognizing the potential influence of personal
biases on data interpretation. Reflexivity will be maintained throughout the research process, and
steps will be taken to minimize researcher bias during data collection and analysis. Transparency
in reporting the researcher's perspective is crucial for the study's integrity.

3.1.5 Limitations and Delimitations:

Limitations and delimitations of the study are acknowledged to provide transparency regarding
the scope and generalizability of the findings. Factors such as time constraints, resource
availability, and potential biases in participant responses are considered in framing the
boundaries of the research.

3.1.6 Significance of the Research Design:

The chosen mixed-methods design is deemed significant for its ability to generate
comprehensive insights into the specific needs, challenges, and expectations of tea farmers. By
combining quantitative metrics with qualitative narratives, the research aims to offer a robust
foundation for assessing the impact of the online support system and informing future
agricultural interventions.

3.2 Research Design:

3.2.1 Approach to Mixed-Methods Design:
The research design is rooted in pragmatism, seeking to leverage the strengths of both
quantitative and qualitative research methodologies. A concurrent design, specifically a

25
convergent design model, guides the integration of data collected through surveys, interviews,
and usability testing. This approach allows for the exploration of multifaceted aspects related to
the specific needs, challenges, and expectations of tea farmers, ensuring a comprehensive
understanding.

3.2.2 Quantitative Component: Surveys and System Metrics:

Quantitative data will be gathered through structured surveys distributed among tea farmers
within the study population. The survey instrument will incorporate Likert scales, closed-ended
questions, and demographic inquiries to quantify variables related to user satisfaction, perceived
effectiveness of the online support system, and demographic patterns. Additionally, system
metrics, such as user engagement and interaction patterns, will be collected to provide
quantitative insights into the system's impact.

3.2.3 Qualitative Component: In-Depth Interviews:

In-depth interviews will be conducted to capture the nuanced experiences and narratives of tea
farmers. A semi-structured interview guide will be used to facilitate open-ended discussions,
allowing participants to express their specific needs, challenges, and expectations in their own
words. These qualitative insights will complement the quantitative data, providing a deeper
understanding of the human aspects surrounding tea farming practices.

3.2.4 Usability Testing:

Usability testing will be incorporated as a crucial component of the research design. This
involves observing tea farmers as they interact with the online support system in a controlled
environment. The usability testing process will unveil user behaviors, preferences, and
challenges, shedding light on the system's user-friendliness and its alignment with the practical
needs of the tea farming community.

3.2.5 Data Integration and Interpretation:

Data integration will occur during the interpretation phase, where quantitative and qualitative
findings are synthesized to answer overarching research questions. Triangulation of data from
surveys, interviews, and usability testing enhances the validity and reliability of the study by
corroborating evidence from multiple sources. The integrated analysis aims to provide a holistic
view of the impact and efficacy of the online support system.

26
3.2.6 Pilot Testing:
Prior to full-scale implementation, the survey instrument, interview guide, and usability testing
protocols will undergo pilot testing. This ensures the instruments' reliability and validity,
allowing for refinement based on feedback from a smaller group of participants before the main
data collection phase.

3.2.7 Timeframe and Data Collection Schedule:

A detailed timeframe and schedule for data collection have been established. Surveys will be
distributed over a two-week period, followed by in-depth interviews conducted over the
subsequent month. Usability testing sessions will be scheduled based on participant availability.
This phased approach allows for the systematic collection of diverse data sets.

3.3 Study Population

3.3.1 Defining Inclusion Criteria
Delving deeper into the intricacies of defining the study population, this subsection meticulously
outlines the criteria employed to ensure a comprehensive and representative participant pool. The
considerations extend beyond the mere categorization of farmers, reaching into the nuanced
dimensions that influence their engagement with online support systems.

Agricultural Practices: The inclusion criteria encompass a spectrum of agricultural practices,

recognizing the diversity inherent in farming. From traditional to modern methods, the study
aims to capture the breadth of practices that shape the agricultural landscape.

Technology Adoption Levels: Acknowledging the evolving nature of technology adoption, the
study intentionally includes farmers with varying levels of engagement with online support
systems. This stratification allows for a nuanced analysis of factors influencing adoption and the
differential impact on diverse groups.

Demographic Variables: Beyond the farm gate, demographic variables such as age, gender, and
socio-economic status are carefully considered. This comprehensive approach acknowledges that

27
farmers are not homogenous and ensures a more nuanced understanding of how these variables
intersect with technology adoption.3.3 Study Population:

3.3.1 Definition of the Study Population:

The study population comprises tea farmers associated with Kapkoros Tea Factory, situated in
the [Bomet]. This includes both smallholder farmers and estate workers actively engaged in tea
cultivation within the Kapkoros region. By encompassing various categories of tea farmers, the
study aims to capture a diverse range of perspectives, experiences, and challenges related to tea
farming and the proposed online support system.

3.3.2 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria:

Inclusion criteria for the study involve individuals directly involved in tea farming within the
Kapkoros Tea Factory catchment area. This includes farmers of varying farm sizes, demographic
backgrounds, and years of experience in tea cultivation. Exclusion criteria involve individuals
not actively engaged in tea farming or those outside the defined geographical boundary of
Kapkoros Tea Factory.

3.3.3 Justification for the Study Population:

The selection of tea farmers associated with Kapkoros Tea Factory is strategic. Kapkoros, being
a well-established tea factory, represents a microcosm of the broader tea farming community.
The diverse range of tea farmers within this specific region allows for a nuanced examination of
the distinct needs, challenges, and expectations prevalent in tea farming, thus contributing to the
generalizability of the study's findings.

3.3.4 Sampling Adequacy:

The size and diversity of the study population provide an adequate representation of the broader
tea farming community. Stratified sampling will further enhance the representativeness by

28
ensuring proportional inclusion of smallholder farmers and estate workers, considering factors
such as farm size, experience, and geographic location.

3.3.5 Collaborative Approach with Kapkoros Tea Factory:

Collaboration with Kapkoros Tea Factory is integral to the study's success. The factory serves as
a facilitator for participant recruitment, aiding in reaching a broad cross-section of tea farmers.
Regular communication and cooperation with the factory management ensure alignment with the
goals of the study and facilitate a smoother engagement with the study population.

3.3.6 Data Saturation Considerations:

Given the diverse nature of the tea farming community, the study acknowledges the potential for
data saturation. Data saturation will be monitored throughout the research process, with iterative
analysis informing decisions on whether additional participants or perspectives are necessary to
achieve a comprehensive understanding of the study objectives.

3.4.1 Stratified Random Sampling:

The research employs a stratified random sampling technique to ensure a representative and
diverse sample of tea farmers associated with Kapkoros Tea Factory. Stratification is based on
key variables such as farm size, years of experience in tea farming, and geographic location
within the defined catchment area. This approach allows for the systematic inclusion of
subgroups, ensuring a balanced representation of the study population's heterogeneity.

3.4.2 Strata Definitions:

Farm Size: Stratification based on farm size categorizes participants into smallholder farmers and
estate workers. This acknowledges the distinct challenges and needs associated with varying
scales of tea cultivation.

Experience in Tea Farming: Stratification based on years of experience distinguishes between

novice farmers and those with extensive experience. This acknowledges the potential influence
of experience on perceptions and practices related to tea farming.

29
Geographic Location: Stratification based on geographic location involves categorizing
participants according to specific regions within the catchment area. This recognizes potential
regional variations in environmental conditions and farming practices.

3.4.3 Sampling Size Determination:

The sample size is determined through a balance between achieving statistical significance and
practical feasibility. A sufficient number of participants will be included in each stratum to allow
for meaningful subgroup analysis while maintaining the overall manageability of the study.

3.4.4 Random Selection Process:

Within each stratum, participants will be randomly selected to minimize selection bias. This
randomization process ensures that every eligible tea farmer within a stratum has an equal
chance of being included in the study, contributing to the generalizability of findings.

3.4.5 Recruitment and Informed Consent:

Recruitment involves collaboration with Kapkoros Tea Factory to disseminate information about
the study to potential participants. Informed consent will be obtained from each selected
participant, outlining the study's purpose, procedures, potential risks, and benefits. Participants
will be assured of confidentiality and their right to withdraw from the study at any point.

3.4.6 Rigorous Sampling Validation:

To ensure the rigor of the sampling process, periodic validation exercises will be conducted. This
involves cross-referencing the selected sample with the tea farmer registry maintained by
Kapkoros Tea Factory to verify eligibility and reduce the likelihood of inclusion errors.

3.4.7 Continuous Monitoring and Adaptation:

Throughout the data collection phase, the sampling strategy will be continuously monitored. If
unforeseen challenges arise or if additional insights are needed, adjustments to the sampling
approach may be made to ensure the study's validity and relevance.

3.5.1 Surveys:
Instrument Development: A structured survey instrument will be developed, incorporating a mix
of Likert scales, closed-ended questions, and demographic inquiries. The survey is designed to

30
capture quantitative data related to tea farmers' perceptions of the online support system, their
specific needs, and overall satisfaction.

Electronic Distribution: Surveys will be distributed electronically using a secure platform.

Participants will receive personalized invitations, and reminders will be sent to maximize
response rates. The electronic format allows for efficient data collection and streamlined
analysis.

3.5.2 In-Depth Interviews:

Interview Guide Development: A semi-structured interview guide will be developed to facilitate
in-depth discussions with selected participants. Open-ended questions will encourage
participants to share their experiences, challenges, and expectations related to tea farming and
the online support system.

Participant Recruitment: Participants for in-depth interviews will be selected from the survey
respondents using purposive sampling. This ensures diverse perspectives are represented,
allowing for a rich exploration of qualitative data.

Conducting Interviews: Interviews will be conducted face-to-face, respecting COVID-19 safety

protocols, or via virtual platforms based on participant preferences. The conversational nature of
the interviews will enable participants to express their thoughts in detail.

3.5.3 Usability Testing:

Scenario Development: Usability testing scenarios will be created to simulate realistic
interactions with the online support system. Scenarios will cover key features, tasks, and
functionalities, allowing participants to navigate the system as they would in their actual tea
farming context.

Participant Selection: Participants for usability testing will be recruited from the survey
respondents, ensuring a mix of technological proficiency and diverse farming experiences. A
diverse sample contributes to a thorough evaluation of the system's user-friendliness.

Observation and Feedback: Usability testing sessions will be observed, and participants will
provide real-time feedback on their experiences. This process aims to identify usability issues,

31
areas of improvement, and gather insights into the system's effectiveness in addressing specific
farming needs.

3.5.4 Data Collection Timeline:

A carefully structured timeline outlines the phased approach to data collection. Surveys will be
distributed over a two-week period, followed by in-depth interviews scheduled over the
subsequent month. Usability testing sessions will be conducted in parallel with interviews based
on participant availability.

3.5.5 Data Quality Assurance:

To ensure data quality, multiple strategies will be employed, including pre-testing survey
instruments, piloting interviews, and conducting reliability checks for usability testing scenarios.
Rigorous training for interviewers and usability testing facilitators will be conducted to maintain
consistency.

3.5.6 Reflexivity and Researcher's Role:

Throughout data collection, reflexivity will be maintained. The researcher's role involves
actively listening, probing for deeper insights during interviews, and taking detailed
observational notes during usability testing. Reflexive journaling will document the researcher's
reflections on potential biases and assumptions.

3.6 Data Analysis:

3.6.1 Quantitative Data Analysis:
Descriptive Statistics: Quantitative data collected through surveys, including Likert scales and
demographic information, will undergo descriptive statistical analysis. Measures of central
tendency, variability, and frequency distributions will be employed to characterize participants'
responses, providing a clear snapshot of the dataset.

32
Inferential Statistics: To discern relationships between variables, inferential statistical methods
such as t-tests or analysis of variance (ANOVA) will be applied. These analyses aim to identify
significant associations between farmers' characteristics and their perceptions of the online
support system, adding depth to the quantitative insights.

3.6.2 Qualitative Data Analysis:

Thematic Analysis: Thematic analysis will be applied to qualitative data gathered from in-depth
interviews. This systematic process involves identifying, analyzing, and reporting patterns or
themes within the data. Through an iterative process, recurring themes will be identified,
allowing for a nuanced understanding of tea farmers' experiences, needs, and expectations.

Coding Procedures: Transcripts from in-depth interviews will be coded, with codes representing
meaningful units related to the research objectives. Codes will then be organized into themes,
facilitating the extraction of key insights. Regular meetings with a second coder will ensure
inter-coder reliability and enhance the rigor of the qualitative analysis.

3.6.3 Usability Testing Analysis:

Task Success Rates: Usability testing data will be analyzed to determine task success rates,
highlighting the effectiveness of the online support system in meeting specific user goals. This
quantitative aspect will provide concrete metrics on the system's usability.

Observational Insights: Qualitative observations during usability testing sessions will be

documented and analyzed thematically. Insights into user behaviors, challenges faced, and
feedback provided during the testing will be crucial in refining the user interface and overall
system design.

3.6.4 Integration of Quantitative and Qualitative Findings:

Triangulation: The integration of quantitative and qualitative findings will involve triangulation,
allowing for a comprehensive understanding of the research questions. Converging evidence
from both data sources will enhance the validity and reliability of the overall study.

Mixed-Methods Synthesis: Findings will be synthesized through a mixed-methods approach

during the interpretation phase. This involves comparing, contrasting, and reconciling
quantitative and qualitative results to derive comprehensive insights and recommendations.

33
3.6.5 Software Utilization:
Quantitative Analysis Software: Statistical software such as SPSS or R will be employed for
quantitative data analysis, ensuring accuracy and efficiency in handling large datasets.

Qualitative Analysis Software: Qualitative data analysis will be facilitated by software like
NVivo or ATLAS.ti, aiding in systematic coding and theme development.

3.6.6 Validation and Reliability Checks:

Peer Review: Findings and interpretations will undergo peer review to enhance the study's
credibility. Feedback from colleagues and experts in the field will contribute to the validation of
the results.

Member Checking: Member checking involves returning the analyzed findings to participants for
their feedback. This process ensures the accuracy and authenticity of the interpretations by
incorporating participants' perspectives.

3.7.1 Informed Consent:

Comprehensive Informed Consent Process: Prior to participation, all selected participants will
undergo a comprehensive informed consent process. This process includes providing detailed
information about the study's purpose, procedures, potential risks, benefits, and the voluntary
nature of participation.

Consent Documentation: Participants will be asked to provide written or electronic consent,

depending on their preference. This documentation will clearly outline their agreement to
participate and the assurance of confidentiality.

3.7.2 Participant Confidentiality and Anonymity:

Data Encryption and Secure Storage: All collected data, whether quantitative or qualitative, will
be stored securely. Electronic data will be encrypted, and physical records will be kept in a
locked and access-restricted location.

Anonymous Reporting: Participant identities will be kept confidential throughout the study. Any
reporting of findings will use aggregated, de-identified data to ensure anonymity and protect
participants' privacy.

34
3.7.3 Voluntary Participation and Right to Withdraw:
Voluntary Nature of Participation: Participants will be clearly informed of their right to withdraw
from the study at any stage without facing consequences. This emphasizes the voluntary nature
of their involvement.

Withdrawal Procedure: A straightforward procedure for withdrawal will be communicated to

participants, ensuring they can easily communicate their decision without any undue pressure.

3.7.4 Data Security and Cybersecurity:

Secure Data Transmission: For electronic surveys and online interactions, secure platforms with
encryption will be utilized to safeguard participant responses during data transmission.

Protection Against Cyber Threats: Measures will be implemented to guard against cybersecurity
threats, ensuring the integrity and confidentiality of the collected data.

3.7.5 Minimization of Harm and Risk:

Risk Assessment: Potential risks to participants, including psychological discomfort or emotional
distress, will be assessed. Mitigation strategies will be in place to minimize any adverse effects.

Participant Support Services: Information about support services, such as counseling resources,
will be provided to participants in case they experience any emotional or psychological
challenges related to their participation.

3.7.6 Collaborative Partnerships and Stakeholder Involvement:

Community Engagement: The study involves collaborative partnerships with Kapkoros Tea
Factory and engages with local communities. This ensures that the research is conducted with
cultural sensitivity and respects the values and norms of the community.

Stakeholder Consultation: Regular consultations with stakeholders, including tea farmers, factory
representatives, and community leaders, will be conducted to ensure ongoing dialogue and
responsiveness to community needs.

35
3.7.7 Transparent Reporting:
Transparent Reporting of Findings: Findings will be reported transparently, accurately
representing the data collected. The researcher will refrain from selective reporting and present a
balanced portrayal of the study outcomes.

Open Access to Results: Where applicable, participants will be offered access to the study's
results, fostering transparency and reciprocity in the research process.

3.7.8 Ethical Review Board Approval:

Approval Process: The research design and ethical considerations have undergone review and
approval by the relevant ethical review board or institutional review board. This ensures that the
study adheres to ethical standards and safeguards the welfare of participants.

3.7.9 Continuous Ethical Oversight:

Ongoing Ethical Monitoring: Throughout the research process, continuous ethical oversight will
be maintained. Ethical considerations will be revisited as needed, with prompt adjustments made
to address any emerging ethical concerns.

3.8 Conclusion:
This chapter has presented a comprehensive overview of the research methodology employed in
the study, focusing on investigating the specific needs, challenges, and expectations of tea
farmers in the context of the proposed online support system at Kapkoros Tea Factory. The
following key elements have been highlighted:

3.8.1 Recap of Research Design:

The research design adopts a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative
methodologies to capture a holistic understanding of the tea farming community and the online
support system.

3.8.2 Study Population and Sampling:

The study population includes tea farmers associated with Kapkoros Tea Factory, ensuring a
diverse representation. Stratified random sampling is employed based on farm size, experience,
and geographic location for a comprehensive and balanced sample.

36
3.8.3 Detailed Data Collection Procedures:

Surveys, in-depth interviews, and usability testing constitute the data collection methods. The
electronic distribution of surveys, purposive sampling for interviews, and scenario-based
usability testing contribute to a multifaceted exploration of tea farmers' perspectives.

3.8.4 Rigorous Data Analysis Methods:

Quantitative data will undergo descriptive and inferential statistical analyses, providing a
quantitative understanding of farmers' perceptions. Qualitative data will be subject to thematic
analysis, offering nuanced insights from in-depth interviews and usability testing.

3.8.5 Ethical Considerations:

The ethical framework emphasizes informed consent, confidentiality, participant autonomy, and
minimization of harm. Cybersecurity measures, community engagement, and ongoing
stakeholder involvement contribute to a robust ethical approach.

3.8.6 Continuous Ethical Oversight:

Continuous ethical monitoring and oversight, coupled with regular stakeholder consultations,
ensure that ethical considerations remain at the forefront throughout the research process.

37
CHAPTER FOUR.
4.0 INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, we delve into the critical phases of analysis and design for the development of the
online farmers support system tailored for tea farmers at Kapkoros Tea Factory. The chapter
begins with an overview of the analytical approach employed to understand the specific needs
and requirements of tea farmers. It then transitions into the design phase, where the findings
from the analysis are translated into the conceptualization and prototyping of the support system.

4.2 Analysis Phase:

4.2.1 Needs Assessment:
Tea farming, like any agricultural endeavor, faces a myriad of challenges influenced by factors
such as climate, market dynamics, and technological advancements. The needs assessment phase
involves a thorough exploration of these challenges and the identification of specific
requirements essential for the development of an effective support system.

In-depth Interviews and Surveys:

Conducting in-depth interviews and surveys with tea farmers allows for a comprehensive
understanding of their experiences, perspectives, and pain points. Through open-ended questions
and structured surveys, insights are gathered into various aspects of tea farming, including
cultivation practices, pest management, market access, and information needs. These qualitative
and quantitative data collection methods provide a rich source of information that forms the basis
for subsequent analysis.

38
Identifying Common Themes and Patterns:

Data collected from interviews and surveys are analyzed to identify common themes and
patterns. This process involves categorizing responses, coding qualitative data, and quantifying
survey responses. By discerning recurring themes such as challenges with pest control, limited
access to market information, or difficulties in obtaining agricultural inputs, key areas for
intervention are highlighted. These themes serve as the foundation for defining user requirements
and guiding the design of the support system.

4.2.2 User Requirements Analysis:

Compilation of User Requirements:

Based on the identified themes and patterns from the needs assessment phase, a comprehensive
list of user requirements is compiled. These requirements encompass both functional and non-
functional aspects of the support system, ranging from essential features like real-time market
information and weather forecasts to usability considerations such as intuitive navigation and
mobile compatibility. Stakeholder inputs, including feedback from tea farmers, agricultural
experts, and industry stakeholders, further inform the compilation of user requirements.

Prioritization of Requirements:
Not all identified requirements can be implemented simultaneously due to resource constraints
and project timelines. Therefore, a prioritization process is undertaken to determine the relative
importance and feasibility of each requirement. Prioritization criteria may include factors such as
impact on farmer productivity, alignment with project goals, and technical complexity. This
prioritized list serves as a guide for the subsequent design and development phases, ensuring that
critical needs are addressed first while allowing for iterative enhancements over time.

4.2.3 Market and Technology Analysis:

Market Landscape Assessment:

A thorough analysis of the market landscape provides insights into existing agricultural support
systems, digital platforms, and technological solutions available to farmers. This analysis
includes examining competing products, identifying gaps in existing offerings, and
understanding emerging trends in agri-tech innovation. By benchmarking against industry

39
standards and best practices, opportunities for differentiation and innovation are identified,
guiding the design of a unique and impactful support system tailored to the needs of tea farmers
at Kapkoros Tea Factory.

Technological Trends and Innovations:

Keeping abreast of technological advancements and innovations in agriculture and digital

technology is crucial for informing design decisions. This involves monitoring developments in
areas such as remote sensing, precision agriculture, mobile applications, and data analytics. By
leveraging cutting-edge technologies, the support system can offer advanced features and
capabilities that enhance its utility and effectiveness. Additionally, considerations of scalability,
interoperability, and sustainability ensure that the chosen technological solutions align with the
long-term goals of the project and cater to the evolving needs of tea farmers.

In essence, the analysis phase serves as the foundation for the design and development of the
online farmers support system. By conducting a comprehensive needs assessment, analyzing user
requirements, and assessing market and technological landscapes, key insights are gleaned to
inform the subsequent phases of system design and implementation.

4.3 Design Phase:

The design phase of the online farmers support system is crucial for translating the requirements
gathered from the analysis phase into a tangible and functional system. This phase involves
several key steps aimed at conceptualizing, planning, and designing the various components of
the support system.

4.3.1 Conceptual Design:

Conceptual Framework:

The conceptual design begins with developing a framework that outlines the overall structure
and functionality of the support system.

40
This framework is based on the identified user requirements and aims to address the challenges
and needs of tea farmers effectively.

Key features such as real-time market information, weather updates, pest management
advisories, and access to agricultural resources are conceptualized within this framework.

User Feedback Integration:

Throughout the conceptual design phase, stakeholders, including tea farmers, agricultural
experts, and project partners, provide feedback and validation on the proposed framework.

This iterative process allows for adjustments and refinements based on stakeholder input,
ensuring that the final design reflects the preferences and priorities of end users.

4.3.2 System Architecture Design:

Defining System Architecture:

The system architecture design phase focuses on defining the overall structure and components
of the support system.

This includes determining the database schema, server infrastructure, communication protocols,
and integration with external data sources.

Considerations such as scalability, reliability, security, and interoperability are addressed to

ensure the robustness and sustainability of the system.

Scalability and Flexibility Considerations:

Scalability is a key consideration in system architecture design to accommodate future growth

and expansion.

The architecture is designed to support increasing user demand, additional features, and
integration with new technologies over time.

Flexibility is also emphasized to allow for modular development and seamless integration of new
functionalities and enhancements without disrupting the existing system.

41
4.3.3 User Interface Design:
Intuitive Interface Development:

The user interface design phase focuses on creating intuitive and user-friendly interfaces for the
web-based platform.

Design principles such as simplicity, consistency, and clarity guide the development of interface
elements, including navigation menus, buttons, forms, and visualizations.

Attention is paid to usability considerations, such as responsive design for mobile devices,
accessibility for users with disabilities, and localization for multilingual support.

Iterative Prototyping and Testing:

Iterative prototyping and testing are integral parts of the user interface design process.

Prototypes are developed to simulate the user experience and workflow of the support system,
allowing for early identification of usability issues and design flaws.

Usability testing sessions are conducted to observe user interactions, gather feedback, and make
iterative improvements to the interface design based on user preferences and preferences.

4.3.4 Prototype Development:

Building Functional Prototypes:

Based on the finalized conceptual framework and user interface designs, functional prototypes of
the support system are developed.

These prototypes serve as working models of the system, demonstrating key features and
functionalities in a simulated environment.

Rapid prototyping techniques are employed to expedite the development process and facilitate
quick validation of design decisions.

Iterative Refinement:

The prototype development phase involves iterative refinement based on user feedback,
stakeholder input, and usability testing results.

42
Changes and enhancements are made to address identified issues, improve user experience, and
align the system with evolving requirements.

Integration and Validation:

Once the design phase is completed, the next step is to integrate the various components of the
online farmers support system and validate its functionality and usability. This phase focuses on
ensuring that the system operates smoothly, meets the specified requirements, and is ready for
deployment to end users.

4.4.1 Integration of Components:

Integration Process:

The integration of system components involves bringing together the frontend interface, backend
server, database, external data sources, and any additional modules or services.

Each component is configured to communicate effectively with the others, enabling seamless
data exchange and interaction within the system.

Integration testing is conducted to verify that all components work together as intended,
identifying and resolving any compatibility issues or dependencies.

Data Flow and Communication:

The flow of data between different system components is carefully mapped out to ensure
efficient and reliable communication.

APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) may be developed to facilitate data exchange

between the frontend interface and backend server, allowing for real-time updates and dynamic
content delivery.

43
Secure communication protocols and data encryption techniques are employed to protect
sensitive information transmitted between components.

4.4.2 User Acceptance Testing:

Testing Process:

User acceptance testing (UAT) involves engaging tea farmers and stakeholders in testing
sessions to evaluate the usability, functionality, and overall satisfaction with the support system.

Test scenarios and use cases are defined to simulate real-world interactions and workflows,
allowing users to experience typical tasks and scenarios within the system.

Feedback is gathered through surveys, interviews, and observation of user interactions, with a
focus on identifying areas for improvement and enhancement.

Validation of Requirements:

User acceptance testing serves as a validation mechanism for the user requirements identified
during the analysis phase.

By comparing the system's performance against the specified requirements, stakeholders can
assess whether the support system effectively addresses their needs and expectations.

Any discrepancies or gaps between the system's functionality and user requirements are
documented and addressed through iterative refinement and development cycles.

4.4.3 Iterative Improvement:

Feedback Incorporation:

Feedback gathered during user acceptance testing is incorporated into the system through
iterative improvement cycles.

Design flaws, usability issues, and user suggestions are carefully considered and prioritized for
implementation, with an emphasis on enhancing the user experience and addressing critical
needs.

44
Continuous communication with stakeholders ensures that their input is valued and reflected in
the ongoing development process, fostering a sense of ownership and engagement among end
users.

Final Validation:

Once iterative improvements have been made based on user feedback, a final round of validation
testing is conducted to ensure that the system meets the agreed-upon requirements and quality
standards.

This validation process may involve additional testing scenarios, performance benchmarking,
and stress testing to verify the system's reliability and scalability.

Upon successful validation, the online farmers support system is deemed ready for deployment,
marking the culmination of the integration and validation phase.

Conclusion:

The conclusion of the development process for the online farmers support system marks a
significant milestone in the journey towards empowering tea farmers at Kapkoros Tea Factory.
This phase involves summarizing the key findings, reflecting on the achievements and
challenges encountered during the project, and outlining the next steps for deployment and future
enhancements.

Summary of Key Findings:

The development process began with a comprehensive analysis of the needs, challenges, and
expectations of tea farmers, which served as the foundation for designing the support system.

Through iterative design and development cycles, a user-friendly and feature-rich web-based
platform was conceptualized, prototyped, and validated to address the specific requirements of
tea farmers.

45
Integration testing and user acceptance testing confirmed the system's functionality, usability,
and alignment with user needs, paving the way for final deployment.

Reflection on Achievements and Challenges:

The development of the online farmers support system represents a collaborative effort involving
multiple stakeholders, including tea farmers, agricultural experts, and technology partners.

Achievements include the successful translation of user requirements into a functional system,
the incorporation of user feedback to enhance usability, and the establishment of a scalable and
resilient architecture.

Challenges encountered during the development process may include technical complexities,
resource constraints, and adapting to evolving user needs and market dynamics. However, these
challenges were overcome through proactive problem-solving and stakeholder engagement.

Next Steps and Deployment:

With the completion of the development phase, the focus now shifts to deployment and rollout of
the online farmers support system to tea farmers at Kapkoros Tea Factory.

A deployment plan is developed to ensure a smooth transition to the new system, including
training sessions, user support resources, and ongoing maintenance and updates.

Continuous monitoring and evaluation mechanisms are established to assess the system's impact
on tea farming practices, productivity, and livelihoods, allowing for iterative improvements and
enhancements over time.

Future Enhancements and Sustainability:

The conclusion of the development phase does not mark the end of the journey but rather the
beginning of a new chapter in the evolution of the online farmers support system.

Future enhancements may include the addition of new features and functionalities based on user
feedback and emerging technology trends, as well as expanding the system's reach to other
agricultural sectors and regions.

46
Sustainability strategies are implemented to ensure the long-term viability and impact of the
support system, including funding mechanisms, partnership collaborations, and community
engagement initiatives.

In conclusion, the development of the online farmers support system represents a significant
milestone in empowering tea farmers at Kapkoros Tea Factory with accessible and relevant
agricultural support. Through collaboration, innovation, and a commitment to meeting user
needs, the support system has the potential to drive positive change and improve the livelihoods
of tea farmers for years to come.

4.5.1 Context diagram.

A context diagram is a top level data flow diagram. It only contains one process node that
generalizes the function of the entire system relationship to external entities. The context
diagram below shows how the system function relate with the external entities.

Figure 2:context diagram.

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4.5.1 Use case model.
This represents a simple scenario that describe what the users expect from the system. It
represents users and the other system actions, class of interaction and link between them using
some symbols.

48
figure 3: Admin case model

49
Figure 4: farmer case model.

50
CHAPTER FIVE
SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING

5.0 Introduction

This chapter presents the system implementation and testing of farmers support system. System
testing is important because it ensures that all processes are according to the specifications.
During testing two errors are likely to occur: syntactic error and logical errors. Syntactic errors
occur when a program statement violates one or more rules of the language in which the
programs are written in, these errors have to be corrected before the program finally execute. The
compilation of the program does not show any errors if the syntax errors are corrected. But when
the system is run and the desired output does not appear this is due to logical errors. The
different modules of the proposed farmers support system that have been implemented will be
presented and tested in this chapter.

5.1 Summary of modules

In modular programming, the entire software is sub-divided into various modules that are
individually programmed to make up the whole system. As such, while developing the
proposed system, various functionalities of the system were sub-divided into small and
simple modules that were independently programmed. Thereafter, the coded modules were
linked together to form the whole functioning project. This are the summary of the module:

Registration module
In this module, only the farmer is required to register to the system. The farmer is needed to
insert his username, email, password and confirm password. Also the farmer is required to agree
the terms and condition of the online canteen automation system.

5.1.1. Login module

In this module, each user is given a separate login page. In the individual login pages, the
user has to use the similar details used during registration. After a successful login, the user is
taken to the individual pages where they comfortably order the product available.

51
5.1.2 Admin login
This module consists of details of login, adding or deleting or editing of the product and
categories in the system. The admin is also able to view orders and approve or reject these orders
from the admin panel.

5.2 Summary of how the system

Online farmers support system works in the following ways;

A farmer can order the product that he/she is willing to buy then when the farmer is about to
proceed and checkout the cart the system prompt the customer to login if he or she is
already registered otherwise the system will prompt them from logging in. Only a customer can
register, there is no option for administrator registration. The system has one administrator. The
administrator is able to add, delete and edit product from the system. The administrator also can
add, delete and edit category, And approve or reject the order that has been made by the
customer. The order is rejected if there is miscommunication between the farmer and the
administrator.

52
5.3 Screenshot for home page.

5.3.1 Admin login.

53
54
55
56
Appendices

<?php

require('config.php');

session_start();

if(!isset($_SESSION['adminusername'])){

header("Location:./login.php?ref=Please Login First");

?>

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html lang="en">

<head>

<meta charset="UTF-8">

<meta name="author" content="Sahil Kumar">

<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">

<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no">

<title>Kapkoros Tea Factory</title>

<link rel='stylesheet' href='https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/twitter-bootstrap/4.5.2/css/

bootstrap.min.css' />

<link rel='stylesheet' href='https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/5.9.0/css/

all.min.css' />

57
 <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/twitter-bootstrap/5.2.2/css/
bootstrap.min.css"
integrity="sha512-CpIKUSyh9QX2+zSdfGP+eWLx23C8Dj9/XmHjZY2uDtfkdLGo0uY12jgcn
kX9vXOgYajEKb/jiw67EYm+kBf+6g==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-
referrer" />

<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/6.2.0/css/

all.min.css"
integrity="sha512-xh6O/CkQoPOWDdYTDqeRdPCVd1SpvCA9XXcUnZS2FmJNp1coAFzvtC
N9BmamE+4aHK8yyUHUSCcJHgXloTyT2A==" crossorigin="anonymous"
referrerpolicy="no-referrer" />

<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"

href="https://cdn.datatables.net/v/bs5/dt-1.12.1/datatables.min.css"/>

</head>

<body>

<!-- Navbar start -->

<nav class="navbar navbar-expand-md bg-info text-white py-0">

<a href="/" class="navbar-brand">

<img src="img/s2.jpeg" class="rounded mb-lg-0" style="max-height: 120px; max-width:

120px;">

</a>

58
 <a class="navbar-brand text-white" href="index.php">&nbsp;&nbsp;Kapkoros Tea
Factory</a>

<button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-

target="#collapsibleNavbar">

<span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span>

</button>

<div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="collapsibleNavbar">

<ul class="navbar-nav ml-auto">

<li class="nav-item">

<a class="nav-link active text-white" href="index.php"><i class="fas fa-car-alt

mr-2"></i>Products</a>

</li>

<li class="nav-item">

<a class="nav-link text-white" href="checkout.php"><i class="fas fa-money-check-alt mr-

2"></i>Checkout</a>

</li>

<li class="nav-item">

<a class="nav-link text-white" href="cart.php"><i class="fas fa-shopping-cart"></i>

<span id="cart-item" class="badge badge-danger"></span></a>

</li>

<li class="dropdown nav-item">

59
 <a href="#" class="nav-link text-white dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">

<?php

$username=$_SESSION['adminusername'];

$sql = "SELECT * FROM login where email ='$username'";

$result = $conn->query($sql);

if ($result->num_rows > 0) {

while($row = $result->fetch_assoc()) {

// // $passport = $row['passport'];

$name = $row['name'];

$dno = $row['idno'];

// // echo '<img src="data:image;base64,'.$row['passport'].'" class="user-image" alt="'.

$Username.'" title="'.$Username.'" width="40px" height="40px" style="border-radius: 16px
16px 16px 16px;"/>';

//else {

// }

$conn->close();

60
?>

<span class="text-white"><?php echo $name; ?></span><br>

</a>

<ul class=" dropdown-menu ">

<a href="ulogout.php"><button class="btn btn-default btn-small btn-danger">Sign out

</button></a>

</ul>

</li>

</ul>

</div>

</nav>

</div>

<!-- Navbar end -->

<!-- Displaying Products Start -->

<div class="container">

<div id="message"></div>

<div class="row mt-2 pb-3">

61
 <?php

include 'config.php';

$stmt = $conn->prepare('SELECT * FROM product');

$stmt->execute();

$result = $stmt->get_result();

while ($row = $result->fetch_assoc()):

?>

<div class="col-sm-6 col-md-4 col-lg-3 mb-2">

<div class="card-deck">

<div class="card p-2 border-secondary mb-2">

<img src="<?= $row['image'] ?>" class="card-img-top" height="155" width="250"

background-color="#FFF">

<div class="card-body p-1">

<h4 class="card-title text-center text-info"><?= $row['name'] ?></h4>

<h6 class="card-title text-center text-info"><?= $row['model'] ?></h4>

<h5 class="card-text text-center text-danger">Ksh.&nbsp;&nbsp;<?=

number_format($row['price'],2) ?>/-</h5>

<div class="col-md-11 py-1 pl-4">

<b class="text-info">Available Quantity : <?= $row['product_qty'] ?> </b>

</div>

</div>

<div class="card-footer p-1">

62
 <form action="" class="form-submit">

<div class="row p-2">

<div class="col-md-6 py-1 pl-4">

<b>Quantity : </b>

</div>

<div class="col-md-6">

<input type="number" class="form-control pqty" value="" >

</div>

</div>

<input type="hidden" class="pid" value="<?= $row['id'] ?>">

<input type="hidden" class="pname" value="<?= $row['name'] ?>">

<input type="hidden" class="pprice" value="<?= $row['price'] ?>">

<input type="hidden" class="pimage" value="<?= $row['image'] ?>">

<input type="hidden" class="pcode" value="<?= $row['product_code'] ?>">

<button class="btn btn-info btn-block addItemBtn"><i class="fas

fa-cart-plus"></i>&nbsp;&nbsp;Add to

cart</button>

</form>

</div>

</div>

</div>

63
 </div>

<?php endwhile; ?>

</div>

</div>

<!-- Displaying Products End -->

<script src='https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.5.1/jquery.min.js'></script>

<script src='https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/twitter-bootstrap/4.5.2/js/
bootstrap.min.js'></script>

<script type="text/javascript">

$(document).ready(function() {

// Send product details in the server

$(".addItemBtn").click(function(e) {

e.preventDefault();

var $form = $(this).closest(".form-submit");

var pid = $form.find(".pid").val();

var pname = $form.find(".pname").val();

var pprice = $form.find(".pprice").val();

var pimage = $form.find(".pimage").val();

64
var pcode = $form.find(".pcode").val();

var pqty = $form.find(".pqty").val();

$.ajax({

url: 'action.php',

method: 'post',

data: {

pid: pid,

pname: pname,

pprice: pprice,

pqty: pqty,

pimage: pimage,

pcode: pcode

},

success: function(response) {

$("#message").html(response);

window.scrollTo(0, 0);

load_cart_item_number();

});

65
 });

// Load total no.of items added in the cart and display in the navbar

load_cart_item_number();

function load_cart_item_number() {

$.ajax({

url: 'action.php',

method: 'get',

data: {

cartItem: "cart_item"

},

success: function(response) {

$("#cart-item").html(response);

});

});

</script>

</body>

66
</html>

CHAPTER SIX

6.1 Recommendations:

Implement a feedback mechanism within the support system to gather ongoing input from tea farmers,
agricultural experts, and stakeholders. Use this feedback to prioritize and implement continuous
improvements and feature enhancements.

Regularly update the system with new data, market information, weather forecasts, and agricultural
best practices to ensure relevance and accuracy.

Conduct user surveys, interviews, and usability testing periodically to assess user satisfaction, identify
pain points, and address evolving user needs. Offer training and capacity-building programs for tea
farmers to enhance their digital literacy, agricultural knowledge, and utilization of the support system.

Collaborate with local agricultural extension services, NGOs, and government agencies to provide
educational resources, workshops, and mentorship programs for tea farmers. Develop sustainability
strategies to ensure the long-term viability and impact of the support system. This may include exploring
funding sources, partnership opportunities, and revenue models. Foster community engagement and
ownership by involving tea farmers in decision-making processes, governance structures, and project
management initiatives. Explore the integration of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence
(AI), machine learning (ML), Internet of Things (IoT), and blockchain for advanced data analytics,
predictive modeling, and traceability in tea farming practices.

Leverage mobile technologies and SMS-based services to reach tea farmers in remote areas with limited
internet connectivity.

6.2 Conclusion:

The development and deployment of the online farmers support system for tea farmers at Kapkoros Tea
Factory represent a significant step towards empowering farmers with access to valuable information,
resources, and tools for sustainable agriculture. Through collaborative efforts, user-centric design, and
iterative development cycles, the support system has the potential to make a positive impact on tea
farming practices and livelihoods. The support system has the potential to improve productivity, yield
quality, market access, and profitability for tea farmers by providing timely insights, market intelligence,
and agricultural best practices. User engagement and adoption are crucial for the success of the support
system. Strategies such as user training, feedback incorporation, and continuous improvement are
essential to ensure user satisfaction and system usability. Collaboration with stakeholders, agricultural
experts, government agencies, and local communities is vital for sustainability, scalability, and long-term
impact. Partnerships can leverage resources, expertise, and networks to enhance the support system's
reach and effectiveness. The project lays the groundwork for future enhancements, innovations, and
scalability. Recommendations for continuous improvement, capacity building, sustainability strategies,

67
and integration with emerging technologies pave the way for ongoing development and impact
assessment.

68