AI SL

Class notes 01
Background knowledge

Time duration: 4 weeks

Tel: +962 79 9577771 P.O.Box 1412 Amman 11118 Jordan

www.mashrek.edu.jo [email protected]
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Objectives covered:

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Contents

Number sets.................................................................................................................................................................. 6
Set notation .................................................................................................................................................................. 8
Algebraic simplification............................................................................................................................................... 11
Formula rearrangement ............................................................................................................................................. 12
Linear equations and inequalities ............................................................................................................................... 13
System of linear equations (simultaneous equations) ............................................................................................... 14
Quadratic equations ................................................................................................................................................... 16
Solving equations by graphing .................................................................................................................................... 18
Modulus (Absolute value) ........................................................................................................................................... 19
Ratio ............................................................................................................................................................................ 21
Rate ............................................................................................................................................................................. 23
Direct and inverse variation........................................................................................................................................ 24
Percentages ................................................................................................................................................................ 29
Approximations and error .......................................................................................................................................... 33
Measurements and bounds ........................................................................................................................................ 39
Exponents and logarithms .......................................................................................................................................... 43
Standard form ............................................................................................................................................................. 47
SI units of measurement ............................................................................................................................................. 50

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Number sets

All natural numbers, integers, terminating and recurring decimals can be written as a
quotient of two integers, therefore, they are rational numbers.

• Any number that can’t be written as a quotient of two integers is an

irrational number ℚ′. Examples: √5 , 𝜋 , 1.11121314 ….

• The set of rational numbers together with the set of irrational

numbers complete the number line and form the set of real numbers,
ℝ.

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Q1: The Venn diagram shows the number sets ℕ, ℤ, ℚ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℝ. Place each of
the following numbers in the appropriate region of the Venn diagram.
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√49, √−8, – 3, 𝜋, 𝑐𝑜𝑠 120°, 2.7 × 103 , 3.4 × 10−2

Q2: Complete the following table by placing a tick in the appropriate box
if the number is an element of the set.

1
0. 3̇ 2𝜋 3 5 √2 −7
2
ℕ

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Set notation

Example:
{𝑥| − 3 < 𝑥 < 5, 𝑥 ∈ ℤ } reads “the set of all integers 𝑥 such that 𝑥 lies between -3 and 5”

We represent this set on a number line as:

Example:
{𝑥| − 2 ≤ 𝑥 < 4, 𝑥 ∈ ℝ} reads “the set of all values of 𝑥 such that 𝑥 is greater than or
equal to -2 and less than 4, 𝑥 is real”

We represent this set on a number line as:

We commonly write {𝑥| − 2 ≤ 𝑥 < 4} in which case we assume that 𝑥 ∈ ℝ.

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Question 1:

Question 2:

Write in set notaion

a) The set of all integers between -100 and 100

b) The set of all real numbers greater than 600

c) The set of all rational numbers between 2 and 3 inclusive.

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d)

e)

f)

g)

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Algebraic simplification

Question 3:

Question 4:

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Question 5:

Formula rearrangement
We can rearrange the formula to make one of the other variables the subject. We do
this using the usual rules for solving equations. Whatever we do to one side of the
equation we must also do to the other side.

Question 6:

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Linear equations and inequalities

GDC: Solving linear equations

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Question 7:

System of linear equations (simultaneous equations)

❖ To able to solve a system of equation, we need at least as many equations as
there are unknowns.

GDC: Simultaneous equations

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Question 8:

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Quadratic equations

GDC: Quadratic equations

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Question 9:

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Solving equations by graphing
Step 1: Let y be equal to the expressions on both sides of the equal sign (RHS and LHS).

Step 2: Graph the two functions that were created.

Step 3: The x coordinate of the point(s) where the graphs of the functions intersect will
be the solution(s) to the equation. If one side of the equation is zero, then the solution
is the x-intercept of the other side of the equation.

GDC: Solving equations by graphing

Important notes:
• If an equation has more than one solution, solving equation by graphing is the
best method. Since, SOLVER finds one solution only.

• A sketch showing the point of intersection is required when solving equations by

graphing.

Question 10:

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Modulus (Absolute value)
Geometric definition:

Algebraic definition:

Modulus equation:

GDC: inserting modulus sign

OPTN-NUMERIC-Abs or MATH-Abs from Run-Matrix

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Question 11:

If 𝑥 = −4, find the value of:

a) |𝑥 − 6| b) |𝑥 + 6| c) |2𝑥 + 3|+5

d) |6𝑥 − 𝑥 2 | |𝑥| f) |𝑥|-5

e)
𝑥+2

Question 12:

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Ratio
A ratio is an ordered comparison of quantities of the same kind.

Question 13:

Write as a ratio in simplest form:

a) $2 is to 50 cents b) 500 mL is to 2 L c) 800 m is to 1.5 km

d) 18: 24 1 1
e) 2 2 : 1 2 f) 0.5: 0.2

Question 14:

A fortune of $800 000 is to be divided in the ratio 3 : 7. What is the larger share?

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Question 15:

The price of a TV is reduced from $500 to $400. A DVD player costing $1250 is
reduced in the same ratio as the TV. What does the DVD player sell for?

Question 16:

One full glass contains vinegar and water in the ratio 1 : 3. Another glass with twice the
capacity of the first has vinegar and water in the ratio 1 : 4. If the contents of both
glasses are mixed together, what is the ratio of vinegar to water?

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Rate

Question 17:

Question 18:

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Direct and inverse variation

Direct proportion
Two variables are directly proportional if multiplying one of them by a number results
in the other one being multiplied by the same number.

Question 19:

Which of the following graphs indicate that 𝑦 is directly proportional to 𝑥?

Question 20:

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Question 21:

Question 22:

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Question 23:

Question 24:

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Inverse proportion

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Question 25:

Question 26:

Question 27:

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Percentages
We use percentages to compare an amount with a whole which we call 100%. % reads
“per cent” which is short for per centum. Loosely translated from Latin, per cent means
in every hundred.

Question 28:

Convert the following into percentages:

a) 0.25 b) 1.02 c)
3 1
d) 3 8
5

Question 29:

Express as decimal:

a) 35% b) 167% c) 0.96% d) 63.5%

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OCN is a simple method that is used to solve all cases of percentage change problems
including:

finding new amount

finding original amount

finding the percentage change

Example: a jacket costing JD40 is reduced in price by 20%. Find the new price of the
jacket.

Example: after a sale of 20% the price of a jacket is JD40. Find the original price of the
jacket.

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Question 30:

A used car firm pays $6000 for a car, but, because of financial difficulties, has to sell it
immediately and receives only $4920 for the sale. Find the percentage loss incurred.

Question 31:

A builder buys timber worth $4800 but is given a 12% discount. What does he pay for
the timber?

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Question 32:

When a car priced at $14 200 is bought, a further 10% must be added for tax. What is
the selling price of the car?

Question 33:

A retailer sells a microwave oven for $640. This is a 25% profit on the cost price. How
much did the retailer pay for the microwave oven?

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Approximations and error

Rules for rounding

• If the digit after the one that is being rounded (to the right) is less than 5 then
keep the rounded digit unchanged and change all the remaining digits to the
right of this to 0.

• If the digit after the one that is being rounded (to the right) is 5 or more then
add 1 to the rounded digit and change all remaining digits to the right of this to
0.

❖ Nearest unit can be written nearest whole number or nearest integer.

Question 34:

Complete the following table by rounding as indicated:

Correct to the
10 016.01 2109.8 358.3 23.6
nearest:
Unit/one/whole
number/integer

10

100

1000

Question 35:

write down a number that correct to the nearest 100 is 200

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Rounding rules for decimals

• If the digit after the one that is being rounded is less than 5 keep the rounded
digit unchanged and delete all the following digits.

• If the digit after the one that is being rounded is 5 or more then add 1 to the
rounded digit and delete all the following digits.

Correct to: To the nearest:

One decimal place Tenth
Two decimal places Hundredth
Three decimal places Thousandth

Question 36:

Complete the following table by rounding as indicated:

Correct to
45.6772 3.9001 0.0236 10.0021
the nearest:

1 dp.

2 dp.

Thousandth

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The number of significant figures in a result is the number of figures that are known
with some degree of reliability.

Rules for significant figures:

• All non-zero digits are significant.
• Zeros between non-zero digits are significant.
• Zeros to the left of the first non-zero digit are not significant.
• Zeros placed after other digits but to the right of the decimal point are
significant.

Rounding rules for significant figures

• If the (𝑛 + 1)th figure is less than 5 then keep the nth figure unchanged.
• If the (𝑛 + 1)th figure is 5 or more then add 1 to this figure.
• In both cases all the figures to the right of figure n should be deleted if they are
to the right of the decimal point and should be replaced by zeros if they are to
the left of the decimal point.

Question 37:

Complete the following table by rounding as indicated:

Correct to: 355.2 2109.8 0.004007 10 410

1 sf.

2 sf.

3 sf.

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To estimate the answer to a calculation, round all the numbers involved to 1 sf first,
then perform the required operation(s).

Question 38:

Estimate:
a) 298 × 10.75

123
b)
12.1

c) √108

The difference between an estimated or approximated value and the exact value is
called the error:
𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐸

where 𝑉𝐴 is the approximated value and 𝑉𝐸 is the exact value.

𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐸
𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = | | × 100%
𝑉𝐸

❖ Do not use % sign on you calculator when you calulate the percentage error.

❖ The absolute value of a number |𝑥| is the numerical part of the number without
its sign.

❖ Remember that the absolute value of a number is always greater than or equal to
zero but never negative.

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Question 39:

Let 𝑎 = 5.2 and 𝑏 = 4.7.

a) Find the exact value of 3𝑎 + 𝑏 3 .

Lana estimates that the answer to part a is 140.

b) Find the percentage error made by Lana in her estimation.

Question 40:
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The fraction 7 is often used as an approximation for 𝜋. Find the percentage error for
this approximation, give your answer correct to 2 decimal places.

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Question 41:

3 2
A shipping container is a cuboid with dimensions 16 m, 1 m and 2 m.
4 3

(a) Calculate the exact volume of the container. Give your answer as a
fraction.

Jim estimates the dimensions of the container as 15 m, 2 m and 3 m and

uses these to estimate the volume of the container.

(b) Calculate the percentage error in Jim’s estimated volume of the

container.

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Measurements and bounds

Measurement is approximate.

A length of 145cm to the nearest cm could be anything from 144.5cm to

145.4999…cm.

Clearly 145.4999… is effectively 145.5 and we say the upper bound is 145.5. The
lower bound is 144.5.

As an inequality we can write 144.5 ≤ 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ < 145.5

The left and the right ends of an interval in which an exact value of a measurement
lies are respectively called the lower bound and the upper bound.

The lower bound and the upper bound are half a unit below and above a rounded value
of a measurement. Thus, the upper bound is calculated as the rounded measurement
+ 0.5 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡, and the lower bound is found as the rounded measurement − 0.5 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡.

When combining upper and lower bounds, it is necessary to work out how the
measurements relate to one another.

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Question 42:

If 𝑎 = 3.1 and 𝑏 = 7.3, correct to 1 decimal place, find the largest and lowest possible
value of:

a) 𝑎 + 𝑏

b) 𝑏 − 𝑎

c) 𝑎𝑏

𝑎
d)
𝑏

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Question 43:

A cook’s weighing scales weigh to the nearest 0.1 kg. Write down an inequality for all
possible weights of a chicken which she weighs at 3.2 kg

Question 44:

Crates are being loaded onto a pallet for lifting by a crane. The maximum weight the
crane can lift is 1000kg. Each crate weighs 85kg, to the nearest kg. What is the
maximum number of crates to go on the pallet?

Question 45:

Two friends measure a different worm and they both say that their worm is 11 cm long
to the nearest cm. Does this mean that both worms are the same length? If not, what is
the maximum possible difference in the length of the two worms?

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Question 46:

The dimensions of a photo are 6 cm and 9 cm to the nearest cm.

a) Find the minimum possible perimeter of the photo.

b) Find the maximum possible area of the photo.

Question 47:

𝑥 = 2 hours correct to the nearest hour. Write down an inequality for all possible values
of 𝑥. Give your answer in:

a) Hours and minutes

b) Minutes

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Question 48:

𝑥 = 95 hours correct to the nearest 5 hour. Write down an inequality for all possible
values of 𝑥.

Exponents and logarithms

Laws of exponents for 𝑚, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ

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Question 49:

Simplify

a) 5𝑠 2 𝑡 × 4𝑡 3 (𝑘 4 )5 24𝑚2 𝑛4 𝑚2 𝑛4
b) c) d)
𝑘 3 ×𝑘 6 6𝑚2 𝑛 𝑚2 ÷𝑚5

Question 50:

Write in simplest form without brackets.

5𝑎 0 −4𝑎3
2
c) (−2𝑚3 𝑛4 )2 −3𝑎2
3
a) ( 𝑏 ) b) ( ) d) ( )
𝑏 𝑏3

We can rewrite exponent form in logarithmic form as follows:

Exponent form Logarithmic form

𝑎𝑏 = 𝑐 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑐 = 𝑏

We use 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 to represent 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥, and call 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 the natural logarithm of 𝑥.

If no base is indicated we assume it means base 10. 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎 means 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑎.

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Question 51:

Question 52:

Question 56:

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Question 57:

Question 58:

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Question 59:

Standard form

A number is written in standard form if it is in the form 𝑎 × 10𝑘 where

1 ≤ 𝑎 < 10 and 𝑘 ∈ ℤ .

GDC: Standard form

To put the display in scientific notation mode:

[SHIFT] [MENU] (SETUP) - (display) - (Sci) (number of significant figures)

To put the display in normal mode:

[SHIFT] [MENU] (SETUP) - (display) - (Norm)

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Question 60:

complete the following table:

Written in standard The value The value

form (yes/no) of 𝑎 of 𝑘

2.5 × 10−3

3.54 × 101.5

102

0.15 × 10−4

Question 61:

If 𝑥 = 3.1 × 104 and 𝑦 = 2.4 × 10−7 , calculate the values of the following, expressing
your answers in the form 𝑎 × 10𝑘 where 1 ≤ 𝑎 < 10 and 𝑘 ∈ ℤ .

a) 𝑥 2

𝑥
b) 𝑦

c) 2𝑥 − 3𝑦

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Question 62:

Given 𝑥 = 2.6 × 104 and 𝑦 = 5.0 × 10−8 .

a) Calculate the value of 𝑤 = 𝑥 × 𝑦. Give your answer in the form
𝑎 × 10𝑘 where 1 ≤ 𝑎 < 10 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 ∈ ℤ.

b) Which two of the following statements about the nature of x, y and w above
are incorrect?

i. 𝑥 ∈ ℕ

ii. 𝑦 ∈ ℤ

iii. 𝑦 ∈ ℚ

iv. 𝑤 < 𝑦

v. 𝑥 + 𝑦 ∈ ℝ

1
vi. 𝑤
<𝑥

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SI units of measurement

The most common SI base units used are m, kg and s, and derived units are m2
(area), m3 (volume), 𝑘𝑚 ℎ−1 (velocity), 𝑘𝑔 𝑚−3 (density).

To avoid writing very small or very large quantities we use prefix names and prefix
symbols.

Factor Prefix Symbol Factor Prefix Symbol

103 kilo k 10−3 milli m
102 hector h 10−2 centi c
101 deca da 10−1 deci d

Area and volume SI units

1 𝑚2 = 1𝑚 × 1𝑚 = 100𝑐𝑚 × 100𝑐𝑚 = 10,000𝑐𝑚2

1 𝑚3 = 1𝑚 × 1𝑚 × 1𝑚 = 100𝑐𝑚 × 100𝑐𝑚 × 100𝑐𝑚 = 1,000,000𝑐𝑚3

There are some units that are non-SI units but are accepted for use with the SI because
they are widely used in everyday life, for example, 𝑚𝑖𝑛, ℎ, 𝑙.

There are three temperature scales: kelvin (K), Celsius (℃) and Fahrenheit (℉).

GDC: Unit conversion

([OPTN] [F6] [F1])

Important: conversion software will be deleted when the calculator is reset.

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Question 63:

Jenny has a circular cylinder with a lid. The cylinder has height 39 cm and diameter 65
mm. Calculate the volume of the cylinder in cm3. Give your answer correct to two
decimal places. (𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ)

Question 64:

Convert 0.001673 litres to millilitres (ml). Give your answer to the nearest ml.

Question 65:

A field is 91.4 m long and 68.5 m wide.

(a) Calculate the area of the field in m2.

(b) Calculate the area of the field in cm2.

(c) Express your answer to (b) in the form 𝑎 × 10𝑘 where 1 ≤ 𝑎 < 10 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 ∈
ℤ.

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Question 66:

The speed of sound in air is given as 300 𝑚𝑠 −1

(a) How many meters does sound travel in air in one hour?

(b) Express your answer to part (a)

(i) correct to two significant figures;

(ii) in the form 𝑎 × 10𝑘 where 1 ≤ 𝑎 < 10 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 ∈ ℤ.

Question 67:

Convert 3 days 1 hours 13 minutes into minutes.

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Question 68:

Mohammad caught the 7:54 am train, arriving the station at 8:47 am. Then walked 16
minutes to work.
i. How long was the train journey?

ii. At what time did he arrive at work?

Question 69:
1
I left for school 1 4 hours after I woke up. If I left at 7:05 am, at what time did I wake up?

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Question 70:

Convert:

i. $12 per hour into cents per minute.

ii. 30 mL per second into litres per hour.

iii. $2.73 per gram into dollars per kilogram.

iv. 1 birth every 10 minutes into births per year.

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