Simultaneous equations

Solving systems of linear equations

Linear functions
y2 − y1 y = 3x + 1 (1) and 2y = x − 1 (2); find the values of x and y
Gradient: m =
x2 − x1
(x2 , y2 ) IB ACADEMY IB ACADEMY IB ACADEMY

(x1 , y1 )

Parallel lines: m1 = m2 (same gradients)

Perpendicular lines: m1 m2 = −1
p Number of equations = 2.Enter the two equations
Distance Formula = (x2 − x1)2 + ( y2 − y1 ) 2 Press menu , choose ≈

3: Algebra Press OK
press enter
2: Solve System of
Midpoint Formula= Linear Equations

3 4
So x =− and y =−
5 5

Quadratic functions Exponents

y = a x2 + b x + c = 0
x1 = x
−b
Axis of symmetry: x-coordinate of the vertex: x = x0 = 1
2a
Factorized form: y = (x + p)(x + q) x · x n = x m+n
m
2
Vertex form: y = a(x − h) + k xm
Vertex: (h, k) = x m−n
xn
(x m )n = x m·n
a>0 a<0
y y (x · y)n = x n · y n
1
x −1 =
vertex
x
1
x x x −n =
xn
axis of symmetry
Radical

Example Rationalize
Right-angled triangles
a2 = b 2 + c 2 Pythagoras
opposite
sin θ = SOH
e

hypotenuse
us

opposite
n
te

adjacent
po

cos θ = CAH
hy

hypotenuse
opposite θ
tan θ = TOA
adjacent adjacent
Area Unit Conversion
Length Unit Conversion

Volume Unit Conversion

Geometry Formula

Area of parallelogram A= b×h

1
Area of a triangle A = (b × h)
2
1
Area of a trapezium A = (a + b)h
2
Area of a circle A = πr2

Circumference of a circle C = 2πr

1
Volume of a pyramid V= (area base × vertical height)
3
Volume of a cuboid (rectangular prism) V =l×w×h

Volume of a cylinder V = πr2 h

Area of the curved surface of a cylinder A = 2πrh

4
Volume of a sphere V = πr3
3
1 2
Volume of a cone V = πr h
3

Set any collection of things with a common property (capital letter, curly
brackets)
e.g. A = {2, 4, 6, 8}, B = {4, 8}, C = {}, D = {1, 2, 3, 4}
number of elements in a set: n(A) = 4
member of a set: 6 ∈ A
empty set: C = ∅
Subset a set of elements contained in another set B ⊂A

Intersection elements shared between two or more sets B ∩ D = {4}

Union collection of all elements contained in two or more sets

B ∪ D = {1, 2, 3, 4, 8}

Natural numbers N = 0, 1, 2, 3 . . .
Integers Z = . . . − 3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .
Rational numbers Q; all integers and fractions
p
Real numbers R; all rational and irrational numbers (π, 2, etc.)
 Probability
Definitions 5.1. Single events 56
Sample space the list of all possible outcomes. A B
Event the outcomes that meet the requirement. Event
Number of ways A can happen S Sample space
Probability for event A, P (A) = .
all outcomes in the sample space
Mutually exclusive
Dependent events two events are dependent if the outcome of event
P (A∪ B) = P (A) + P (B)
A affects the outcome of event B so that the probability is
P (A ∩ B) = 0
changed.
Independent events two events are independent if the fact that A
occurs does not affect the probability of B occurring. Combined events
Conditional probability the probability of A, given that B has P (A ∪ B) = P (A) + P (B) − P (A ∩ B)
P (A ∩ B)
happened: P (A|B) = . P (A ∩ B) = P (A) + P (B) − P (A ∪ B)
P (B)

5.2. Multiple events 58

Probabilities for successive events can be expressed through tree
diagrams or a table of outcomes. A ∪ B (union) A ∩ B (intersect)
Table of outcomes Tree diagram A B A B
H T H
H
H H,H H,T T
H
T T,H T,T T
T
In general, if you are dealing with a question that asks for the If independent: P (A ∩ B) = P (A) × P (B).
probability of:
Compliment, A′ where P (A′ ) = 1 − P (A)
• one event and another, you multiply Exhaustive when everything in the sample
• one event or another, you add space is contained in the events

Statistics
Descriptive statistics Presenting and interpreting data
For 1 variable data with frequency use 1-Var Stats on Frequency the number of times an event occurs in an
GDC. experiment
the sum of the data
Mean x̄ = Cumulative frequency the sum of the frequency for a
no. of data points
particular class and the frequencies for all the classes
Mode the value that occurs most often below it
Median the middle value when the data set is ordered low Histogram Cumulative frequency
to high
Range largest x-value − smallest x-value
Grouped data data presented as an interval
Use the midpoint as the x-value in all calculations.
Q1 first quartile = 25th percentile
Q2 median = 50th percentile
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
Q3 third quartile = 75th percentile Box and whisker plot
Q3 − Q1 interquartile range (IQR) = middle 50 percent

lowest value highest value

Q1 Q3

mean, Q2
Calculator in Stats
Find the mean, standard deviation and Q1.
Age 17 18 19 20 21
No. of students 21 45 93 61 20

IB ACADEMY IB ACADEMY IB ACADEMY IB ACADEMY

off

Press on , go to
1: One-Variable Enter Num of lists: 1.
Press menu , choose Statistics
Lists and 4: Statistics Press OK

Spreadsheets. 1: Stat Calculations

Enter x -values in L1 and,
if applicable, frequencies IB ACADEMY IB ACADEMY

in L2

Enter names of columns mean = 19.1

you used to enter your standard deviation = 1.06
x -list and frequency list Q1 = 18.5
and column where you
would like the solutions to
appear: a[], b[] and c[].
Press OK

Pearson’s correlation coefficient

 Bivariate-statistics type questions

The height of a plant was measured the first 8 weeks

Week x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Height (cm) y 23.5 25 26.5 27 28.5 31.5 34.5 36 37.5

1. Plot a scatter diagram.

mean point
The line of best fit
2. Use the mean point to draw a best fit 0 + 1 + 2 + ... + 8 should pass through
x̄ = = 3.56 the mean point.
line. 9
23.5 + 25 + . . . + 37.5
ȳ = = 30
9
3. Find the equation of the regression line y = 1.83x + 22.7
using GDC.

IB ACADEMY IB ACADEMY IB ACADEMY

off

on Enter
Press , got to Press menu

“Lists and X list: A [];

4: Statistics
Spreadsheets” Y list: B[];
1: Stat Calculations
1st Result
3: Linear Regression (mx+b)
Enter x -values in one Column: C[]
column (e.g A) and
y -values in another Press OK

column (e.g. B)

IB ACADEMY

So, equation of regression

line is y = 1.83x + 22.7
and Pearson’s correlation
( r -value) = 0.986

4. Comment on the result. Pearson’s correlation is r = 0.986,

which is a strong positive correlation.
 Title Property Figure
Angles centred at a point The sum of the sizes of the angles at a
point is 360o :
b°
a°
c°

a + b + c = 360
Adjacent angles on a The sum of the sizes of the angles on a line
straight line is 180o . The angles are supplementary.
a° b°

a + b = 180
Adjacent angles in a right The sum of the sizes of the angles in
angle a right angle is 90o . The angles are
complementary. b°
a°

a + b = 90
Vertically opposite angles Vertically opposite angles are equal in
size.
a°
b°

a=b
Corresponding angles When two parallel lines are cut by a
third line, then angles in corresponding
a°
positions are equal in size.
b°

a=b
Alternate angles When two parallel lines are cut by a third
line, then angles in alternate positions are a°
equal in size.
b°

a=b
Co-interior angles (also When two parallel lines are cut by a
called allied angles) third line, then co-interior angles are
a°
supplementary.
b°

a + b = 180
 Angles of a triangle The sum of the interior angles of a triangle
is 180o :
c°

a° b°

a + b + c = 180
Exterior angle of a triangle The size of the exterior angle of a triangle
is equal to the sum of the interior opposite
b°
angles.

a° c°

c=a+b
Angles of a quadrilateral The sum of the interior angles of a
quadrilateral is 360o :
b° c°

a° d°

a + b + c + d = 360

The exterior angles

The sum of the exterior angles of any polygon is always 360o .

The interior angles

The sum of the interior angles of any n-sided polygon is (n ¡ 2) £ 180o .

ANGLES OF ELEVATION AND DEPRESSION

object
The angle between the horizontal and your line of sight
is called the angle of elevation if you are looking
upwards, or the angle of depression if you are looking angle of elevation horizontal
downwards. observer
angle of depression

object