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Opt mal Gu des of Bu Id ng up Knowecge in
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 CONTENTS

UNIT 01 UNIT 05 UNIT 09 UNIT 13

r ■ ~',~~A-
i •,I~,;

■-L
' ~
, 1\,- . '
Battle of the Brands 7 Your First International Trip 39 What the Weather 71 The Legend of Psyche 103
Business I Advertising Tourism ITravel Will Be Like Tomorrow Etymology I Myth
Earth Science I Weather

UNIT 02 UNIT 06 UNIT 10 UNIT 14

3-0 Printing 15 Alex's Lemonade Stand 47 Time Travel 79 Iceland Rising 111
EngineeringITechnology Social Work I Charity Science I Physics EnvironmentologyI Geography

UNIT 03 UNIT 07 UNIT 11 UNIT 15

.
.
-

What Your Body Says 23 Weird Laws 55 Curitiba 87 Zombie Lady Beetle, 119
Linguistics I Body Language Law I Global Culture EnvironmentologyI Eco-city a Living Incubator
Natural Science I Biology

UNIT 04 UNIT OS UNIT 12 UNIT 16

Michelin Stars 31 Oil Wealth of the UAE 63 The Monarchies of Today 95 Placebo Effects 127
Business I Cooking Economics I Oil Wealth Politics I Government Medical Science I Psychology

4 Contents • 5
 ADVERTISING

02 ,)

available
syn accessible
adj. □ revenge
s-.n. retaliation
n. □
A Write the correct words in the blanks, using the synonyms as clues .• GJ
open and ready for use or service action taken in return for an injury or
offense 1 ____________ camouflage

2 ____________ competition
detergent n. □
a cleansing agent that differs from soap bullyn. □ 3 faithful
svr tough ------------
a cruel and brutaI fellow 4 accessible
------------
loyal adj. □

am
sy1 faithful
firm in faithfulness or duty postv. □
to display in a public place
B Complete the sentences with the words in the box. Change forms if necessary.

engage in phrasal v. □
syn pursue cheeky adj. □
to carry out or participate in an activity sy1 imprudent detergent engage caption wittiness
offensively bold revenge bully cheeky feud

rivalry n. □
syn competition feud n. □ Companies _______ in an advertising war.
1
the act of competing as for profit or a svn dispute
pnze a prolonged quarrel
2 The _______ read, "We wish you a scary Halloween!"

3 A little boy got bis McDonald's lunch stolen by school ______ _

caption n. □ charm n. □
syn legend sy1· appeal
4 McDonald's decided to take ______ _
brief description accompanying an attractiveness that interests or pleases
illustration
5 Your mother only uses one brand of ______ _

wittiness n. □ 6 Battles of brands are actually friendly _______ meant to entertain the
disguisen. □ syi humor
1

syn camouflage a message whose verbal skill has the customers.

the act of hiding the identity of power to bring laughter
something by modifying its appearance 7 It's the charm and _______ that wins over customers.

8 Each side produces their own _______ billboards.

8 Unit 1 • 9
 - . "8£CSl'Ng
Ol\.1£1 CATEGORIZING DETAILS
Figure out how rival brands handled the
advertising battles.

There are many goods available, but people often prefer Sometimes, fans also get involved in advertisement battles.
one or two brands. Maybe you have a friend who only eats One day, Audi put up a billboard of their new A4. Below was
KFC burgers, or your mother only uses one brand of detergent. a line that read_,"Your Move, BMW." Several days later, BMW
To gain this type of loyal customer, companies engage in an posted a billboard of their own, with a picture of their
advertising war called the battle of the brands. M3. Their headline read, "Checkmate." This began
a series of "photoshop battles" within the Internet
An example is the century-old rivalry between Coke and community, with each side producing their own
Pepsi. One famous battle involved a Halloween ad designed cheeky billboards.
BMWM3
by Pepsi. It showed a can of Pepsi wearing a Coke "costume."
The caption read, "We wish you a scary Halloween!" Coke This type of rivalry is called a "battle," but they are Nike and Adidas, two of the
world's largest sportswear
responded with the exact same ad but a different caption: actually friendly feuds meant to entertain the consumers. It's giants, are at the center of
brand battles as well. As
"Everybody wants to be a hero." the charm and wittiness that wins over customers. This is the
sponsors for the World Cup,
power of advertising. their commercial strategies
are especially maximized
There is also the ''Burger War" between Burger King and every four years to make a
McDonald's. Burger King's 2002 ad showed Ronald l'vkDonald real impact.

in disguise, standing in line to buy a burger. In the ad, even

Ronald McDonald preferred the taste of Burger King burgers!
McDonald's decided to take revenge. Their ad showed a little _
boy getting his McDonald's lunch stolen by school bullies. The P-op Quiz
next day, he hid his McDonald's lunch inside a According to the 2 nd paragraph, Coke used Pepsi's original ad and
Burger King bag because even the bullies didn't changed the caption to make Coke look like _____ _
want Burger King meals.

10 Unit1•11
 ADVERTISING

A Write TTI\Je or FFalse according to the passage . • m T1uf' or raise

5 What happened after BMW and Audi's billboard battle?
a. One company ended up gaining more fans.
1 ____ Audi put up a billboard with their newest model to challenge BMW. b. One fan filed a lawsuit for copyright violation.
c. The billboard battles caused fights in real life.
2 ____ The "Cola Wars" have been ongoing for a hundred years. d. Fans kept up the battle with photoshopped images.

3 ____ McDonald's commercial is not related to bullying indeed. 6 ·what did Coca-Cola mean by "Everybody wants to be a hero''?
a. Coke is more popular than Pepsi on Halloweens.
b. People love to dress up as superheroes.
c. They wanted to show their Halloween design.
B Choose the best answers . • G) d. Pepsi's dream to be a hero is not likely to come true.
Understm1d·ng 1otalls

1 What is the main idea oftl1e passage?

a.
b.
c.
Brand battles affect sales volume.
Only major brands get into advertising wars.
Ads from brand battles attract more attention.
C Rewrite the sentences, emphasizing the underlined part with the "It- that" •
form.
m
Fecus on Sentences
d. Rival brands often have billboard battles.

The charm and wittiness wins over customers.

2 How did Pepsi start the battle with Coca-Cola?
➔ It is the charm and wittiness that wins over customers.
a. Their ad said Pepsi tasted better than Coke.
b. Their can had a Coke Halloween "costume."
c. They made their cans similar to the Coke cans.
d. They changed the caption on Coke's ad. 1 Alaska became a state of America in 1959.

3 According to the passage, what did Burger King's 2002 ad intend to show? ➔
a. their new sales promotion events
b. their campaign to stop bullying in schools
c. their burgers' great taste that even rivals love
d. a day when restaurants cook their best burgers
2 Obesity is linked to the development of type 2 diabetes.
4 What was shown in the McDonald's TV commercial?
➔
a. their mascot returning to McDonald's in sadness
b. a boy hiding his lunch in a Burger King bag
c. Ronald McDonald sneaking into Burger King
d. bullies stealing a boy's Burger King lunch bag

12 Unil1•13
 3-D Printing
Find which paragraph each key phrase belongs to and write the paragraph
number in the box. Then fill in the blanks with the correct words and choose (A)
or (B) to complete the summary. Befo You Read
What is e most impressive high-tech product around you?
What w(}uldyou like to make if you had a 3-D printer?
0 What the Burger War is
0 What brand "battles" truly mean
0 What Coke and Pepsi created during the "Cola Wars''
0 What the battle of the brands is for
0 Consumers' participation in brand battles

The battle of the brands is an interesting way to show the power of

________ . One classic battle is the battle between Coke and Pepsi.
When Pepsi displayed Coke's can design as a scary _______ _
costume, Coke described their famous red design as a _______ _
costume. Another example is the battle between McDonald's and Burger King.
Their TV commercials went back and forth, each focusing on the superior
________ of their burgers. ________ also joined in the
battles by creating their own images of BMW and Audi
billboards. The battles between brands sometimes hurt and offend, (A) but it is
an entertaining way for companies to attract buyers. (B) so it is a risky way to
earn the trust of future buyers.

superhero's quality photoshopped

advertising Halloween fans

14
 04 r...1

geniusn.
svn brains
D ethical adj.
conforming to accepted standards of
D
A Match the words with the synonyms .• m
someone who has unusual mental
ability
social behavior
1 operation • • sinful

tissue n. □
2 gemus
• • surgery

□
enemyn.
svn. foe
part of an organism consisting of cells
having a similar structure
3 wicked
• • brains
any hostile group of people 4 fascinating
• • captivating

organn. □
fascinating
«yr' captivating
adj.

capable of capturing interest

□ a grouping of tissues into a distinct
structure
B Complete the sentences with the words in the box. Change forms if necessary.
am
wicked adj. D
virtual adj. D svr'. sinful access virtual fascinating satellite
syn computer-generated morally bad in principle or practice ethical layer organ dimensional
not physically existing but made by
software to appear to do so
illegal adj. D 1 People will have more _______ to 3-D printing equipment.
prohibited by law or by official rules
layern. □
a relatively thin sheet-like region lying 2 The UK Space Agency recently used 3-D printed parts for their ______ _
over or under another
dimensional adj. □ 3 This amazing technology is also causing _______ and political debates.
of or relating to length or height
4 Millions of people went to see the _______ Ironman suit.
operation n. □
,;yr surgery
a medical procedure performed to cure access n. □ 5 First, a digital artist makes a _______ model of the suit.
a disease svr admission
the right to enter 6 Three- _______ printing technology is not available to everyone right now.

7 The 3-D modeling software then changes the image into many ______ _
satellite n. □
any celestial body orbiting around a
planet or star 8 Bio-printers use bio-ink to print and create human tissues and ______ _

16 Unit2·17
 FINDING DETAILS TECHNOLOGY

Find details about the good and bad aspects

@os of 3-D printing technology.

However, this amazing technology is also causing ethical

and political debates. For instance, bio-printers use *bio-ink

3-0 PRIHT/0/i to print and create human tissues and organs. In addition, 3-D
printers can be used for wicked purposes, such as the mass
production of illegal guns or dangerous drugs.
In the movie Iron Man, Tony Stark is a genius who builds a 3-D Printer
super-powered suit. He wears the suit and fights his enemies Three-dimensional printing technology is not available
to make the world a safer place. Millions of people went to everyone right now. But in the near future, people will have
to see the fascinating Ironman suit, as well as to watch more access to 3-D printing equipment. Experts fear that when
the exciting movie. But how was the suit created? Was that happens, this technology might fall into the wrong hands.
it all CGI? No! In fact, the crime-fighting costume was On the plus side, this new field will also introduce amazing
made with 3-D printing technology. innovations in science, medicine, and the arts.

How does a 3-D printer create the "bio-ink: a material made from living cells that behaves much like a liquid, allowing people
to "print" it and create a desired shape
Ironman suit? First, a digital artist makes a
virtual model of the suit. The 3-D modeling
software then changes the image into many
layers. Once the file is uploaded to the
printer, the machine prints the layers on
top of each other. When it's done, we
have a finished 3-D object before
us!
In September 2014, SpaceX sent the first zero-gravity 3-D
printer to the lnternatlonal Space Station. This allowed
People are excited about astronauts to print broken parts and tools on-site by using
the 3-D printer. Previously. they had relied on rockets to
3-D printing because of its receivepre-manufactureditems.
endless possibilities. This technology
can use silver, steel, wax, or plastics to print objects.
Pop Quiz
But that's not all! It can also be used in the medical
and space industries. For example, doctors can practice Find the appropriate word for the blank in the 3 rd paragraph:
a difficult operation on a 3-D copy of the patient's skull 3-D printing has positive and negative _______ at the
same time.
before the actual operation. Furthermore, the UK Space
Agency recently used 3-D printed parts for their satellites.

18 Unit2•19
 TECHNOLOGY

A Write Trrue or FFalseaccording to the passage . • m True or False

5 Which political issue might arise from 3-D printing technology?
a. People will rely on 3-D printers a lot more.
1 Scientists have started using 3-D printed organs in hospitals. b. Owners of 3-D printers will print unsafe cars.
c. People will work at home instead of an office.
2 Safety is a major issue with 3-D printing technology. d. Nations will lose control over gun possession.

3 The film industry uses 3-D printing technology. 6 \,\,'hat can be inferred from the passage?
a. Anyone can produce objects with 3-D printers.
b. People want to use 3-D printers for all movie gadgets.

B Choose the best answers . • m Understand ng Dct:;;1is

c.
d.
3-D printers can make useful parts for many science fields.
It is cheaper than using traditional 2-D printers.

1 V\lhich best states the main idea of the passage?

a.
b.
the
the
unlimited future of 3-D printers
growing industry of 3-D printers C Rewrite the sentences, using the preposition "in addition to" in place of "as well.
as."
m
c. the dangers of 3-D printers
~ocus 011 Sen!ences
d. the pros and cons of 3-D printers

Millions of people went to see the fascinating Ironman suit, as well as to

2 According to the passage, how does a 3-D printer work?
watch the exciting movie.
a. It makes an object by putting layers over each other.
➔ In addition to watching the exciting movie, millions of people went to
b. It works just like normal 2-D printers used today.
c. The printer and the software work separately. see the fascinating Ironman suit.
d. It prints a photo of the 3-D virtual object.

3 Which is NOT mentioned as a good aspect of 3-D printing technology? 1 The faculty unit includes librarians and counselors, as well as full-time faculty
members.
a. It can use different materials to create objects.
b. It can print out parts for the world's satellites.
➔
c. The price of 3-D printers will get lower.
d. It can help doctors prepare for operations. the faculty unit includes librarians and counselors.

4 Which is an issue regarding 3-D printing technology?

a. the debate on international copyright issues 2 You need to upload the form) as well as a recent passport photo.
b. the debate on the ethics of printing body parts
c. the debate on whether 2-D printers are better ➔
d. the debate on printer companies closing down you need to upload the form.

20 Unit 2 • 21
 What Your Body Says
Find which paragraph each key phrase belongs to and write the paragraph
number in the box. Then fill in the blanks with the correct words and choose (A)
or (B) to complete the summary.
ore You ~
How can you notice the feelings of others without
communication? .1c
0 The expectations of 3-D printing technology
0 The usefulness of 3-D printing
0 The use of 3-D printing technology in the film Iron Man
0 How 3-D printers work
0 The concerns about the use of 3-D printers

Three-dimensional printing is one of today's most exciting technologies.

It has been used in the film industry to make films more _______ _
First, an artist designs a virtual model of a 3-D object with a computer. Then
special ________ changes the design into a 3-D object. Finally, a
3-D printer prints out many ________ and piles them up to make a
complete object. The future of this technology is unlimited because it can use
any ________ to print out an object. In addition, it can also be used in
various fields. (A) Because three-dimensional printing technology is the greatest
invention in human history, (B) Although 3-D printers are amazing inventions,
they may also cause ethical or political problems. Right now, people have
________ access to 3-D printers, so there hasn't been a major problem
yet. However, these 3-D printers must be handled carefully so that wicked people
do not use them for the -------- reasons.

realistic wrong layers

material limited software

B O D Y L A N G U A G E

22
 BODY LANGUAGE

posturen.
svn position
D pale adj. D
having less color than usual, typically as A Write the correct words in the blanks, using the synonyms as clues .• m
the arrangement of the body and its a result of shock_,fear, or ill health
limbs 1
------------ uncover

2 ____________ contract
indicator n. □
narrowv. □ a thing that shows the state or level of 3 examine
svn contract something ------------
to make more restricted 4 ____________ haughty

defensiveness n. □
oddly adv.
syn curiously
□

in a manner differing from the usual or

excessive sensitivity to criticism
B Complete the sentences with the words in the box. Change forms if necessary.
am
expected
arrogant adj. □
syn.haughty;proud
making claims or posturing to superior posture oddly pale defensiveness
betrayv. □ importance or rights trigger frown indicator angle
to reveal unintentionally

anglev. □ You _______ yourselves toward others that you are fond of.
analyzev. □ 1
to move or proceed in an angle
syr, examine
to examine critically to discover 2 Your face may become _______ as your blood is drawn towards your legs.
meaning
be fond of phrasalV. □ 3 A person forcing a smile may have wide-open eyes or an _______ shaped
syr. treasure
to cherish or be attached to mouth.
triggerv. □
syn activate 4 When you are afraid, your mouth is pulled down in a sort of tight
to put in motion or move to act
reveal v. □
svr'.uncover
to make visible 5 Hand gestures and the positions of your head are emotional ______ _
frown n. □
a facial expression of dislike or 6 There is also fear, which _______ a fight-or-flight response.
displeasure
7 Gestures can show any emotions, from sadness to ______ _

8 Body gestures and _______ speak louder than words.

24 Unit 3 • 25
 CATEGORIZING INFORMATION BODY LANGUAGE

Categorize the ways we express our emotions

0 07
with our bodies.

What B dy Says There is also fear, which triggers a fight-or-flight response.

When you are afraid, your eyebrows are raised and your eyes are
open wide, not unlike when you are surprised. But in this case,
your mouth is pulled down in a sort of tight frown. Your face
Many people often think that words are the only way to may become pale as your blood is drawn towards your legs just
express our emotions. However, our facial expressions, body in case you have to escape the situation.
gestures, and postures speak louder than words.
Hand gestures and the positions of your head are
Commonly, happy people smile. Happy emotions cause emotional indicators too! They can show any emotions, from
your face muscles to open your mouth in a broad smile. The sadness to defensiveness. When you feel sad, you often put your
cheeks pull the corners of your mouth upwards, and narrow hands on your face to cover your expression and hide potential
your eyes. A person forcing a smile may have wide-open eyes or tears. An arrogant or proud person has his or her head lifted
an oddly shaped mouth. high, with their nose in the air. This shows others that the
person is higher than them.
Another emotion that your face betrays is surprise. When
your body is surprised, your forehead pulls your eyebrows Basically, you angle yourselves toward others that you are
upwards, and your mouth opens. Your eyes open wide to take in fond of even before you recognize your body postures. You also
your surroundings, in order to analyze the unexpected situation. point yourselves away from those that you don't like. Likewise,
our bodies tend to reveal our feelings more honestly than our
words.

When we tilt our head, our neck looks weak Pop Quiz
and we seem smaller and less tl1reatening.
We usually tilt our head when we question or The phrase "not unlike" in the 4 th paragraph has the closest
become interested in something. meaning to ("similar to"/ "different from").

26 Unit3•27
 BODY LANGUAGE

A Write TTrueor FFalse according to the passage . • m T1 eo1 FalS&

5 Which is NOT correct about hand gestures and head positions?
a. Egotistic people hold their head high.
1 A fight-or-flight response is expressed when you are hungry. b. Proud people are usually taller than others.
c. People cover their faces with hands when sad.
2 Words are not the only way to communicate with others. d. They can show one's defensiveness.

3 Blood is pulled away from the face when we have to run. 6 What does the last paragraph imply?
a. We can hide our emotions completely.
b. Physical closeness doesn't mean you will make new friends.

B Choose the best answers . • m Understand ng Details

c.
d.
People can mask their emotions better with words.
Our bodies can fake our emotions.

1 Which best summarizes the passage?

a.
b.
Facial expressions are important in unexpected situations.
Only humans can show facial expressions. C Rewrite the sentences, focusing on the parallel structure . • m
F'ocuc; 011 Sentences
c. One's face and body can say more than people think.
d. Words are the most efficient way of communication.
The cheeks pull the corners of your mouth upwards, and (narrow / to
2 How does a fake smile look like? narrow) your eyes.
a. closed eyes ➔ The cheeks pull the corners of your mouth upwards, and narrow your
b. an awkward-looking mouth eyes.
c. a widely shaped mouth
d. half-closed eyes
1 They can show any emotions, from sadness to (defend/ defensiveness).
3 Why do our eyes get bigger in surprising situations?
➔ They can show any emotions, __________________ _
a. to allow the brain to analyze the situation
b. to stimulate the eye movements
c. to activate the tear ducts
d. to gather more visual information

4 If you are scared, which would NOT show on your face? 2 When you feel sad, you often put your hands on your face to cover your expression
and (hide/ hiding) potential tears.
a. a colorless face
b. widely open eyes
➔ When you feel sad, you often put your hands on your face ______ _
c. lifted eyebrows
d. a wide-open mouth

28 Unit 3 • 29
 Michelin Stars
Find which paragraph each key phrase belongs to and write the paragraph
number in the box. Then fill in the blanks with the correct words and choose (A)
or (B) to complete the summary. efore You Read
How do you usually recognize the best
restaurants in your city or throughout the
0 How people smile country?
0 What happens when people are scared
0 How "surprise" is shown on one's face
0 How hands and a head show someone's emotion
0 How people generally express emotions
0 How our bodies expose our emotions more honestly

Contrary to common belief, facial expressions and body gestures

communicate our ________ more honestly. \X'hen we are happy, our
face muscles open our mouth in a broad smile. When we are -------~
our eyes and mouths will be more open to understand the situation. Also,
when we are scared, we frown and look ________ because our body
pulls more ________ to our muscles to prepare to run. Gestures and
postures also express our emotions. For example, people who feel sad use their
hands to cover their-------~ and people who are _______ _
keep their heads up high. Although we mainly use words to express our feelings,
(A) our bodies hardly lie about our true emotions. (B) facial expressions are
usually harder to understand.

pale faces arrogant

emotions blood surprised

N
4
30
 ______________________ l coo,,,c jam
08 r..."')

grantv.
svn award; give
□ anonymously adv.
without giving a name
□
A Match the words with the synonyms .• m
to give something formally to someone
1 inspector • • examiner

recognize v. □
detourn. □
an indirect or roundabout procedure or
2 desired
• • prominent

syn. acknowledge
to be fully aware of
path 3 honor
• • coveted

considerv. □
4 outstanding
• • privilege

outstanding adj. □ syr' deem

svn prominent
distinguished from others in excellence
to keep in mind or have an opinion
B Complete the sentences with the words in the box. Change forms if necessary.
am
annually adv. □
strive v. □ once a year
svr strain recognize gourmet strive accommodation
to exert much effort or energy anonymously detour consider handful
a handful of □
a small amount or number of
desired adj. D 1 Each country has only a _______ of three-stars restaurants.
syn coveted
wanted intensely
honorn. □ 2 If you visit a restaurant many _______ love, you may eat next to a
"YI' privilege
Michelin inspector.
something bringing pride and pleasure
accommodation n. □
living quarters provided for public 3 Restaurants all over the world _______ to be awarded the highly desired
convenience Michelin Star.
gourmetn. □
syr . gastronome
a person devoted to fine food 4 Every industry has a special award to _______ outstanding achievements.
inspector n. □
syr examiner 5 Two stars mean that a restaurant is "worth a _______ "
an investigator who observes carefully
6 Michelin inspectors _______ visit restaurants.

7 The guide book included information about where touring motorists could find
meals or _______ in France.

8 Restaurants that have received three stars are _______ "worth a special
journey."

32 Unit 4 • 33
 IDENTIFYING INFORMATION COOKING

Find the information about how Michelin-

starred restaurants are chosen and what a
Michelin Star means.

Michelin inspectors anonymously

visit restaurants and they can grant up to
three Michelin Stars. One star means that
a restaurant is "very good," and two stars
mean "excellent" and "worth a detour."
Restaurants that have received three stars are considered "worth
In the sports world, the best athletes are awarded Olympic a special journey." Michelin Guides that include such grades are
medals. Academy Awards are given to excellent actors and published annually.
actresses, and Grammy Awards are granted to the greatest
musicians. Every industry has a special award to recognize A Michelin Star is a highly coveted award in the restaurant
outstanding achievements in their fields.The world of food is no industry around the world. However, each country has only a
different; restaurants all over the world strive to be awarded the handful of three-star restaurants. There are only about 30 such
highly desired Michelin Star. • restaurants in Paris, and ten in the US. In the UK and Ireland,
only four restaurants have been awarded three stars so far.
Tire manufacturers Andre and Edouard Michelin wrote
Jordi Cruz received his a guide book in 1900 in order to advertise their tires. It also A Michelin Star is a great honor for
first Michelin star in 2002,
making him at just 24 years included information about where touring motorists could find both a restaurant and a chef. Some diners
old the youngest chef in
meals or accommodations in France. Unexpectedly, the dining travel across the world to eat at a "Michelin-
Spain and the second-
youngest in the world to part became very popular. Michelin decided to set up a team of s tarred" restaurant, or at the place a
receive this distinction.
He is a chef at ABaC, a inspectors to review restaurants throughout the country. And so "Michelin-starred" chef works. If you visit a
restaurant that has received
the Michelin-Star system was born. restaurant many gourmets in your country
two Michelin Stars. and he -~,·-.-...........
..,_, ......
,.....
M ...... ~ C~ ...~ 111" Mtl,,11, J.,(f,..
is also one of the judges on love, you may eat next to a Michelin ...,..

Masterct1efSpain. ~ .,..-•..
·------"~~}i~~;~
inspector and never even know it! -•-"'~- .....~i..~•--·-~--
•.t~
·~·'!:'t!.."?.S ....,...,._,-=
.. --------
~~~-

Pop Quiz

Find the appropriate word for the blank in the 4 th paragraph:

"Restaurants all over the world strive to be awarded the highly
_______ Michelin Star."

34 Unit4•35
 COOKING

A Write TTn,e or FFalse according to the passage . • m T,u_ 01 False

5 Which is NOT true about the passage?
a. Not many restaurants have ever been awarded three Michelin stars.
1 ____ Michelin made a team of inspectors to review restaurants. b. Only 4 restaurants have been awarded three stars in the US.
c. Some travel to eat where a "Michelin-starred" chef works.
2 There are about 30 Michelin-starred restaurants in Paris. d. Many restaurants desire to get a Michelin Star.

3 Grammy Awards are given to excellent actors and actresses. 6 What can be inferred from the passage?
a. It is good to choose the restaurants many gourmets like.
b. There are few Michelin-starred restaurants in the world.

B Choose the best answers . • m U:idcrstancl ng Details

c.
d.
Rules on how to rate restaurants are kept a secret.
Guides that grade restaurants are released every year.

1 What is the main idea of the passage?

a. how many Michelin-starred restaurants there are
b. how to find a good restaurant in Paris C Rewrite the sentences, using "so that" in place of "in order to.". G)
c. how the Michelin-Star system began and works today f'ocu~ , ,n Stntences

d. how Michelin started a restaurant in France

Andre and Edouard Michelin wrote a guidebook in 1900 in order to
2 What did the 1900 guide book NOT include? advertise their tires.
a. information about the Michelin tires ➔ Andre and Edouard Michelin wrote a guidebook in 1900 so that they
b. the best place for accommodations could advertise their tires.
c. where to find meals in France
d. reviews of some restaurants in France
1 I went to my car in order to take out the bags.
3 What does a Michelin inspector do?
➔ I went to my car _______________________ _
a. grades the locations of the restaurants
b. takes the feedback of customers
c. collects the judges' reviews of each restaurant
d. secretly visits restaurants and grades them

4 What does it mean if a restaurant gets three Michelin Stars? 2 My friend left a message in order to remind me of the appointment.
a. It means the restaurant is very good.
➔ My friend left a message __________________ _
b. It means the restaurant is worth a detour.
c. It means the restaurant is worth a special journey.
d. It means the restaurant is excellent.

36 Unit 4 • 37
 Your First International
Find which paragraph each key phrase belongs to and write the paragraph Trip
number in the box. Then fill in the blanks with the correct words and choose (A)
or (B) to complete the summary.

Is there a place you dream of visiting someday? Where in the

0 How restaurants are inspected and graded world would you go for yow-first trip?
0 How the Michelin-Star system started
0 What a Michelin Star is
0 How hard it is to gain three Michelin Stars
0 The worth of a Michelin Star

There is a meaningful award in the ________ industry called a

"Michelin Star." It was created by Andre and Edouard Michelin who simply
wanted to advertise their tires. Michelin Stars are given to restaurants after
________ inspections. The ________ grade restaurants with
one star being "very good" to stars being "worth a special
journey." Many world-famous restaurants desire to get into the top, but there is a
________ number of Michelin three-stars restaurants. That's why some
diners travel to find Michelin-starred restaurants and ________ . If you
are lucky, (A) you will even dine with some Michelin inspectors. (B) you can be
one of the Michelin secret inspectors.

three limited restaurant

chefs inspectors secret

38
 10 0

proper adj.
svn. right
□ lengthen
syr'. extend
v. □
A Write the correct words in the blanks, using the synonyms as clues .• m
appropriate for a condition or purpose to make longer
1 ____________ squash

2 informal
at once adv. □ accurately adv. □ ------------
syn immediately syr' truly 3 ____________ perceptiveness
without delay with few mistakes
4 ____________ daunting

squeezev. □ arrangement n. □
syn squash
to press firmly
syr organization
an orderly grouping of things
B Complete the sentences with the words in the box. Change forms if necessary.
am
budgetv. □ local adj. D
to estimate amounts of money allocated belonging to a particular neighborhood proper local budget lengthen
for a particular purpose accurately at once leisure lodge

intimate adj. □
spreadsheet n. □ syn. informal
Just be sure to make _______ plans before traveling.
1
a worksheet arranged in the manner having a warm or friendly and informal
of a mathematical matri.-xfor easy atmosphere
reference 2 You should estimate as _______ as possible.

3 _______ transportation gives you an intimate insight into the area's

insight n. □
leisure n. □ syr'. perceptiveness
people.
lime available for ease and relaxation an accurate and deep understanding
4 How you use your money can shorten or _______ your trip.

5 If traveling to Europe, try to save money by _______ in hostels.

lodgev. □ intimidating adj. □
syn settle syn. daunting
to stay temporarily discouraging tlu·ough fear 6 Make a spreadsheet that focuses on your living, traveling, and ______ _
costs.

7 AirTreks can help you _______ your trip.

8 The world is a big place, and you can't see it all ______ _

40 Unit5•41
 MAIN IDEA & DETAILS TRAVEL

Figure out what is important when planning a

trip abroad.

lOC NI t!E\f" NVIWllf'E.I SA'JE.I c.&,.,A.I

Ft£'./Ht&£
TrlpPlanner
CitiH On My Trip (Makesuni t:o lnclud• your depa
When you make traveling
London, GB arrangements, use an
airline alliance such as the

#116 F/6#1 IDI#IDRIIIDRI 16/P Colro,EG

AIXl3,GH
Star Alliance, Oneworld, or
SkyTeam.It is an agreement
between most of the
Dar Es Salaam,1Z
largest passenger airlines
Chennai,IN
worldwide. Alliancesprovide
a network of connectivity
Bangkok.TH and convenience for
St. Augustine once said, "The world is a book, and those
international passengers
Kualal.umpur.MY
who do not travel read only a page." Many people want to and international packages
Africa•Eaalem& Southern ► ~ 'wlf' HongKong,HK by making inter-airline
experience new cultures. Unfortunately, they think traveling the &-C<!r>-tr-al-------
a---N-orth-,-W-es-1
t-A-,nc-. ► ----1 codeshare connections
..,,, Tashkent.UZ within countries.
world is nothing more than a dream. But these days, traveling is Asia• Central ►

Asia- North& East ►

easier than ever. Just be sure to make proper plans!

(+) First, make a list of where you want to go. Include various B The final step requires the most research. Depending
St. Augustine
locations such as beaches, forests, mountains, and cities. The on where you're going, you'll need to consider things such as
world is a big place, and you can't see it all at once. So don't try climate, time difference, and visa laws. Also, check and double-
to squeeze everything into one trip. After all, your first trip will check your packing list, and be prepared for emergencies during
certainly not be your last. your travels.

~ Second, use online tools like AirTreks once you know Planning your first international trip can be quite
your travel route. It can help you budget your trip. Make a intimidating. But don't let fear stop you from seeing the world.
spreadsheet that focuses on your living, traveling, and leisure After your first taste of the joys of world travel, you'll soon find
costs. For instance, if traveling to Europe, try to save money yourself dreaming about your next trip!
by lodging in hostels. How you use your money can shorten
or lengthen your trip and even change your course. You should
estimate as accurately as possible.

~ Third, plan the traveling arrangements. Airlines are the

fastest way to travel, but they're also the most expensive. If
Pop Quiz
necessary, fly to a smaller city and organize another way to reach
your final destination. Local transportation saves you money According to the 3roparagraph, online tools like "AirTreks" help
you (know popular travel routes/ expect travel costs).
and also gives you an intimate insight into the area's culture and
people!

42 Unit 5 • 43
A Write TTn,e or FFalse according to the passage . • m T,u_ 01 False
5 Which final step is NOT mentioned in the passage?
a. finding out the visa laws of different countries
1 St. Augustine emphasized on the importance of traveling. b. researching the local weather of each destination
c. emailing and calling the places of your lodging
2 ____ Airlines are the best way to travel wherever you go. d. considering the time differences of your destinations

3 ____ It would be better to visit as many places as possible in a trip. 6 Which advice is NOT given to the future traveler in the passage?
a. Be spontaneous and travel wherever you want.
b. Always try new things, but plan thoroughly.

B Choose the best answers . • m U:idcrstancl ng Details

c.
d.
Try to learn about local cultures and peoples.
Proper budgets give travelers a better experience.

1 What is the best topic of the passage?

a.
b.
how to plan for an international trip
where to get information on international travel C Rewrite the sentences, using "as (adjective/ adverb) as." • GJ
c. how an expert can help with your travel plans f'ocu~ , ,n Stntences

d. what type of risks you take during your travels

You should estimate as (accurate/ accurately) as possible.
2 What is the next step to take after planning your route? ➔ You should estimate as accurately as possible.
a. making a spreadsheet for your budget
b. calling travel agents for detailed advice
c. deciding which places you want to visit 1 All the chef has to do is to keep the food as (fresh / freshly) as possible.
d. making reservations for travel and lodging
➔ All the chef has to do is __________________ _
3 What should we focus on when making a spreadsheet?
a. Make a list of general items, not detailed ones.
b. Plan your living, traveling, and leisure costs in detail.
c. Bring extra cash on trips so that you don't run out.
d. Only focus on the most expensive costs of the trip. 2 This fake painting is almost as (good / well) as the real thing.

4 Which is NOT mentioned as an advantage of using local transportation? ➔ This fake painting is _____________________ _
a. The cheaper costs help you stay within the budget.
b. You can see more of the country you are visiting.
c. You can experience the local culture and its people.
d. It will help you reach your destination more quickly.

44 Unit 5 • 45
 Find which paragraph each key phrase belongs to and write the paragraph
number in the box. Then fill in the blanks with the correct words and choose (A)
or (B) to complete the summary.

0 The joy of traveling the world

0 The dream of a world trip come true
0 Things to research for your destination
0 How to plan a list of places to visit
0 How to budget for your travel plans
0 How to deal with the travel arrangements

Many people just dream of traveling the _______ _, but it can

be done as long as you plan properly. Try not to everything
into one trip when planning a list of destinations. It would be better to (A) use
a spreadsheet to create a budget for all your expenses. (B) use a spreadsheet
to record your most important expenses. When you make travel arrangements,
think of different ways to reach your ________ . For instance, flying to
a smaller city and taking transportation can give you a more
rewarding experience. Finally, you will need to research many things such as
weather, local time, and ________ requirements. While this may seem
a bit ________ at first, you will quickly learn to appreciate the joys of
international travel.

intimidating world local

squeeze destination visa

46
 CHARITY
--------.-------------L

12 0

diagnosev.
svn. name
□ individual adj.
svr'. private
□
A Match the words with the synonyms .• m
concerning one person exclusively
to determine the nature of a problem
or an illness
1 rare • • provide

struggle with phrasal v. □

2 awareness • • consciousness

rare adj.
svr, exceptional
□ syr fight
to have difficulty handling or coping
3 humble
• • exceptional

not widely known with 4 contribute

• • modest

tragic adj.
especially involving grief or death
D awareness n.
sy,, consciousness
knowledge or perception of a situation
□

B Complete the sentences with the words in the box. Change forms if necessary.
am
or fact
humble adj. □
syn modest diagnose raise inspired charity
low or inferior in station or quality educatev. □
empowered spirit tragic educate
syr' instruct
to give someone instruction or
.information on a particular subject
raise v. □ 1 Although it was _______ news, it was the beginning of Alex's bringing
to collect money or resources for a
particular purpose hope to many people.
empowered ad;. □
invested with legal power or official 2 Alex's first lemonade stand ------- $2,000 for cancer research.
authority
inspired adj. □
aroused with the spirit to do something 3 The _______ also helps individual families struggling with childhood
by supernatural influence cancer.
contribute v. □
"Yr provide 4 Alex showed that everyone with a dream can make a difference and her
to bestow a quality on
charity n. □ _______ lives on.
qyr, kindliness; sympathy
generous actions or donations 5 Alexandra Flynn Scott was _______ with a rare form of childhood cancer.
spirit n. □
sv, essence 6 Becoming educated helps families feel more ______ _
the vital principle in humans
7 People all around the world, _______ by Alex's story, joined in.

8 One of ALSF's goals is to raise awareness and _______ people.

48 Unit 6 • 49
I f hi
II III MAIN IDEA & DETAILS
Figure out what Alex did and what we can

I learn from her.

In just four years, Alex's Lemonade Stand was a global

movement, and raised more than one million dollars for cancer
research. Today, the ALS Foundation has raised over $100
million for childhood cancer. The money has helped fund more
than 475 research projects. The charity also helps individual
families struggling with childhood cancer by providing
Two days before her first birthday, Alexandra Flynn Scott treatment, travel, and education costs.
was diagnosed with *neuroblastoma, a rare form of childhood
cancer. Although it was tragic news, it was the beginning of In addition to raising funds, one of ALSF's goals is to raise
Alex>sbringing hope to many people. She sadly passed away at awareness and educate people. It holds important events like
the age of eight, but Alex changed many lives through the form the ALS Symposium on Childhood Cancer, in which families
of a humble lemonade stand. come together to learn about topics and issues related to
childhood cancer. Becoming educated helps families feel
\Xlhen she was just four years old, Alex decided that she more empowered, and encourages them in difficult times.
wanted to help other little boys and girls with cancer by opening
a lemonade stand. She wanted to give money to doctors so that By starting her lemonade
they could help other kids. Alex's first lemonade stand raised stand, little Alex Scott did more
$2,000 for cancer research. She and her family continued to than just contribute to cancer
have annual lemonade stands. People all around the world, research or help childhood
inspired by Alex's story, joined in. cancer patients and their families.
Alex showed that everyone with a
*ncuroblastoma: a type dream can make a difference and her
of cancer of the nervous
system in the brain spirit lives on.
occurring chiefl), in infams
and young children

Alex·s Lemonade Stand Foundation annually chooses 50

Hero Family State Representatives representing the kids
diagnosed with cancer. They share their stories and hold
stands and events. Alex·s Lemonade Days takes place for
three days every June. Anywhere in the world, you can be Find the appropriate word for the blank in the 3 rd paragraph:
part of the un1f1edeffort to fight childhood cancer by hosting Alex's Lemonade Stand Foundation is an American childhood
a lemonade stand in your community!
cancer _______ founded by Alexandra Flynn Scott.

I
I
50 Unit6•51

•
11
 CHARITY

A Write TTn,eor FFalseaccording to the passage .• m True or raise

5 \Vhat is the purpose of the ALS Symposium?
a. to learn about the results of cancer research
1 ____ Alex started a lemonade stand at the age of four. b. to hold auctions for fundraising purposes
c. to let people learn about childhood cancer
2 ____ Alex and her family opened a lemonade stand every year. d. to film an educational video about childhood cancer

3 ____ ALSF and scientists found the cure for neuroblastoma. 6 What does the last paragraph imply?
a. Alex's dream was too big to accomplish.
b. Cancer research needs more people like Alex.
c. People must become more aware of Alex's efforts.
B Choose the best answers .• fJ d. Alex's contribution is long remembered after her death.
Undcrstancl ng Dow1ls

1 The primary purpose of the passage is _______ _

a.
b.
c.
to inform what neuroblastoma is
to show an example of charity events
to recognize Alex's meaningful contribution to society
C Rewrite the sentences, using "preposition + relative pronouns." • m
Focus on Sentences

d. to appreciate the people working for childhood cancer

ALSF holds the ALS Symposium on Childhood Cancer, which families
2 What is NOT true about Alex? learn about issues related to childhood cancer in.
a. The doctors discovered her cancer before she was one. ➔ ALSF holds the ALS Symposiwn on Childhood Cancer, in which
b. She suffered from an unusual form of cancer. families learn about issues related to childhood cancer.
c. She started her own lemonade stand.
d. She lived until she was a teenager.
1 There are several ways which this tool box can be used in.
3 What was Alex's intention to open a lemonade stand?
➔ There are several ways _____________________ _
a. to hold entertaining events for children with cancer
b. to donate money for future cancer research
c. to save some money for her treatments
d. to get a special surgery for her cancer

4 What didALS NOT accomplish? 2 The fancy-dress party, which we're all dressed up at, was held in Manhattan.
a. It raised money for 475 cancer research projects.
➔ The fancy-dress party, ___________________ _,
b. It fundraised more than any other charity event.
c. It financially helped needy families. was held in Manhattan.
d. It became a global charity event.

52 Unit 6 • 53
 Find which paragraph each key phrase belongs to and write the paragraph
number in the box. Then fill in the blanks with the correct words and choose (A)
or (B) to complete the summary.

0 What Alex started when she was four

0 How ALS empowers other patients
0 Who Alexandra Scott was
0 What ALS has become
0 How Alex influenced people through ALS

Alexandra Flynn Scott wasn't even one year old when she was
________ with neuroblastoma. However, she made a huge impact
on other children just like her. She started to ________ through
a lemonade stand for ________ research when she was just four.
Tragically, she died when she was eight, but her lemonade stand became famous
________ . It led to raising more than $100 million for future research
and helped out ________ patients in difficult times. ALS didn't stop
there. It continued to draw attention from the public and _______ _
people about childhood cancer. ALS was started by a little girl, (A) but it helped
cancer patients not to lose their hope. (B) so it grew bigger than other charities.

young globally educated

fundraise diagnosed cancer

54
 GLOBALCULTURE
______________________ l
14 0

maintain v. □ fine n. □ A Write the correct words in the blanks, using the synonyms as clues.
svn. hold sy,,. penalty
to keep in a certain state or position money extracted as a penalty
1 ____________ aftermath

2 ____________ imprison
enforcev. □ figure n. □
syr' impose a well-known or notable person 3 ____________ impose
to force to behave in a certain way
4 reasonable
------------
Step On phrasal v. □
sensible adj. □ to place or press the foot on
:;,, n reasonable
showing reason or sound judgment
insulting adj. □
B Complete the sentences with the words in the box. Change forms if necessary.
am
syp offending; humiliating
consequence n. □ disrespectful or scornfully offensive
sy11 aftermath maintain cheat fine ridiculous
the outcome of an event figure step on insulting flush
flush v. □
to rinse or clean with a liquid
cheatv. □ _______ on exams is unwelcome everywhere.
1
syn. deceive
to deprive somebody of something by
dishonesty importv. □ 2 In Thailand, it is illegal to _______ money because the bills have the face
SVI . bring in of the king.
to bring goods or services into a
country from abroad for sale
jail v. □ 3 Laws keep people safe and _______ order.
svn imprison
to lock up or confine in a jail 4 In Switzerland, it is illegal to _______ the toilet after 1Opm.
ridiculous adj. □
foolish or unreasonable 5 Naming a pig Napoleon is _______ to the famous Napoleon Bonaparte.
chargev. □
svn bill
6 The laws seem ______ _, but they might be the mirrors of each culture.
to demand payment
7 Unusual laws exist to respect special political ______ _

8 You could be charged a _______ for frowning in Milan.

56 Unit 7 • 57
 IDENTIFYING DETAILS GLOBAL CULTURC

Figure out wtiat kind of interesting laws each

nation has.

Laws are an important part of society. They keep people Other interesting laws seem to make no sense at all.
safe, maintain order, and encourage healthy relationships In Switzerland, it is illegal to flush the toilet after 10pm. In
'
between citizens. However, not all laws are created equal. You England, it is against the law to import potatoes-but only if
'
might be surprised at the unusual laws some _governments they are from Poland! Perhaps the most interesting, though, is
enforce. the law in Oklahoma. It says that one may not have a sleeping
donkey in one's bathtub after 7pm.
Some laws are sensible, but have extreme
consequences. Cheating on exams is unwelcome The laws above seem ridiculous, but they might be the
everywhere. But a high school student in mirrors of each culture. Although you cannot be expected to
Weird Bangladesh could be jailed if caught cheating
on a final exam. It is good for everyone to smile.
. .
know every single unknown rule out there, you can still try to
respect the laws. So if you ever find a donkey in a bathtub in
Laws~ Especially, the people of Milan think that smiling
is very important. Therefore, you could be
Oklahoma, be sure.to wake it up at 6:59.

charged a fine for frowning in Milan.

In some cases, unusual laws exist to respect special

• In Honolulu. Hawaii. it is illegal to sing loudly after sunset.
political figures. In Thailand, it is illegal to step on money
• In Saudi Arabia, t11ereis no minimum age for marriage.
because the bills have the face of the king. Even political animals
• In Greece, if anyone wants to get married, the law requires them to publish their wedding notice in
get special treatment. In Great Britain, you cannot have your a newspaper written in Greek or on the City Hall notice board.

• In Singapore, selling non-medical chewing gum or chewing normal gum is a fine ot 81,000.
p.et mate with any of the royal animals. Animal laws in
A second off~nse costs $2,000 and the violator is forced to clean a public area of the city for a day.
France are even more unique than those of Britain. In
France, it is illegal to name a pig Napoleon, because
that is insulting to the famous Napoleon Bonaparte.

Pop Quiz

"They" in the 4th paragraph refers to "------~" and

"they" in the 5th paragraph refers to "_______ "

Lady Justice (Justitia),

the Roman Godness of Justice

58 Unit 7 • 59
 GLOBAL CULTURE

A Write TTI\Je or FFalse according to the passage . • m T1ueo, raise

5 ·which is a correct example of an interesting law from around the world?
a. In England, your pets are allowed to mate with royal animals.
1 ____ You can be punished for not smiling in Milan. b. In England, imported potatoes from Poland are banned.
c. In Oklahoma, you can't have a sleeping donkey after 7pm.
2 ____ People tend to disobey some weird laws. d. In Switzerland, you can't flush the toilet whenever you want.

3 ____ Laws are an important part of society. 6 Why does the author talk about "the mirrors of each culture"?
a. to explain why unusual laws are ridiculous
b. to introduce another weird law
c. to emphasize that unusual laws reflect different cultures
B Choose the best answers . • &J d. to tell people the consequences of disobeying the law
Understall(i ng Jetails

1 Which best summarizes the passage?

a.
b.
c.
why a society needs laws
how international laws are made
interesting laws around the world
C Rewrite the sentences, using "that" or "those" in place of the repeated words . •
rocus on Sentences
m
d. places where cheating is banned
Animal laws in France are even more unique than the animal laws of
2 What happens to cheating students in Bangladesh? Britain.
a. They will be punished by their teachers. ➔ Animal laws in France are even more unique than those of Britain.
b. They could end up going to jail.
c. They will be fined.
d. They will take the test again after school.
1 Some stories of websites are more interesting than the stories of newspapers.
3 Why is it illegal to step on money in Thailand?
a. because it displays the portraits of national animals ➔ Some stories of websites are ___________________ _
b. because money is considered precious
c. because it's made with special material
d. because the face of the king is printed on the bills

4 What unique animal law does France have? 2 The color of your laptop is better than the color of my laptop.
a. Pigs can't mate with royal animals.
b. Political animals are named after famous people. ➔ The color of your laptop is __________________ _
c. Bills can't have political animals on them.
d. Pigs can't be named after Napoleon Bonaparte.

60 Unit 7 • 61
 Find which paragraph each key phrase belongs to and write the paragraph
number in the box. Then fill in the blanks with the correct words and choose (A)
or (B) to complete the summary.

,,I
0
0
Some laws bringing out extreme consequences
Examples of unusual laws related to political figures
What comes to your mind when you think of the Middle East?

...
I

0 What the interesting laws reflect

0 Why laws exist in society
0 Other examples of interesting laws

11_1 i 11(I·r

.......
111.
1111,11
llllil
111~,,
Laws exist to keep everything in order in society, but there are some special
,1'.11111
laws that you might find odd. For example, in Bangladesh or Milan, people 11,111•
1111111
1

can go to _______ because of cheating or _______ that ll 1111:1

U ..1111111
1111_11,,
might not be a big deal in other countries. In Thailand, France, and Great 1111111_.1
1:11111111
1111111111
Britain, laws keep _______ figures respected by setting up unusual 111111111
1111 'II
laws. For example, stepping on money is _______ in Thailand 11'llU I 1!11
II II ! Ill ' ' ' 1-1
• 1

IIUH
because the _______ face is on the bills. Also, pigs cannot be named n 111n llj
•119UIT!U
JI
ll111!l 11,t :'11
after Napoleon in France. There are more interesting laws like not flushing IHlll!ilJ
111111111[·
the toilet after 10pm in Switzerland. Although the unusual laws might seem •9111···11
1111111 JIii
111111I 'I Ill I
-------~ (A) they represent unique cultures. (B) they might entertain 1111111 U I
11mu u 1·1
... -~-i:,r
people. Ill
IH Ill 1 l'I I 1

~urn··- 111,
)111111111'
II 11111
I!H I
• 1'11111 lfl I
111111 I 'Ill
1

• 11111111u
• I IJJ
political king's jail
weird illegal frowning

62
 OIL WEALTH

16 0

run On phrasal v.
syn keep going
□ mattern.
sv1' affair
□
A Match the words with the synonyms .• m
an unclearly specified concern
to continue constantly
1 flourishing • • substitute

alternative adj. □ rulev. □

2 impact • • thriving

syn. substitute
serving or used in place of another
sy1 govern
to exercise authority over an area or its
3 matter
• • force
people 4 alternative
• • affair

resourcen. □
available source of wealth emirate n.
the domain conu·olled by a ruler
□

B Complete the sentences with the words in the box. Change forms if necessary.
am
wealthy adJ. D
.svn.rich deputyn . □
having an abundance of money or an assistant with power to act when the run on undergo wealthy resource
possessions of value superior is absent distribution deputy rule export

flourishing adj. □ booming adj. □ Who can continue to supply this _______ ?
1
svn thriving sy1 flourishing
developing quickly and successfully very lively and profitable
2 The United Arab Emirates is one of the _______ oil producers.

3 The worldwide _______ of oil has created thousands of international

undergov. □ impact n. □
syn experience svn force
jobs.
to go through a strong effect
4 Middle Eastern countries' _______ of wealth is another matter.

5 Some countries are _______ by monarchies.

distribution n. □ exportn. □
the action of sharing something out goods or services sold to a foreign
among a number of people country 6 He is the _______ prime minister and also on the Supreme Petroleum
Council.

7 The UAE has _______ fast development.

8 Everyone knows that the world _______ oil.

64 Unit 8 • 65
 CAUSE & EFFECT OIL WEALTH

Find how the Middle East became wealthy and

0 17
how it changed the countries there.

I
t
___ tf ___~ft Ill ~--'-- Sheikh Mansour

Everyone knows that the world runs on oil. Even though Although Middle Eastern countries have had great
we have alternative energy, we still need oil for gasoline, plastics, economic growth, their distribution of wealth is another matter.
and electricity. But who can continue to supply this resource? The countries are ruled by monarchies, and power and riches
... The answer is the Middle East, the world's largest producers of belong only to a few. In the UAE, there are six royal houses,
" '>:--.·~---- oil. and each rules one emirate. One ruling family is the Al Nahyan
family, who are based in Abu Dhabi, the capital of the UAE.
Five out of the world's ten largest oil producers are in
the Middle East. Of these, the United Arab Emirates is one But no one represents the spirit of the UAE quite like
of the wealthiest. Their high oil earnings allow them to have a Sheikh Mansour bin Zayed Al Nahyan. Not only is he the
flourishing tourism industry. In Dubai, you will find some of the deputy prime minister, but he is also on the Supreme Petroleum
most amazing resorts in the world! Furthermore, even though Council. Recently, he has been on the international news for the
In 2014, Saud Arabiawas
the wortd·s sccond•largesl
the UAE is located in the Arabian Desert, it has undergone fast purchase of Manchester City, the world-famous soccer team.
011 producer w1lh an output development. In 2010, they finished construction on the Bmi This is one example of how wealthy these oil-producing nations
of 1 1.6 million barrels per
day.putting lhcn1 below the Khalifa, the largest man-made structure in the world. are.
USAbut above Russia.

This wealth by the booming oil industry has made

a great impact on various Middle Eastern countries. The
worldwide export of oil has even created thousands of local
and international jobs. The more the world relies on oil and gas
products, the more powerful the Middle East will become.

Pop Quiz

There is an inverted word order m the 4 th paragraph due to the

words," ____________ "
 OIL WEALTH

"""""'II-------------

A Write TTI\Je or FFalse according to the passage .• m T1ue01 raise

5 'Which is NOT a result of the Middle East's booming oil industry?
a. Dubai has amazing, world-famous resorts.
1 ____ The dependence on oil has reduced due to alternative energy. b. It has created more jobs at home and abroad.
c. The economies of the Middle East have grown fast.
2 ____ The Burj Khalifa was constructed in 2010. d. It makes the people pay attention to elections.

3 ____ The UAE is governed by one royal family called Al Nahyan. 6 What can be inferred from the passage?
a. The ruling families want to improve the people's lifestyle.
b. The oil wealth can affect businesses and even sports.
c. Sheikh Mansour is talented at creating wealth and jobs.
B Choose the best answers .• &J d. The UAE will soon adopt a new political system.
Understall(i ng Jetails

1 What is the best topic of the passage?

a.
b.
the
the
international effect of rising oil prices
development of Middle Eastern nations C Rewrite the sentences, using "the + comparative, the + comparative." • GJ
c. the need for alternative energy sources roc,h on St:?ntenr,es
d. the wealth of UAE, a large oil producer
As the world relies more on oil and gas products, the Middle East will
2 Which is NOT true about the United Arab Emirates? become more powerful.
a. It is one of the world's largest oil producers. ➔ The more the world relies on oil and gas products, the more
b. Its tourism industry comes from high oil profits. powerful the Middle East will become.
c. Its Arabian Desert is now a modern tourist site.
d. Its ruling families cause many political problems.
1 As Ann becomes more excited, her tone becomes higher.
3 How are the UAE's economies affected by the political system?
a. New royal families emerge due to the oil industry. ➔
b. The Middle East experiences growing economies.
c. Only a few royal families own the money from oil exports.
d. The wealth from the oil is given to the people of UAE.

4 Which is NOT true about Sheikh Mansour? 2 As we learn more about the world, we can understand ethnic and cultural
diversities better.
a. He is currently the deputy prime minister of the UAE.
b. He has influence in the Supreme Petroleum Council.
c. He showed great political power at an early age. ➔
d. He owns an internationally famous soccer club.

68 Unit 8 • 69
 eather Wil Be
Find which paragraph each key phrase belongs to and write the paragraph
number in the box. Then fill in the blanks with the correct words and choose (A)
or (B) to complete the summary.

0 The future outlook of the Middle East

Do you listen to the weather forecast every day? Do
0 Sheikh Mansour, a powerful oil controller you know of ways to predict upcoming weather without
0 The Middle East, the world's largest oil producers
listening to the forecast? tJ
0 The effect of the UAE's political system
0 The UAE, one of the wealthiest oil producers

The ________ provides the world with large amounts of oil.

Among these oil-producing countries, the UAE is one of the richest. They
have recently begun to show their ________ by creating fantastic
________ destinations and modern cities. The UAE is ruled by six
________ houses (A) that politically work together for their countries.
(B) that rule the six emirates making up their nation. Sheik Mansour is one of
the most important people in the UAE. His recent purchase of the Manchester
City soccer club shows how wealthy he is. However, this is just one example
of the power created by the growing ________ industry. As the
(
world continues to depend on oil, Middle Eastern countries will become more

-------- as well.

tourist royal powerful

Middle East wealth oil

70
 WEATHER

18 ()

trapv.
syn entrap
□ castv.
SVI' throw
□
A Write the correct words in the blanks, using the synonyms as clues .• m
to hold or prevent from moving to put or send forth
1
------------ forecast

2 ____________ cue
surfacen. □ dustn. □
syn exterior tiny particles like fine, dry powder 3 caution
the outer face of an artifact or a carried in the air ------------
material layer 4 exterior
------------
crewn. □
predictv.
syn forecast; foretell
to tell in advance
□ a group of people who sail or operate a
vehicle, ship, or aircraft
B Complete the sentences with the words in the box. Change forms if necessary.
am
shaden. □
upcoming adj. □ sy1 shadow trap seagull delight dust
syn approaching relative darkness caused by light rays shade shore upcoming cast
of the relatively near future

shoren. □ If the sun casts a red-colored sky in the morning, it means that there is dry air
1
forecastn. □ the land along the edge of a body of
svr prediction water carrying _______ particles.
a statement about what is likely to
happen, usually relating to the weather) 2 There are some ways to predict _______ weather without a forecast.
business, or the economy
seagulln. □
mostly white aquatic bird having long 3 Before storms, _______ stop flying and hide.
pointed wings and short legs
delight n. □ 4 If the sun _______ a red-colored sky, it means that there is dry air
syr, pleasure carrying dust particles.
a feeling of extreme pleasure
cluen. □
syn. hint; cue 5 Dry dusty air causes the moon to have _______ of red.
evidence that helps to solve a problem
warning n. □ 6 Clouds on wintry nights help _______ the earth's heat on its surface.
syr caution
a message informing of danger 7 There is a famous saying that goes, "Red sky at night, sailor's _______ "

8 If you live near the _______ or the farm, watch how animals change their
movements.

72 Unit 9 • 73
 CLASSIFYING DETAILS WEATHER

Figure out what tells you the weather

tomorrow without a forecast.

WhattheWeather
WillBeLike
( ,,
Tomorrow
\
, {I
J (
J
d r
/

'I

As known to all, high, white clouds mean that good tJ The moon also-gives you a 'good tip Jor the weather
1 ' - ./ -

weather is coming, and dark, low clouds come before rain. You forecast. Dry dusty air causes the ~ooirto hJve shaq:es of red.
might not know that a layer of clouds on wintry nights means In contt:ast, warm, moist air can make the moon appear to have
warmer days. That's because they help trap the earth's heat on a light ring around it. So, a focused, clear moon with a circle
'
its surface. Likewise, there are some ways to predict upcoming around it means that it may rain or"snow soon.
weather without a forecast.
If you live near the shore or the farm, watch how
A good predictor of weather is the color of animals change their movements. Before storms, seagulls
the sky.There is a famous saying that goes, "Red stop flying and hide, birds get very quiet, and cows
sky at night, sailor's delight; Red sky at morning, gather together and lie down. How interesting it is! Look
sailors take warning." If the sun casts a red- around you and find key clues to let you know the weather
colored sky in the morning, it means that there tomorrow.
is dry air carrying dust particles.

Weather Proverbs
Since most storm *fronts in the Northern *Hemisphere • Clouds on the setting sun's brow indicaterain.
• A wind from the south has rain in its 111outt1.
move from the east to the west, the location of a rainbow can • Spiders enlargeand repairtheir webs before bad weather.
help you forecast the weather too. A rising sun can create a • The louder the frog, the more the rain.
• Tulipsopen their blossoms wt1enthe temperaturerises; they close again when the
rainbow in the west, so if a captain sees a rainbow in the west, temperaturefalls.

he should have his crew prepare for rain and rough seas. A
rainbow in the eastern sky means that the moist air is leaving
your area.

*from: (Meteorology) the forward edge of an advancing mass of air Pop Quiz

*hemisphere: a half of the earth, usually as divided into northern and southern halves by Two kinds of "it" in the last sentence of the 4th paragraph refer
the equator, or into western and eastern halves by a line passing through the poles to (the same/ different) thing(s)."

74 Unit 9 • 75
 WEATHER

A Write TTme or FFalse according to the passage . • m True or False

5 \Vhich is NOT the way animals change their behaviors before storms?
a. Birds will stop flying and sing.
1 ____ A clear moon may indicate future rain. b. Cows will stick together.
c. Seagulls around you will disappear.
2 ____ A layer of clouds makes milder winter days. d. Cows will rest on the ground.

3 ____ A rainbow in the west is created by a setting sun. 6 "If the captain sees a rainbow in the west, he should have his crew prepare
for rain and rough seas" implies that __________ _
a. they might experience flooding while traveling

B Choose the best answers . • m U1 c!ornlund ng Dn-ails

b.
c.
d.
a captain should take control of the ship for rough seas
a captain should be responsible for predicting the weather
their journey might not be smooth due to bad weather
1 Which best describes the main idea?
a. the reason why weather is important to captains
b.
c.
the way animals are used to detect weather changes
the way ancient people forecast weather conditions C Rewrite the sentences, using "get + object + to-infinitive" in place of "have + •
object+ infinitive."
m
d. different weather identifiers in nature
rocus on S0ntcrices

2 What is one similarity between the sky and the moon?

If the captain sees a rainbow in the west, he should have his crew prepare
a. They appear brighter when there is good weather. for rain and rough seas.
b. They are more vivid before a storm.
➔ If the captain sees a rainbow in the west, he should get his crew to
c. They look darker before rain starts.
prepare for rain and rough seas.
d. They can look red because of dust in the air.

3 What does a rainbow in the eastern sky mean?

1 The teacher had students write a letter to their parents.
a. The sun will shine brighter.
b. The moist air is going away. ➔ Myteacher ________________________ _
c. It will rain soon.
d. There will be a storm.

4 The moon looks clear before the rain because ---------

a. air around the moon gets dry 2 Julie had her son eat all kinds of vegetables.
b. dust particles in the air disappear
c. warm, moist air makes a light ring around it ➔ Julie __________________________ _
d. sudden climate change happens

76 Uni! 9 • 77
 Time Travel
Find which paragraph each key phrase belongs to and write the paragraph
number in the box. Then fill in the blanks with the correct words and choose (A)
or (B) to complete the summary. B fore You Read
Suppose you saw on the news that an ill-tempered mammoth
was causing cars to be backed up for miles on a motorway.
0 What the sky says about the weather change \'v'hat would you think had happened to the mammoth?
0 How the moon indicates the future weather
0 How to predict the weather with clouds
0 How animals behave before a storm
0 How to predict the weather with a rainbow

There are several ways to use mother nature to _______ _

the future weather. First of all, the red sky indicates that the air will contain
many ________ particles. Second, noticing the location of a
________ is going to tell you either rain is going further away from
you or getting closer. The moon also appears ________ when there
is dry air with dust. On the other hand, warm, moist air makes the moon look
clear and it might indicate future _______ . (A) Animals can also help
you predict the weather. (B) The direction of the wind can help you forecast the ......
weather. You will notice some ________ changes from them, such as
seagulls landing to hide before a storm. How interesting it is!
.-
·--- -

rainbow red predict

behavioral dust ram

- .
- - :..

78
-- - .
 PHYSICS

releasev.
syn bring out
□ separate
syi, distinct
adj. □
A Match the words with the synonyms .• m
to issue for public distribution different from all others
1 refer to
• • magnify

fairly adv. □ wormn. □

2 enlarge • • regard

syn moderately
to a quite sufficient extent or degree
a creature with a long soft body and no
bones or legs
3 fairly
• • distinct

4 separate
• • moderately

supportv. □ shortcutn. □
to give moral or psycological aid syr crosscut
a route shorter than the usual one
8 Complete the sentences with the words in the box. Change forms if necessary.
am
conceptn. D
svn. construct far-fetched adj. □
a general idea derived from specific svr. implausible extinction release support theoretically
instances extremely unlikely to be true or to
shortcut far-fetched dimension worm
happen

refer to phrasalV. □
syr regard enlargev. □ 1 Stephen Hawking also _______ the idea of time travel.
to think of syr magnify
to make larger 2 Although the idea seems ------~ Hawking claims that it is not
impossible.
dimension n. □
svn range preventv. □ 3 Recently, well-known director Christopher Nolan _______ Interstellar.
extension in time to keep something from happening
4 Traveling through time should _______ be like traveling through the
length or depth of an object.
theoretically adv. □ extinction n. □
in a theoretical manner sy1'. extermination 5 A wormhole is a kind of _______ through space-time.
the state of something no longer in
existence 6 A _______ eats through an apple rather than goes around it.

7 We might be able to prevent mammoths from ______ _

8 How do we find such a path through the fourth _______ ?

80 Unit 10 • 81
 IDENTIFYING DETAILS PHYSICS

Figure out the details of time travel theory.

How do we find such a path through the fourth

dimension? The answer is a giant wormhole, an
imaginary tunnel with two ends in separate points in
space. Like a worm eating through an apple rather
than going around it, a wormhole is a kind of shortcut
through space-time. Although the idea seems far-
Time travel has been a popular idea in stories since ancient fetched, Hawking claims that it is not impossible. Every
Giant Wormhole
folk tales and myths were told. Recently, well-known director object in three-dimensions has wormholes, so then why not the
Christopher Nolan released Interstellar. This movie is about a fourth dimension?
team of researchers time-traveling through space and returning
to Earth. But can time travel only exist in our imaginations? These wormholes, however, are smaller than *atoms and
*molecules. There's still a long way to go before people can
The theory of time travel itself is actually fairly simple. travel through time, but if someone invents a device that can
According to Einstein's theory of *relativity, time exists in enlarge the wormholes existing in space, then time travel might
relativity. That is, as an object moves faster and faster, time become possible in the far future. Just think of the possibilities.
passes more slowly for the object. Therefore, if humans can We might be able to meet Einstein to have a cup of tea with him
travel as fast as light, then everyone could go back and forth in or prevent mammoths from extinction!
time.
*relativity: the theory that space and time are relative concepts rather than absolute
concepts
Stephen Hawking also supports the idea of time travel.
*atom: the smallest particle of a chemical element that can exist
He explains the concept in an easier way. He refers to time as
*molecule: the simplest structural unit of an element
the fourth dimension. Therefore, traveling through time should
theoretically be like traveling through the length or depth of an
,i;....
object. Pop Quiz

The phrase "Like a worm eating through an apple rather than

going around it" in the 4th paragraph is referring to the word
" "

82 Unit 10 • 83
 _____ m_m
________ L PHYSICS

A Write TTn,e or FFalse according to the passage . • m T11_1e01 False

5 According to the passage, what will help us travel through time?
a. a device that can expand wormholes
1 Stephen Hawking believes we can time-travel in the future. b. an astronaut who can find wormholes in space
c. a special gadget that detects the fourth dimension
2 ____ Wormholes only exist in the fourth-dimensional space. d. the first model of a time machine

3 Currently, humans cannot travel as fast as light. 6 What can be inferred from the passage?
a. Time travel is an imaginary theory.
b. The idea of time travel was made up by authors.

B Choose the best answers . • m Understand ng 01,ta1ls

c.
d.
Time travel is not an impossible idea.
Movies about time travel always entertain people.

1 What is the main idea of the passage?

a.
b.
the reason why wormholes are tiny
Hawking's opinion on time travel C Rewrite the sentences, omitting the repeated words . • m r-oc1.1s
l>n Sentence~
c. the possibility of time travel
d. Einstein's theory of relativity
Every object in three-dimensions has wormholes, so then why doesn't
2 Which is NOT true about the theory of time travel? every object in the fourth dimension have wormholes?
a. Time is relative for people, and the speed of light is time. ➔ Every object in three-dimensions has wormholes, so then why not the
b. The speed of time is related to that of an object. fourth dimension?
c. Stephen Hawking considers time as the fourth dimension.
d. Einstein claimed that time exists in relativity.
One will certainly make life happy, but the other will make it unhappy.
3 According to the passage, wormholes are known to exist _____ _
➔ One will certainly make life happy, but _____________ _
a. in different shapes and sizes
b. in some furniture or electronics
c. because it is easy to create them
d. in three-dimensional worlds 2 To some people life is pleasure, but to others it is pain.

4 According to Stephen Hawking, how can we achieve time travel? ➔ To some people life is pleasure, but _______________ _
a. by studying why time is comparative to people
b. by researching on the theory of relativity
c. by building an expensive time machine
d. by finding a pathway to the fourth dimension

84 Unit 10 • 85
 Curitiba
Find which paragraph each key phrase belongs to and write the paragraph
number in the box. Then fill in the blanks with the correct words and choose (A)
or (B) to complete the summary.

0 Wormholes and the theory behind them

0 The possibility of time travel in the far future
0 General idea on time travel and the movie Interstellar
0 Stephen Hawking's opinion on time travel
0 How the theory of relativity contributes to time travel

Time travel is a concept often seen in many movies. Although the idea
might seem idealistic, we might have a chance to travel through time. Einstein's
theory of ________ suggests that humans can travel if they travel at
the speed of . Also, Stephen Hawking considers time as
the dimension. If we can travel on the fourth dimension,
we may be able to go back in time. However, how can we achieve that? The
theoretical answer to that question is giant ________ , which can
connect two separate locations in space. \V/e can see wormholes in everyday
_______ _, so it is thought that they can be found in four-dimensional
worlds as well. If humans can come up with an invention to _______ _
those microscopic wormholes, time travel (A) will be a hopeless hypothesis.
(B) will no longer be just a theory.

fourth objects wormholes

enlarge light relativity

86
acid adj. D emission n. □ A Write the correct words in the blanks, using the synonyms as clues.
syn acidic sv,- giving off
having the characteristics of an acid an act of causing to flov.rforth
1 ____________ quick

2 ____________ depressed
gloomy adj. □ rapid adj. □
syn depressed syr' quick 3 ____________ noteworthy
depressingly dark done or occuning in a brief period of
time 4 ____________ soak up

multitude n. □
c:yn pack
a large indefinite number
guarantee
svr ensure
v. □

to secure, as by giving or taking security B Complete the sentences with the words in the box. Change forms if necessary.
am
ethnic adj. □
syr1 native; indigenous commuten. □ acid excess ethnic accomplishment
referring to the origin and a regular trip of some distance to and guarantee emission multitude
cost
characteristics of such groups from your place of work

1 Jamie Lerner filled the city with a _______ of small parks.

absorbv. □ remarkable adj. □
svn soak up svr, noteworthy
to take in liquid, gas, or another surprising and deserving attention 2 Curitiba's transportation system _______ less than most public transport
substance systems.

accomplishment n. □ 3 Lerner's most remarkable _______ is in gaining his citizens' participation.

excess adj. □ svr achievement
more than or above ,vhat is necessary the action of accomplishing something 4 The "bus rapid transport" system has its own roads to _______ speedy
commutes.

costv. □ participation n. □ 5 The parks are designed for the city's various _______ groups.
syn charge svr engagement
to require the payment of money or the act of sharing in the activities of a 6 Natural fields can absorb _______ storm water.
something else group
7 The transportation system produces 25% lower carbon _______ than the
average city.

8 The Amazon forest disappears and _______ rain destroys plants.

88 Unil 11 • 89
 PROBLEM & SOLUTION ECO-CITY

Figure out how Mayor Jaime Lerner solved

the problems Curitiba was faced with.

Also, Curitiba's transportation system is very effective.

Curitiba It not only costs less than most public transport systems, but
it produces 25% lower carbon emissions than the average
Brazilian city. More than 70% of the city uses Lerner's extra
fast, inexpensive "bus rapid transport" system. It has its own
roads to guarantee speedy commutes.

All of this is impressive, but Lerner's most remarkable

Brazil has many things to accomplishment is in gaining his citizens' participation. He
worry about, like the Amazon understood that the city could only change if its people changed.
forest disappearing, animal species He set up programs that would encourage people to help
dying, and acid rain destroying plants. save the environment. For instance, carinheiros can exchange
Although things may seem gloomy, one garbage and recyclables for goods like bus tickets and food.
---~---------
..E:

Bus Rapid Transport System

mayor is bringing hope. Mayor Jamie Lerner is helping Such services aid lower-income families, as well as help clean up
the environment not only by changing laws, but also by the streets and reduce pollution.
changing people. He is responsible for Curitiba, <<the
greenest city in the world." Wise planning and good systems have helped in Curitiba's
establishment. Mayor Lerner believes that his greatest
Jamie Lerner's green, eco-friendly city made life better for achievement was "engaging the hearts and minds of the people."
its citizens. He filled the city with a multitude of small parks that Perhaps this is the key to a greener future, and Curitiba is only
are designed for the city's various ethnic groups. This cleans the one of many such successes to come.
air and helps people feel at home. Lerner also built bigger parks,
which provide places where people can play, as well as natural
fields that can absorb excess storm water. Pop Quiz

Find the appropriate word for the blank in the 4th paragraph:
To make the city green, it is important to gain its citizens'
Jamie Lerner
 ECO-CITY

A Write TTrue or FFalse according to the passage . • m T111t: o, raise

5 \Vhich of the following is NOT true about carinheiros?
a. It leads people to exchange their recyclables for goods such as bus tickets.
1 Carinheiros is one of the systems based on income distribution. b. It enables the city to hire many people to work on city streets.
c. The system helps people living on lower incomes.
2 Curitiba became an environmentally friendly city. d. It causes people to recycle and not to waste irresponsibly.

3 ____ Curitiba's buses are not expensive and speedy. 6 \Vhat does the author mean by "small parks that are designed for the city's
various ethnic groups"?
a. In Curitiba, parks are full of homeless people.

B Choose the best answers . • m Jnclcrst,mdng D01ails

b.
c.
d.
The mayor designed small parks to prove how diverse the city is.
Lerner designed the small parks to highlight the importance of the green areas.
Curitiba is a multicultural city with ethnically diverse groups.
1 ·what is the author of this passage primarily concerned with?
a. the mayor's effort to make Curitiba a people- and eco-friendly city
b.
c.
the
the
efficiency of Curitiba's public bus system
citizens of Curitiba and their opinion of their new mayor
C Rewrite the sentences, using the "Not only" inversion. • GJ
Fc,;us ,n Sentc11c"ls
d. the unique parks of Curitiba that Lerner designed

It not only costs less than most public transport systems, but it produces
2 Which of the following is NOT one of the environm.ental issues of Brazil?
25% lower carbon emissions than the average Brazilian city.
a. unnaturally acidic content in rain
b. increasing water volume in the Amazon River ➔ Not only does it cost less than most public transport systems, but it
c. the destruction of the Amazon rain forest produces 25% lower carbon emissions than the average Brazilian city.
d. a growing number of animals that are dying

3 ,vhich of the following did Mayor Lerner NOT do for Curitiba? 1 My mom not only forgets my birthday, but she also doesn't apologize for forgetting
it.
a. He devised a useful, public "bus rapid transport" system.
b. He made his citizens join the effective incentive systems.
c. He built green parks to meet requests from his citizens. ➔
d. He designed natural places for storm water management. but she also doesn't apologize for forgetting it.

4 Why is Lerner's public bus transportation system efficient?

a. Traffic congestion reduces a lot when more people ride buses. 2 I not only enjoy spending time with you, but I also feel safe with you.
b. The bus system costs less and emits less carbon.
c. The city has reduced its budget by not building new traffic roads. ➔
d. People can access remote places outside the city more easily. but I also feel safe with you.

92 Unit 11 • 93
 Find which paragraph each key phrase belongs to and write the paragraph
number in the box. Then fill in the blanks with the correct words and choose (A)
or (B) to complete the summary.

0 Environmental problems of Curitiba and Jamie Lerner

0 How Lerner gained his citizens' participation
0 The mayor's ideas to design various parks
0 Lerner's new public transportation system
0 The key to Lerner's achievement

Although Brazil had faced some serious ________ problems, the

mayor of Curitiba, Jaime Lerner) created "the greenest city in the world." While
he focused on making the city ________ and environmentally friendly,
he also made sure to focus on what his citizens needed. He built a number
of parks for different ________ groups. He even designed a public
________ system that was not only user-friendly but also eco-friendly.
Also, he set up a program so that people could exchange _______ _
for goods like bus tickets. The citizens' ________ helped to improve
the city's environment. (A) Thanks to Lerner's effort to improve Curitiba, (B)
Though the citizens still live miserable lives, the city is now the most eco-friendly
city in the world.

greener recyclables transportation

ethnic environmental participation

94
 24 0
---------------~] GOVCRNMENT

throne n.
the chair of state for a monarch
□ appointv.
syP select
□
A Match the words with the synonyms .• m
to create and charge with a task or
function 1 appoint • • umon

feastn.
::;yr banquet
□ 2 suitable • • banquet

a ceremonial dinner party for many

people
unityn.
3YP. union
0 3 feast
• • select

the state of being joined as a whole 4 unity

• • proper

figurehead n. □
syr, front
a leader without real power
stability
s~r steadiness
n.

the condition of being steady and not

□

B
am
Complete the sentences with the words in the box. Change forms if necessary.
changing
ceremonial adj. □
involving minimal power and authority constitution relevant party throne
partyn. □
voting figurehead unity executive
syr'. faction
a political organization with particular
suitable adj. □ aims, which the public can vote for in
syn suited; proper elections 1 Monarchies are not easily influenced by money, the public, or political
adapted for an occasion or use

voting n. □ 2 The Parliament can even change the _______ and pass new laws.
constitution n. □ a fomal expression or act of opinion or
syn fundamental law choice
law shaping the basic political principles 3 Monarchies are still _______ today.
of a government
4 Countries such as Morocco and Thailand have ------- monarchies.
relevant adj. □
having value or worth of use In republics, big decisions can only be made after much thought and
executive adj. □ 5
having the function of carrying out
plans or orders
symbolic adj. D 6 Spain's monarch is merely a ______ __,whereas Morocco's is the ruling
serving as an image of something head of state.

7 The position of the monarchies plays an important role of _______ and

stability.

8 We imagine kings and queens sitting on golden ______ _

96 Unit 12 • 97
 CATEGORIZING INFORMATION GOVERNMENT

Find which countries are ruled by kings or

0 25
queens and what types of monarchies there
are.

Nations such as Spain, Canada, and the United Kingdom

have ceremonial monarchies. This means the monarchies have
THE MONARCHIES OF TODAY limited power or political influence. For example, the Spanish
king can suggest suitable prime ministers. He is also the head of
the armed forces. However, the *Parliament holds more power
than he does. It can even change the constitution and pass new
When we think of kings and queens, we imagine them laws.
sitting on golden thrones. Every day, they enjoy delicious feasts
in palaces. It is an image of luxury that belongs in fairy tales and In contrast, countries such as Morocco and Thailand have *monarchy: a
political system
history books! However, the *monarchy is a form of government executive monarchies. This means the rulers exercise more governed by a ruler
that can still be seen in the world today. power. Although he has a Parliament, the king of Morocco has who usually takes
over the authority
the power to appoint his own prime minister and members of
*Pa1·liament: the
Spain's Monarch
Of course, modern monarchies are nothing like the days the government. He is also the "Commander of the Faithful" as highest legislative
authority (the
of King Arthur. Nations with monarchies include Sweden, well as the head of the state. main law-making
institution) in
Denmark, the United Arab Emirates, and Japan. These certain countries
monarchies have different levels of power depending on the Even though some monarchies don't have real power,
country. For instance, Spain's monarch is merely a figurehead, their position plays an important role of unity and stability.
whereas Morocco's monarch is the ruling head of state. For instance, they are not easily influenced by money, the
public, or political parties. They also make difficult decisions .,-

Democracy Republic quickly. In republics, big decisions can only be made after much
a form of government in which the supreme power is a representatlve democracy in which the people's elected
retained by the people. but which is usually exercised representatives, not the people themselves, vote on thought and voting. Many under republics are unfamiliar with
indirectly through a system of representation and its legislation
monarchies, but this form of government is still relevant today.
delegatedauthorityperiodicallyrenewed
As the representative of its country, it has both symbolic and
political value.
t·
-
> '
·.I, •
.,,
Pop Quiz

The word " _______ " in the 5th paragraph is another

form of government different from the "monarchy."
A Write TTI\Je or FFalse according to the passage . • m T1uP or raise
5 Which is NOT mentioned as a characteristic
a. They play a significant role in keeping unity.
of monarchies?

1 ____ Monarchies with total power, such as King Arthur, are uncommon b. They help provide stability to their nations.
today. c. They are not influenced by money or the public.
d. They make decisions slowly after much thinking.
2 ____ In Morocco, the king wields absolute power.
6 ·what can be inferred from the passage?
3 ____ In Spain, the king holds the position of supreme leader of the armed a. Monarchies can control the nation in a time of crisis.
forces.
b. Monarchies are not likely to side with a particular political party.
c. Monarchies can be pressured by politicians.
d. Monarchies can force prime ministers to resign.

B Choose the best answers . • m Understand ng Details

1 What is the best topic of the passage?

C Rewrite the sentences, using the "while" clause in place of the "whereas" •
clause.
GJ
a. the superiority of monarchies over governments
b. the different forms of monarchies existing today Fecus on Sentences

c. how monarchies continue to grow in societies

d. the difference between old and new monarchies Spain's monarch is merely a figurehead, whereas Morocco's monarch is the
ruling head of state.
2 What is NOT true about the monarchies in the passage? ➔ Spain's monarch is merely a figurehead, while Morocco's monarch is
a Their power is limited depending on the nation. the ruling head of state.
b. The Moroccan king is the head of the state.
c. They are gaining popularity in today's world.
d. Some hold more power than the Parliament. 1 Visitors in France spend less than $650, whereas in Germany, they spend more
than $1,200.
3 'Which is true regarding the monarchies of Morocco and Spain?
a. They have similar political power over their people. ➔ Visitors in France spend less than $650, _____________ _
b. Neither of them has any real political power.
c. Spain's monarch has less power than Morocco's.
d. Only the Spanish monarch can pick the prime minister.

4 Which best describes the monarchies of Spain and Canada? 2 Large dogs live for about 9 years, whereas small dogs live for about 13 years.
a. They have executive power over their countries.
➔ Large dogs live for about 9 years, ________________ _
b. They both can appoint their own prime ministers.
c. They are symbolic figures but have minimal power.
d. They were once worshiped as gods in the past.

100 Unit12•101
 Find which paragraph each key phrase belongs to and write the paragraph
number in the box. Then fill in the blanks with the correct words and choose (A)
or (B) to complete the summary.

Have you read any books on Gr

Which myth was the most imp
0 Two different types of monarchies
0 The existence of monarchies in today's world
0 The powers held by ceremonial monarchies
0 The important roles of monarchies
0 The power of an executive monarchy

Although some people think that kings and queens belong in fairy tales, they
are still seen in today's world. Interestingly, ________ exist in different
forms depending on the nations. In nations such as Spain and Canada with
________ monarchies., the king is ________ to change or
make new laws. However, in Morocco and Thailand, the monarchies have more
________ power to appoint the prime minister and other members of
the government. Some monarchies may have power while others may only be a
symbolic leader, but they (A) are not easily influenced by money or politics. (B)
can have enough time to make difficult decisions. They also play the important
role of ________ a nation. So, while monarchies might seem like they
don't belong in today's world, they still have great ________ as they
are.

unable value ceremonial

uniting executive monarchies

102
origin n.
syn. foundation; root
□ attemptv.
SYP. try
□
A Write the correct words in the blanks, using the synonyms as clues. a 5J
the source of something's existence or to make an effort to achieve something
from which it derives 1 ____________ undying

2 ____________ gain
betrayal n. □
prefixn. D syP treachery 3 ____________ treachery
an affix that is added in front of a word an act of planned disloyalty
4 applause

tiev. □ obtainv. □
,,yn link
to relate to something or someone
t:y, gain; earn; attain
to come into possession of
B Complete the sentences with the words in the box. Change forms if necessary.
am
charmed adj. □ immortal adj. □
sy, captivated sy, undying origin associated attempt charmed
strongly attracted not mortal; not liable or subject to death identity convince regain prefix

identity n. □ regain v. □ Eros was _______ by Psyche's beauty.

1
syn individuality "'Y' . get back
the condition of being oneself to obtain possession or use of
something again after losing it 2 The English _______ psyche is from the Greek word psukhe.

3 The word is _______ with psychology that explores the study of the
convincev. □
syn satisfy praise n. □ mind.
to persuade by argument or evidence ~yr. applause; compliment
the act of expressing approval or 4 This beautiful story displays Psyche's soulful growth as she struggled to
admiration _______ her true love.
blinded adj. □
deprived of understanding or judgment 5 Psyche's jealous sisters _______ her that her monster husband would
associated adj. □ eventually kill her.
:::.yr. related
connected with 6 Blinded by her sisters' advice, Psyche _______ to kill Eros.

7 Eros wanted his _______ to be a secret.

8 Many English words have interesting _______ in Greek mythology.

104 Unit 13 • 105

 FINDING ELEMENTS MYTH

Find the elements that consist of the myth of

0 27
Psyche and Eros.

However, Psyche's jealous sisters

ofi)sychr
1:hr1trgrnd
convinced her that her monster husband
would eventually kill her. Blinded by their
advice, Psyche attempted to kill Eros, but
she saw the beautiful Eros instead of an ugly
monster. He was sad because of his wife's
Many English words have interesting origins in Greek betrayal; Eros left Psyche and flew away.
mythology. The English prefix psyche is from the Greek word
psukhe, which means "breath, "life," and "soul." It is tied to the Psyche begged Aphrodite
beautiful story of the fair, young woman, Psyche. to help her get him back.
The goddess gave Psyche
Aphrodite was the According to legend, Psyche was so lovely that she made three impossible tasks, which
goddess of love, desire,
and beauty. Apart from her
Aphrodite, the goddess of beauty, jealous. As revenge, Aphrodite included obtaining the box
natural beauty, she also had her son Eros, the god of love, make Psyche fall in love with of beauty from the underworld.
had a magical girdie that
compelled everyone to an ugly man. However, even Eros was charmed by Psyche's Psyche successfully obtained the box, but foolishly
desire her.
beauty. opened it. Finding the god of sleep instead of beauty
inside the box, she soon fell into a deep sleep. When
By asking Apollo for help, Eros eventually married Psyche Eros heard about Psyche, he begged Zeus to wake her
on condition that she should not see his face. He wanted his up. Zeus, amazed by their love, made her immortal,
identity to be a secret. Psyche believed that her husband was a allowing Psyche to be with Eros eternally.
monster, but Eros' deep love for Psyche made her happy.
This beautiful story displays Psyche's soulful growth Eros
Aphrodite as she struggled to regain her true love, and her praise in
the end. Today, the word is associated with psychology, a
scientific field that explores the study of the mind.

Pop Quiz

The verb "have" in the 1" paragraph and the verb "had" in the
2 nd paragraph are used in (the same/ different) way(s).

106 Unit 13 • 107

 MYTH

A Write TTI\Je or FFalse according to the passage . • m T1ue01 raise

5 \Vhy did Eros decide to leave Psyche?
a. Psyche accidentally opened Eros' secret box.
1 ____ Many English words were derived from Greek mythology. b. Eros was upset because Psyche doubted his love.
c. Eros felt sorry for his mother, so he went back home.
2 ____ Psyche lost Eros' love when she knew his identity. d. Psyche's sisters told Eros about Psyche's plan in advance.

3 ____ Zeus made Psyche immortal. 6 What can be inferred from the passage?
a. Psyche and Eros' love moved the heart of Zeus.
b. Psyche begged Zeus to believe in her love.
c. Zeus was more powerful than other gods.
B Choose the best answers . • &J d. Aphrodite's love towards Eros was great.
Understall(i ng Jetails

1 Which of the following best summarizes the passage?

a.
b.
Psyche's love is more moving than Eros'.
Ancient Greek words are mostly forgotten. C Rewrite the sentences, using the given pronouns. • m r-ocus on Sentenr,es
c. Several movies have been based on Greek mythology.
d. Psyche and Eros' love story is inspiring.
Psyche begged Aphrodite to help her get Eros back. (Eros -+ him)
2 Which is NOT mentioned about the prefix psyche?
➔ Psyche begged Aphrodite to help her get him back.
a. It originated from a mythical woman's name.
b. In Greek, it means "breath."
c. It is related to the field that studies the human mind. You can look up the words in a dictionary if you do not understand the meanings
1
d. The term was first used by the Greek gods.
of the words. (the words - them)

3 How did Eros plan to marry Psyche against Aphrodite's will?

a. He asked Apollo to convince his mother. ➔
b. He used a medicine to make Psyche fall in love with him. if you do not understand the meanings of the words.
c. He asked Apollo to help with his marriage.
d. He asked Aphrodite's blessings for a long time.
2 The researchers want to test how the medicine works before putting out the
4 Which is NOT mentioned as one of Psyche's hardships? medicine on the market. (the medicine - it)
a. falling asleep after opening the box of beauty
b. Zeus' punishment for Psyche's behavior ➔ The researchers want to test how the medicine works ________ _
c. the jealousy of Psyche's sisters
d. Aphrodite's hatred for Psyche due to her beauty

108 Unit 13 • 109

 Iceland Rising
Find which paragraph each key phrase belongs to and write the paragraph
number in the box. Then fill in the blanks with the correct words and choose (A)
or (B) to complete the summary.

0 Why Aphrodite was jealous of Psyche

0 \'v'hy Eros left Psyche
0 How Eros and Psyche got married
0 Where the English prefix, psyche, came from
0 What Psyche did to get Eros back
0 What gave Psyche's name its meaning today

The English prefix psyche is one of the examples that came from
_______ mythology. Psyche was the name of a beautiful lady
whom Eros, the son of Aphrodite, fell in love with. In spite of Aphrodite;s
_______ _, Eros begged Apollo to help his marriage to Psyche. Apollo
helped them, not allowing Psyche to see Eros' _______ . Psyche
was happy in her marriage, but her jealous sisters talked her into attempting
to kill her husband. After Eros left Psyche because of her _______ _,
she challenged herself to get him back. (A) Psyche failed the mission given to
her, (B) Luckily, Psyche completed her mission, and Zeus valued her courage.
He made her _______ , and she lived with Eros eternally. This
beautiful story displays Psyche's soulful growth, and the word psyche is used in
_______ that explores the study of the mind today.

immortal betrayal psychology

Greek jealousy face

110
 GEOGRAPHY

28 0

fastened
syn fixed
adi. □ witnessv.
sv1' see
□
A Match the words with the synonyms .• m
firmly attached to perceive or be an observer to
1 erupt • • contaminated

disastrous adj. □ thirtyfold adv. D

2 polluted • • explode

syn. fatal
having extremely unfortunate or
in the quantity of thirty times as much 3 murky
• • separated

horrible consequences
eruptv. □
4 isolated
• • cloudy

am
sy1 explode
alarming adj. □ to eject volcanic material such as lava,
frightening because of an awareness of ash, and gases violently
danger B Complete the sentences with the words in the box. Change forms if necessary.

worsenv. □
swell up phrasal v. □ to make or become worse fastened devastating alarming swell up
syn enlarge
unstable disturbance worsen witness
to expand abnormally
isolated adj. □
syr separated
1 Glaciers in Iceland's mountaintops begin to melt at _______ rates.
unstable adj. □ sepru:ated from other persons or things
lacking stability or firmness
2 Iceland's _______ foundations could have even more dangerous results.

polluted adj. □ 3 The fact has been revealed by a network of 62 GPS receivers _______ to
disturbance n. □ syr contaminated
something affecting the movement of made unclean or impure rocks.
the Earth
4 _______ under the earth could set off the volcanoes.
murky adj. □ 5 Global warming is _______ with each day.
devastating adj. □ sy1. cloudy
syn destructive clouded as with remains
wreaking or capable of wreaking 6 The volcanoes would have _______ effects on Iceland.
complete destruction
7 The earth _______ the devastation of Iceland's volcanoes 12,000 years
ago.

8 Their disappearance causes the land to _______ like a spring.

112 Unit 14 • 113

 CAUSE & EFFECT GEOGRAPHY

Find out why Iceland is rising and what causes

it to happen.

Iceland, the most sparsely

Iceland's unstable foundations caused by the rising land
populated country in Europe,
could have even more dangerous results. The country is home to is a Nordic island country
between the North Atlantic
35 active volcanoes, with each holding a great amount of *lava. and the Arctic Ocean.
Iceland is volcanically and
Also, the island country already experienced frequent lava flows
geographically active, and
and earthquakes. However, disturbances under the earth could its interior consists mainly of
a plateau characterized by
set off the volcanoes, which would have devastating effects not sand, lavafields, mountains,
and glaciers. Many of the
only on Iceland, but throughout Northern Europe as well.
glacial rivers flow to the sea
through the lowlands.

The earth witnessed the devastation of Iceland's volcanoes

12,000 years ago. When volcanic activity melted Iceland's
glaciers thirtyfold, it brought the region's last glacial age to
an end. If such a thing happened today, clouds of ash would
The island country of Iceland is slowly rising. This has fill the skies above all of Northern Europe. Great Britain and
been revealed by a network of 62 GPS receivers fastened to Norway experienced a small taste of this when the volcano
rocks. The data suggests that the land is rising at a pace of 1.4 Eyjafjallajokull erupted in 2010.
inches per year. That may seem little, but even this can have
disastrous effects on Iceland's glaciers and volcanoes. Global warming is worsening with each day, causing
the world's glaciers to melt. The situation in Iceland is not an
The main reason for the rise is the decreasing pressure isolated problem. Rather, it shows a larger and more global
on the land resulting from the loss of glaciers covering most problem. The effects of global warming are more than just
of Iceland. The ice loss is triggered by global warming. Any polluted skies and murky seas. It is affecting the very ground
big chunk of ice such as a glacier pushes down on the land beneath our feet.
below. As temperatures rise, the ice caps and glaciers in
Iceland's mountaintops begin to melt at alarming rates. Their *lava: magma spread out from volcanoes and other vents

disappearance causes the land to swell up like a spring.

Pop Quiz

"As" in the 2nd paragraph has (the same/ a different) meaning

to "When" in the 4th paragraph.

Unit 1<1• 115

 GEOGRAPHY

A Write TTn,e or FFalse according to the passage . • m T,u_ 01 False

5 Which is NOT a possible result of an erupting volcano in Iceland?
a. Ash will cover the skies of Iceland and Europe.
1 Sixty-two GPS devices are installed throughout Iceland. b. Lava flows will speed up the melting glaciers.
c. Eruptions will cause earthquakes in the island.
2 ____ Recently, volcanic activity has accelerated the melting of Iceland's d. Increase in pressure will make the island rise faster.
glaciers.
6 What is being implied here: "The effects of global warming are more than
3 ____ Volcanic eruptions on Iceland could affect much of Europe. just polluted skies and murky seas''?
a. Global warming only affects glaciers and volcanoes.
b. Cloudy skies and murky seas will become common.

B Choose the correct answer. • m Understanding [;eta,ls

c.
d.
The effects of global warming will only increase.
Global warming is more serious than we have experienced.

1 What is the main idea of the passage?

a.
b.
clouds of ash filling Northern Europe's skies
melting glaciers as a result of global warming C Rewrite the sentences with the given verbs, using "the structure verb+ object+~
to-infinitive."
m
c. the rising land of Iceland and its consequences
f'ocus on Sentences
d. the Icelandic volcanoes that endanger people

Their disappearance ______ the land ______ like a spring.

2 Which of the following is NOT true about Iceland?
(cause, swell up)
a. The ice caps on its mountaintops are melting rapidly.
b. It is covered with a lot of glaciers. ➔ Their disappearance causes the land to swell up like a spring.
c. There are more than thirty active volcanoes.
d. The volcano Eyjafjallajokull ended a glacial age.
1 The loss of glaciers has ______ the entire landmass _____ _
3 How are the melting glaciers related to Iceland's ascent? (provoke, rise)
a. It is weakening Iceland's unstable foundations.
➔ The loss of glaciers has ___________________ _
b. The water from them is causing Iceland to float.
c. The reduced weight from the ice loss makes Iceland rise.
d. It is flooding the land and forming springs.

4 \Vhat is the major reason for the melting oflceland's glaciers?

2 Further underground disturbances could ______ the volcanic zone
a. unexpected disturbances under the earth
------ . (force, set off)
b. lava spilling into the rivers and seas
c. frequent volcanic activities on the land
➔ Further underground disturbances could _____________ _
d. rise in the earth's temperatures

116 Unit 14 • 117

 Find which paragraph each key phrase belongs to and write the paragraph
number in the box. Then fill in the blanks with the correct words and choose (A)
or (B) to complete the summary.

0 The seriousness of global warming

0 The main cause of Iceland's rising land
0 The realization that Iceland is slowly rising
0 The potential danger of Iceland's volcanoes
0 An example of a volcanic eruption and its results

The land of Iceland is slowly but surely _______ . This is caused

by the decreasing ________ from the island's glaciers. The massive ice
caps and glaciers covering most of Iceland are rapidly ________ due
to global warming, so the reduced weight to the underlying land causes it to rise.
Disturbances caused by the rising land could lead to (A) reduced volcanic activity
on the island. (B) more frequent volcanic eruptions. About 12,000 years ago,
the earth witnessed a great devastation when an Icelandic _______ _
erupted, melting the island's glaciers thirtyfold. This ________ the end
of the glacial age. If humanity continues at this current rate, _______ _
will cause problems not only in Iceland, but across the world.

volcano melting global warming

rising triggered pressure

118
 BIOLOGY

inside out
svn. reversed; backwards
□ hatchv.
to bring forth from the eggs
□
A Write the correct words in the blanks, using the synonyms as clues .• m
having the inner surface turned
outwards 1
------------ menace

larva n. □ 2 tuck
any animal in a similar immature form
------------
threatn. □ 3 hunter
syn menace ------------
a warning that something unpleasant is 4 ____________ thrust
about to happen consumev. □
syr, ingest; eat up
to take food, drink, or another

cautious actj.
careful to avoid problems or danger
D
substance into the body
B Complete the sentences with the words in the box. Change forms if necessary.
am
pokev. □
syn. thrust
predatorn. □ to push your finger or something thin at abdomen paralyzed caterpillar larva
syn hunter; killer someone or something inside out cocoon consume cautious
an animal that lives by killing and eating
other animals
cocoonn. □
1 Lady beetles must be very _______ of the parasite wasp.
silky envelope spun by the larvae of
insertv. □ many insects to protect eggs
syn tuck 2 When the _______ is grown, it pokes through the lady beetle's stomach.
to put or place in
3 A female wasp inserts her stinger into the lady beetle's ______ _
paralyzed adj. □
affected with paralysis 4 The worst part of the story is that the lady beetle is still alive, half
stingern. D
the sharp organ of an insect or other
animal often connected with a poison
gland caterpillar n. □ Being alive while being eaten from the _______ is worse.
5
the wormJike larva of a butterfly or a
moth
6 Some wasps lay their eggs inside ______ _
abdomen n. □
syn gut 7 The wasp larva is slowly _______ the organs of the beetle!
the part of the body below the chest
containing the stomach and other 8 The larva forms its _______ between the lady beetle's legs.
organs

120 Unit 15 • 121

 FINDING REASONS BIOLOGY

Figure out why a lady beetle cannot help

becoming a living incubator.

~
When a fem ale parasite wasp is ready to lay eggs, it inserts
her stinger into the lady beetle's abdomen and lays its eggs
inside. The egg hatches inside the bug's body and feeds on the
ZOMBIE
LADYBEETLE\ *host's body fluid. Everything looks normal from the outside,

ALIVING
INC\JBATOR but the wasp larva is slowly consuming the organs of the beetle!

When the larva is grown, it pokes through the lady beetle's

stomach and comes out. Then it forms its cocoon between the
lady beetle's legs. The worst part of the story is that the lady
beetle is still alive, half paralyzed. Although it can't move, it is
aware of what is going on underneath it!
The idea of being eaten alive is a scary thought. But being
alive while being eaten from the inside out is worse! This is a Some researchers think that the larvae might be using
real threat for some insects. Lady beetles must be very cautious the lady beetle's bodies as protection from predators. Cocoons
of the *parasite *wasp Dinocampus coccinellae. that are protected beneath zombie lady beetles are eaten less
frequently than the ones without them.
Ladybird beetles have amazing defense methods. Their
red-and-black dome-shaped shells help them hide in nature The story of the lady beetle is horrible enough to make
and warn predators to stay away. They can even release poison you skip lunch, but don't forget that it's their own survival
from their leg joints when predators attack them. Their survival mechanism in nature. Additionally, there are other insects that
methods may make them safe from most enemies, but not from also lay their eggs inside a beetle. Some wasps lay their eggs
Spider Wasps the Dinocampus coccinellae. inside caterpillars, and when the eggs hatch, the larvae eat the
These solitary wasps use a
caterpillars from the inside out.
single spider as a host for
feeding their larvae. After
paralyzing the spider with
*parasite: an animal or plant that lives in or on a host
a venomous stinger, the
wasps drag it to where a "wasp: any social hymenopterous insect having the abdomen attached by a formidable
nest is built. A single egg sting
is laid on the abdomen of
the spider, and the nest or *host: an animal or plant that nourishes and supports a parasite
burrow is closed. Spider
wasps protect their nests
by putting dead ants into Pop Quiz
the outermost chamber. the
chemicals within deterring The plural form of the word "larva" is" _______ "
predators.

122 Unit15•123
 BIOLOGY

A Write TTn,e or FFalse according to the passage .• m T,u_ 01 False

5 According to the 6th paragraph,
a.
which of the following is true?
The beauty of nature is often overlooked.
1 ---- Powerless insects are often used as shields of other insects. b. There are a handful of parasitic insects like Dinocampus coccinellae.
c. In nature, all insects lay their eggs in another insect's body.
2 ____ The unique patterns of lady beetles draw the attention of predators. d. Parasitic insects look cruel but are just a part of nature.

3 ____ Once the wasps' eggs hatch, the lady beetles will die. 6 \Vhy are some lady beetles called "zombies"?
a. because a lady beetle lives under a dead insect body to protect itself
b. because they are used as half-living safeguards

B Choose the best answers .• m U:idcrstancl ng Details

c.
d.
because
because
a lady beetle sacrifices itself to protect its own eggs
a lady beetle loses a pair of hind legs from mating

1 What's the main purpose of the author in the story?

a.
b.
to educate people in hopes of saving the lady beetles
to inform how lady beetles are used as hosts C Rewrite the sentences, using the subordinate conjunction "when." • GJ
f'OCLI~ , ,n Stntences
c. to argue that lady beetles are actually dangerous to touch
d. to publicize how many lady beetles are killed by Dinocampus coccinellae
Lady beetles can release poison from their leg joints. Predators attack lady
2 Which is NOT one of the defense mechanisms oflady beetles? beetles.
a. patterns that help them blend into the background ➔ Lady beetles can release poison from their leg joints when predators
b. poison from their leg joints attack them.
c. their oversized wings to threaten the predators
d. alerting patterns to warn the predators away
1 A female wasp is ready to lay its eggs. It inserts her stinger into the lady beetle's
3 Which is NOT observed on a zombie lady beetle? abdomen.
a. the female wasp inserting her stinger into it
b. the predator's eggs living off the lady beetle's fluid ➔
c. the lady beetle living on as it's partly paralyzed
d. the dying lady beetle after the wasp stings its abdomen

4 Why does Dinocampus coccinellae lay its eggs inside a lady beetle?
2 The larva is grown. It forms its cocoon between the host's legs.
a. to protect lady beetles from the winter cold
b. to protect the eggs from their predators
c. to feed on the lady beetles' bodily fluids ➔
d. to have a mutual symbiotic relationship

124 Uni\15·125
 Placebo Effects
Find which paragraph each key phrase belongs to and write the paragraph
number in the box. Then fill in the blanks with the correct words and choose (A)
or (B) to complete the summary. efore You R~ad
Do your friends' comforting words ,
How much do you think words affect o
0 \Vhat a female wasp does to a lady beetle
0 A parasitic mechanism in nature
0 The lady beetle's survival methods
0 The function of zombie lady beetles for the wasps' larvae
0 Lady beetles and their predators
0 What happens once a wasp's larva is fully grown

Lady beetles keep their major predators away through defense methods
such as unique patterns and ________ substances. However, the wasp
species Dinocampus coccinellae gives the worst trouble to the lady beetles. A
female wasp lays its eggs inside the lady beetle's ________ to let its
babies feed on the lady beetle. When the larvae are fully grown to live on their
own, they ________ out from the lady beetle's body. Furthermore, the
most dreadful part is that the lady beetle is still alive, half _______ _
A study has proven that the bodies of the lady beetles are taken advantage of so
that the larvae are not ________ on. (A) The lady beetles' sacrifices
are glorious, (B) The fate of the lady beetles is horrific, but it is the result of a

-------- mechanism in nature.

poke abdomen survival

preyed paralyzed poisonous

UNIT 16
p s y C H 0 L 0 G y

126
 PSYCHOLOGY Jam
32 0

mysteryn.
svn enigma
□ rednessn.
svI'. inflammation
□
A Match the words with the synonyms .• m
something that confuses understanding a response of body tissues to injury or
and cannot be explained irritation 1 silly • • easement

2 rely on
• • stupid

□ □
rely on
Sy'r
phrasal V.
depend on
fake
S\ ,~
adj.
false
3 swelling
• • bulge

to place trust or confidence in not real or being an imitation of the

genuine article
4 relief
• • depend on

Silly adj.
syn stupid
not sensible
□
opposite adj.
different in nature or quality
□
B Complete the sentences with the words in the box. Change forms if necessary.
am
experiment n. D reaction n. □ acupuncture fake experiment opposite
the act of conducting a controlled test syI response
funeral mystery trick scan
a process in which a substance is
changed into another
relief n. □ The acupuncture was done with _______ needles.
1
svn. easement
the act of reducing something funeral n. □
unpleasant, such as pain a ceremony at which a dead person is 2 The other half of the subjects were given _______ treatments.
buried
3 The Harvard Medical School performed an interesting ______ _
acupuncture n. D 4 There is a _______ in the world of medicine called the "placebo effect."
a Chinese medical practice that trick v. □
provides local anesthesia by inserting to deceive somebody
needles 5 The word was first used to describe people who were paid to cry at

scan n. □
swelling n. □ the act of examining a prescribed 6 The _______ reaction of the placebo effect is called the "nocebo effect."
svI1 bulge region
something that bulges out or projects 7 Brain _______ show that there is a real, physical change in patients.
from its surroundings
8 In medicine, placebos _______ the mind by making people feel better.

128 Unit16•129
 CAUSE & EFFECT PSYCHOLOGY

Figure out what the placebo effect is and how

it affects people.

Some patients actually got better, while others felt

the negative side effects that they were warned about. The
fascinating part of the test is that there was no actual treatment.
The pills were not real medicine, and the acupuncture was done
with fake needles. Everything that happened occurred because
the patients simply believed it would. The word "placebo" is
Medicine is a very old science. It existed before people derived from the Latin word
placebo, which means. "I
started writing down history! As scientists learned more about When sick people get better because they think that they shall please."Also, the word
"nocebo" originatesfrom the
the human body, they were able to treat people better. However, will, it is called the "placebo effect." The opposite reaction is Latin word nocebo, which
there is a mystery in the world of medicine called the "placebo called the "nocebo effect."The word "placebo" was first used to means, "I shallharm."

effect" that seems to rely on the state of mind. describe people who were paid to cry at funerals to trick people
into feeling sad. In medicine, placebos trick the mind by making
At first, the placebo effect sounds like silly superstition. people feel better.
But the Harvard Medical School performed an interesting
experiment. They found 270 people who experienced strong Brain scans show that there is a real, physical change in
arm pain. They gave half of them pain-relief pills and the other patients who get placebos. One theory is that it is because the
half, acupuncture treatments. Some of them were told that they brain has learned to heal the body. Another theory is that the
would get better. Others were told that they might experience body is tricked along with the mind. Scientists can only guess
tiredness) swelling) and redness. how it actually works, but the placebo effect certainly shows the
power of the human mind.
Acupuncture

Placebo
Effect

Pop Quiz

The word "real" in the 5 th paragraph has an opposite meaning

to the word " ______ ,, in the 3rd paragraph.

Nocebo
Effect

130 Unit 16 • 131

 PSYCHOLOGY

A Write TTrue or FFalse according to the passage . • m T1ue o, raise

5 How was the term "placebo" first used?
a. to describe harmless treatments tested on willing subjects
1 The placebo effect uses the power of the mind to treat patients. b. to describe various medicines that cured the human mind
c. to describe doctors who gave ineffectual treatments to patients
2 Some patients experienced great improvements with placebos. d. to describe people who acted as stand-in grievers at funerals

3 ____ The opposite name of "placebo" is "nocebo." 6 What can be inferred from the passage?
a. Words, along with treatments, can affect a patient's health.
b. The placebo effect worsens the negative reactions of the body.
c. Our bodies respond quickly to doctors' treatments.
B Choose the best answers . • &J d. Doctors have to study their patient's brain thoroughly.
Understand ng Details

1 What is the best title for this passage?

a.
b.
c.
Why People Don't Trust the Placebo Effect
The Placebo Effect: A Cure for Illness
Psychological Effects of the Placebo and Nocebo
C Rewrite the sentences, using "another" or "the other." • m r-oc11son Sentenr:es

d. The Power of Our Body - the Placebo Effect

They gave half of them pain-relief pills and (another/ the other) half,
2 Which is NOT true about Harvard's experiment? acupuncture treatments.
a. About 300 subjects with severe arm pain participated. ➔ They gave half of them pain-relief pills and the other half, acupuncture
b. Some were told that the treatments would carry negative effects. treatments.
c. 135 subjects received pain-reducing pills for their pain.
d. Acupuncture treatments were proven to be effective.
1 I don't like this place. Is there (another restaurant / the other restaurant) around
3 How were the subjects "tricked" during the experiment? here we could go to?
a. The subjects were monitored every second.
b. The subjects paid a lot of money for the treatments. ➔ I don't like this place. Is there _________________ _
c. The pills and the needles used were fake ones. _______________________________ ?
d. Potential side effects were not informed to the test subjects.

4 What caused the positive or negative results from the subjects? 2 The gift shop Joel mentioned is on (another side of the street / the other side of the
street), directly opposite from where we're standing.
a. the subjects' strong belief on the suggested effect
b. some unexpected effects of the treatment
c. the attitudes of the consulting doctors and nurses ➔
d. a physiological effective component of the pills _____________ , directly opposite from where we're standing.

132 Unit 16 • 133

 Worrl
INDEX
Find which paragraph each key phrase belongs to and write the paragraph
number in the box. Then fill in the blanks with the correct words and choose (A)
or (B) to complete the summary.

A C dimension 82 figure 58
a handful of 34 caption 10 dimensional 19 figurehead 98
0 The results of the fake treatments abdomen 122 cast 74 disastrous 114 fine 58
0 The placebo effect demonstrating the power of the human mind absorb 90 caterpillar 123 disguise 10 flourishing 66

0 An interesting experiment based on the placebo effect access 19 cautious 122 distribution 67 flush 59
accommodation 34 ceremonial 99 dust 74 forecast 74
0 How the term "placebo" first came to be used
accomplishment 91 charge 58 frown 27
0 The curious medical phenomenon known as the placebo effect accurately 42 charity 51 E funeral 131
acid 90 charm 11 educate 51
acupuncture 130 charmed 100 emirate 67 G
alarming 114 cheat 58 emission 91 genius 18
alternative 66 cheeky 11 empowered 51 gloomy go
analyze 26 clue 75 enemy 18 gourmet 34
The Harvard Medical School conducted an interesting experiment to test
angle 27 cocoon 123 enforce 58 grant 34
the ________ effect. Among people with a severe arm pain, half were
annually 34 commute91 engage in 10 guarantee 91
given pain killers and the other half had _______ treatments. They anonymously 34 concept82 enlarge 83

were also warned that they might experience some side appoint 99 consequence 58 erupt 115 H
arrangement 42 consider34 estimate 42 hatch 122
effects through the treatments. As a result, although actual
arrogant 27 constitution 99 ethical 19 honor34
treatments were used, all of the subjects experienced results based on what they
associated 107 consume 122 ethnic 90 humble 50
thought would happen. This phenomenon of ________ improvement is at once 42 contribute 51 excess 90

called the placebo effect, and the opposite is called the effect. attempt 107 convince 107 executive 99
available 10 cost 91 experiment 130 identity , oo
Although the "placebo" is actually based on mind tricks, it certainly shows that
awareness 51 crew 74 export 67 illegal 19
(A) bodies are more related to minds than people think. (B) its medical effects
extinction 83 immortal 107
are great enough to cure most illnesses. B D impact 67
be fond of 27 defensiveness 27 F import 59
betray 26 delight 74 fairly 82 indicator 27
betrayal 107 deputy 67 fake 131 individual 51

untreated placebo acupuncture blinded 107 desired 34 far-fetched 83 insert 122

no nocebo negative booming 67 detergent 10 fascinating 18 inside out 122

budget 42 detour 34 fastened 114 insight 42
bully 10 devastating 115 feast 98 inspector 34
diagnose 50 feud 11 inspired so

134 Word Index• 135

insulting 58 outstanding 34 revenge 10 threat 122
intimate 42 ridiculous 59 throne 98
intimidating 43 p rivalry 10 tie 105
isolated 115 pale 21 rule 67 tissue 19
paralyzed 123 run on 66 tragic so

J participation 91 trap 74
jail 58 party 99 s trick 131
poke 123 satellite 18 trigger 27

L polluted 115 scan 131

larva 122 post 11 seagull 75 u
layer 18 posture 26 sensible 58 undergo 66
leisure 42 praise 107 separate 83 unity 99
lengthen 42 predator 123 shade 75 unstable 115
local 42 predict 74 shore 75 upcoming 74
lodge 42 prefix 106 shortcut 83
loyal 10 prevent 83 silly 130 V
proper 42 spirit 51 virtual 18

M spreadsheet 42 voting 99
maintain 58 R squeeze 42
matter 67 raise so stability 99 w
multitude 80 rapid 91 step on 58 warning 74
murky 115 rare so stinger 122 wealthy 66
mystery 130 reaction 131 strive 34 wicked 19
recognize 34 struggle with 51 witness 115

N redness 130 suitable 99 wittiness 11

narrow 26 refer to 82 support 82 worm &'l
regain 107 surface 74 worsen 115

0 releasea2 swell up 114

obtain 101 relevant 99 swelling 130
oddly 26 relief 130 symbolic 99
operation 18 rely on 130
opposite 131 remarkable 91 T
organ 19 resource 66 theoretically 82
origin 106 reveal 27 thirtyfold 115

136
 0
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