High Technology Letters ISSN NO : 1006-6748

Sidelobe reduction in an Antenna Array using natured inspired Genetic

Algorithm
Mr.D.Ramesh Varma Dr.M.Murali Dr.M.Vamshi Krishna
Research Scholar Professor Associate Professor
Centurion University of Centurion University of Centurion University of
Technology & Management, Technology & Management, Technology & Management,
Vizag, A.P, India Vizag, A.P, India Paralakhemundi, Odisha, India

Abstract: In the era of wireless communication, it is a crucial role to satisfy the stake holders.
It is very important to improve the capability in defence systems and communications. Each
block in basic block diagram of wireless communication has its importance. In wireless
communication, Antenna play a vital role. In most of the scenarios, single antenna element is
not able to serve the purpose. So, there must be some solution to it. It is “Antenna Arrays”. In
this study, the antenna array is synthesized with the help of optimization algorithm namely
Genetic algorithm. The sidelobe levels are reduced to eradicate the interference caused by the
eve’s (ear droppers). The results show that the optimization algorithm is perform well in terms
of SLL.
Keywords: Antenna Array, Genetic Algorithm, sidelobe level
I. Introduction
As we say antennas are the eyes of the world, they serve the stake holders with immense
capabilities. Antenna array synthesis is a problem of constraints. It can be solved with the help
of analytical methods. But there are too many solutions. So, it is necessary to see the possible
fitting solution. Natured inspired algorithms like genetic algorithm is a robust and it can achieve
the needs of the stake holders in the perspective of providing best communication. The
literature survey includes the general electromagnetic problems. It includes electrical
properties, geometrical properties etc.., [1-9] and also synthesizing the arrays [9-15]. The
parameters like amplitude, phase is optimized to get the optimum solution. In this era, the
optimization techniques like GA [15], PSO [16], ACO [17], BA [18]. In the literature, various
EMC applications are dealt which includes difference patterns for low sidelobe levels [19]. The
sidelobe level reduction is done with the help of cuckoo search (CS) and APSO [20]. In [21],
the first sidelobe level is reduced with the help of cuckoo search (CS) and APSO. The synthesis
of equally spaced arrays is performed with the help of CSA [22]. In this paper, the sidelobe
reduction is done with the help of genetic algorithm.
In this paper, the sidelobe level reduction is considered as optimization problem. The
organization of paper is as follows. Section II Genetic Algorithm, Section III Problem
formulation, Section IV results and section V conclusions.
II. Genetic Algorithm
Step 1: Coding the parameters
The initial step of genetic algorithm is coding the parameters. In this, first parameters are
generated.

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High Technology Letters ISSN NO : 1006-6748

Step 2: Initialization
In this step, population is initialized. Population means chromosomes. It represents a matrix of
chromosomes. In this matrix, each row provides a solution.
Step 3: Selection
Selection process includes the selection of healthy chromosomes. The healthy chromosomes
are selected based on the theory of fittest survival. The fitness function is used to select the
healthy chromosomes and thereby assigning some threshold level for sustaining the healthy
chromosomes.
Step 4: Mating
Mating process is performed among the healthiest chromosomes. There are two methods of
Mating. They are 1) Roulette Wheel 2) Tournament Selection. In roulette method, higher
chance will be there for the low-cost chromosomes. In the tournament selection, Chromosomes
groups are formed and parent is selected based on low-cost. The off-springs are formed by
mating the parents. This mating process involves two process, mutation and crossover.
Step 5: Termination
After achieving the stop criteria, termination is done.

Parameter
set

Initialization

Fitness Yes
Function
Max

No
Selection

Mating

No Fitness
Function
Max

Yes

Terminate

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High Technology Letters ISSN NO : 1006-6748

Fig.1. Process Flow of Genetic Algorithm

III. Problem Formulation
The characterization of each element in an array is performed by complex excitation which
is given as
𝐹𝑖 . 𝑒 𝑗𝜑𝑖 …………………………………………………………. Eq.1
The array factor for the number of elements in an array is given by

𝐴. 𝐹 = ∑𝑀
𝑖=1 𝐹𝑖 𝑒
𝑗(𝑛−1)2𝜋𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+𝛼
…………….…… Eq.2
Where 𝐹𝑖 is the complex excitation, d is the distance between the elements and 𝜃 is the
angle measured.
IV. Results

Fig.2. Polar plot of radiation pattern

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High Technology Letters ISSN NO : 1006-6748

Fig.3. Plotting of Array Factor

From the above two figures, it is clear that sidelobe levels are higher. This may result in
interference and it may serve for the ear droppers for the information. So, the sidelobe levels
should be reduced. This can be done with the help of optimization technique called Genetic
algorithm.

Fig.4. Polar plot of radiation pattern

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High Technology Letters ISSN NO : 1006-6748

Fig.5. Plotting of Array Factor

From the above two figures, it is clear that the sidelobe levels got reduced. The genetic
algorithm is used to achieve this performance.
Table.1: Sidelobe level in dB for each process
S.no Process SLL (dB)
1. Before Optimization -8.6
2. Before Mutation -18.4
3. After Mutation -19.2
4. After Crossover -19.9

Conclusion
In this study, the sidelobe levels are reduced with the help of nature inspired genetic algorithm.
From the results, it was clear that there is a drastic decrease in the sidelobe level of the antenna
array. Before optimization it was -8.6 and after performing it was -19.9 db.
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High Technology Letters ISSN NO : 1006-6748

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Antenna Array Synthesis Using Cuckoo Search & Accelerated Particle Swarm

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High Technology Letters ISSN NO : 1006-6748

Algorithms”, Proceedings of Springer International Conference on Micro Electronics,

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22. Vamshi Krishna., M, Raju, G.S. N., and Mishra S.,” Synthesis of Optimal Sum and
Difference Patterns using Cuckoo Search Algorithm”, 2nd International Conference on
Sustainable Computing Techniques in Engineering, Science and Management,
January 27-28,2017.

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