Session 01

Measurement and Scientific

Mathematics
SCN110 – FOUNDATION SCIENCE

Prepared by: Eng. Prasad Amarasinghe

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Unit Content
This unit will cover the following content areas:
1. Measurement and Scientific Mathematics
2. The Nature of Matter
3. Compounds
4. Reactions and equations
5. Water and Electrolytes
6. Aqueous Mixtures
7. Assignment Preparation
8. States of Matter, Thermodynamics, and Motion
9. Electromagnetics
10. Optics and Radiation
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Learning Outcomes
By the end of the unit learners will be able to:
1. Identify, analyze and synthesize the SI system of units and their metric
counterparts
2. Demonstrate cognitive and technical skills to convert and calculate in
scientific notation, applying the principles of significant figures and rounding
3. Transfer and apply theoretical concepts related to the periodic table to
demonstrate an understanding of the atomic structure, bonding and
reactivity
4. Apply formulae and equations to indicate chemical reactions
5. Identify, analyze and synthesize the components and characteristics of
water and aqueous mixtures

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6. Identify, describe and apply Newton’s Laws of Motion
7. Identify, describe and apply the theories of thermodynamics and
energy
8. Identify and describe the postulates of the Kinetic Theory of matter
and apply this to demonstrate an understanding of phase changes
9. Demonstrate cognitive skills to describe electromagnetic spectrum
wavelengths and its applications to optics
10. Demonstrate theoretical knowledge and concepts to describe
nuclear radiation and radioactivity and their applications in healthcare
11. Use initiative and judgement to apply critical thinking to the
understanding of scientific principles
12. Demonstrate proficiency in the use of scientific calculators for
cross-checking manual calculations
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Assessment Information

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Unit Resources
Required Text
• Hewitt, P. G., Lyons, S. A., Suchocki, J. A., & Yeh, J. (2013). Conceptual
Integrated Science. (2nd ed). Redwood City, CA: Pearson
Additional Texts
• Cree, L., & Rischmiller, S. (2001). Science in Nursing. (4th ed.). Sydney, NSW:
Harcourt
• Grellier, J., & Goerke, V. (2014). Communications Toolkit. (3rd ed.). South
Melbourne, VIC: Cengage Learning Australia
• James, J., Baker, C., & Swain, H. (2002). Principles of Science for Nurses.
Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science
• Strube, P. (2007). Bodyworks. Physics and Chemistry for Nurses. (4th ed.).
Frenchs Forest, NSW: Pearson Education
• Tillery, B. W., Enger, E. D, & Ross, F. C. (2013). Integrated Science. (6th ed.).
New York, NY: McGraw Hill Education
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What is science
Science is the pursuit and application of knowledge and understanding
of the natural and social world following a systematic methodology
based on evidence.

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A Brief History of Advances in Science
You wonder "How did that happen?" when a light in your room goes out.
• You could check to see whether the lamp is plugged in,
• If the bulb is burned out, or if there have been any power outages in
the nearby residences.
• You are trying to determine what events lead to what results by
looking for cause-and-effect linkages.
• you are searching for cause-and-effect relationships—trying to find
out what events cause what results.
• This type of thinking is rational thinking, applied to the physical world.
It is basic to science

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A Brief History of Advances in Science
• The ancient Greeks used logic and rational thought in a systematic
way to investigate the world around them and make many scientific
discoveries.
• They learned that Earth is round and determined its circumference.
• They discovered why things float and learned that the apparent
motion of the stars throughout the night is due to the rotation of
Earth.
• The Chinese and Polynesians were charting the stars and the planets
• Arab nations developed mathematics and learned to make glass,
paper, metals, and certain chemicals.

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A Brief History of Advances in Science
• Up until the sixteenth century, most people thought Earth was the
center of the universe.
• They thought that the Sun circled the stationary Earth.
• Nicolaus Copernicus quietly published a book proposing that the Sun
is stationary and Earth revolves around it.
• Modern science began in the sixteenth century when the Italian
physicist Galileo Galilei revived the Copernican view.
• Galileo was arrested for popularizing the Copernican theory and for
his other contributions to scientific thought.
• But a century later, his ideas and those of Copernicus were accepted
by most educated people.
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Mathematics and Conceptual Integrated Science
• Pure mathematics is different from science. Math studies relationships
among numbers.
The direct proportion:
• If you’re paid by the hour, the longer you work, the more money you make.

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Mathematics and Conceptual Integrated Science
The inverse proportion:
Some quantities are related to one another so that as one increases,
the other decreases.
The more time you spend playing video games, the less time you have
for homework.
The more money you spend, the less you have in the bank.

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Mathematics and Conceptual Integrated Science
• For a proportional relation to be stated as an equation, the numbers
and units on both sides must be the same
• We can state a direct or indirect proportion as an exact equation by
inserting a proportionality constant, k, into the relation.
• For example, consider Hooke’s Law. Hooke’s Law tells us about springs
and other stretchy, elastic objects
F~x
where F is your pulling force and x is the distance the spring is
stretched beyond its resting length

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• We convert Hooke’s Law to an equation by inserting k into the
relation.

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Problems
1. Newton’s Law of Cooling tells us that the rate of cooling of an object
(R) is approximately equal to the temperature difference between
the object and its surroundings( ∆T). This law is expressed like this:
R~ ∆T . What type of mathematical relation is this?

2. A certain spring has a spring constant of 3 N/cm. What size force is

needed to stretch this spring 4 cm past its resting length?

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Why measurements are important?

The action of measuring anything, or a certain number of objects, is a

measurement.

• We can take decisions based on the measurements

• We can analyze data if we have measured values
• We can compare objectives or things based on the measurements

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Measurement and Unit Conversion
Two major systems of measurement prevail in the world today
1. The United States Customary System (USCS, formerly called the
British system of units)

2. The System International (SI) (known also as the international system

and as the metric system),

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United States Customary System
• Everyone in the United States is familiar with the USCS, which is
based on the British Imperial System.
• It uses the foot as the unit of length, and the pound as the unit of
weight or force.
• The international system is currently replacing the USCS quickly in
science and technology.

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Systems International
• During the 1960 International Conference on Weights and Measures
held in Paris, the SI units were defined and given status.

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Conversions Between Different Units of Length

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Meter(m)
The standard of the length of the metric system.
Kilogram
• The standard unit of mass, the kilogram, is a block of platinum, also
preserved at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures
located in France.
• The kilogram equals 1000 grams

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Second
• The official unit of time for both the USCS and the SI is the second.
• Until 1956, it was defined in terms of the mean solar day, which was
divided into 24 hours.
• Each hour was divided into 60 minutes and each minute into 60
seconds

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Newton
One newton is the force required to accelerate 1 kilogram at 1 meter
per second per second.

Joule
One joule is equal to the amount of work done by a force of 1 newton
acting over a distance of 1 meter.
In 1948, the joule was adopted as the unit of energy by the
International Conference on Weights and Measures

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Ampere
The ampere is defined as the intensity of the constant electric current.
Kelvin
The fundamental unit of temperature is named after the scientist
William Thomson, Lord Kelvin.
The temperature of melting ice at atmospheric pressure is 273.15 K.
Area
The unit of area is a square that has a standard unit of length as a side.
In the USCS, it is a square with sides that are each 1 foot in length,
called 1 square foot and written 1 ft2.
In the international system, it is a square with sides that are 1 meter in
length, which makes a unit of area of 1 m2
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Volume
The volume of an object refers to the space it occupies.
The unit of volume is the space taken up by a cube that has a standard
unit of length for its edge.

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Unit Conversion
In science, conversion from one unit to another is frequently
necessary, especially in a lab setting.
Simply multiply the specified amount by the proper conversion factor
to achieve this.
Suppose you measured an item to be 60 centimeters in length. You can
convert this measurement to meters by multiplying it by the conversion
factor that allows you to cancel centimeters.
Convert 60 centimeters to meters.

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Unit Conversion
Multiply each physical quantity by the appropriate conversion factor to
find its numerical value in the new unit indicated
a. 7320 grams to kilograms Answers
b. 235 kilograms to pounds a. 7.32 kg
c. 2.61 miles to kilometers b. 518 lb
c. 4.20 km
d. 100 calories to kilocalories d. 0.1 kcal

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 Thank you…
Q&A

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