1.1.

3 Analogue and digital data

Computers can only understand data which is in a binary format (that is, a base 2 number system
where only the values 0 and 1 can be used).
- Often referred to as digital data

- Analogue data is physical data that changes smoothly from one value to the next.

- If analogue data is being sent to a computer, it must first be converted into digital data;
this is done by hardware known as an analogue to digital converter.

- Transforming digital output to analogue data, it is done by a digital to analogue converter.

1.2 Main components of computer systems

A typical computer system is made up of hardware and software.
- Computer system consists of input devices, output devices, and secondary storage.
Device Examples

Input devices Keyboard, mouse, camera, microphone, sensor, scanner

Output devices Monitor, printer, speakers, projector, (graph) plotter

Secondary storage devices HDD, SSD, Pen drive

- The internal hardware devices consist of four key components:
- The central processing unit (CPU) (contained on the motherboard)
- Internal hard disk drive or solid-state drive
- Random access memory (RAM)
- Read-only memory (ROM)

1.2.1 CPU
The CPU is the part of the computer that interprets and executes the commands from the
computer hardware and software. Normally part of the computer motherboard.

- CPU, now called a microprocessor, is a single integrated circuit central to PCs and many
household devices for control and monitoring.

- The CPU/microprocessor is made up of a control unit, which controls the input and output
devices; an arithmetic and logic unit, which carries out calculations and makes logical
decisions, and small memory locations called registers.
1.2.2 Internal memory

RAM ROM

Temporary memory device Permanent memory device

Volatile memory Non-volatile memory device

Can be written to and read from Read-only, data stored cannot be altered.
Used to store data, files, programs, part of Used to store BIOS and other data needed at
operating systems currently in use startup.

Can be increased in size to improve

operational speed of a computer.

1.2.3 Input and output devices

Input devices allow data entry into a computer, using manual or direct methods. They translate
input into a format the computer understands. Output devices display computer output in a
human-readable form, like text on a printer or images on a monitor. Some devices serve both
input and output functions, such as touch screens or DVD writers, but most are specialized for
one role.
INPUT DEVICES OUTPUT DEVICES

An input device enables direct data or An output device translates computer output
instruction entry into a computer. into human-readable format or controls
another device.

Input devices can transmit data but not receive Output devices can receive data for generating
it from other devices. output but cannot send data to other devices.

They are essential for receiving user They share processing results with humans
commands and data for processing. and are controlled by the computer.

Input devices can be complicated because Output devices are simpler than input devices
they have to ensure that the user can interact as they only convert computer signals into
with the computer correctly. output.

1.2.4 BACKING STORAGE

RAM and ROM are main computer memories, but for permanent storage, backing storage like
internal hard disk drives are used. They store software, operating systems, and files. Access
times are slower than RAM and ROM. Backing storage is larger and cheaper than RAM. It can be
fixed or removable, with removable options serving as backups. Examples include external
HDDs, SSDs, and Blu-ray discs.
INTERNAL MEMORY BACKING STORAGE

RAM contents are lost when a computer is Backing storage devices hold their contents
powered down; ROM contents are readable permanently, even when powered down.
only.

RAM and ROM or much smaller memories Have a considerably larger capacity to store
then backing storage. data than Ram or ROM.

Data access time on RAM and ROM is Has much slower data access time than RAM
extremely fast. and ROM.

Much more expensive per byte than backing Is much cheaper per byte than RAM or ROM.
 storage devices.

RAM and ROM are fixed inside the computers. Backing storage can be fixed or removable.

RAM and ROM can be read directly by the Backing storage is not directly addressable by
CPU. the CPU.

1.3 Operating Systems

To enable computer systems to function and allow users to communicate with computer
systems, special software, known as operating systems, have been developed. the general out
tasks for typical operating system include:

- control of the operation of the input, output and packing storage devices
- supervising the loading, running and storage of applications program
- dealing with errors that occur in application programs
- maintaining security of the whole computer system
- maintaining a computer log
- allowing communication between user and the computer system (user interface).

1.3.1 User interface

Operating systems offer various types of user interface. For example:
- Command line interface (CLI)
- Command Line Interface (CLI) requires users to type instructions for menu options,
software access, etc.
- Multiple commands, like saving or loading files, are often needed.
- Users must learn numerous commands, making operations slow and repetitive.
- Despite its drawbacks, CLI offers direct communication with the computer and
freedom from predetermined options.

- Graphical user interface (GUI)

- GUI enables user interaction through pictures or symbols instead of typing
commands.
- GUIs utilize technologies like WIMP (Windows Icons Menu and Pointing Device).
- Touch screen devices use post-WIMP interaction, allowing actions like pinching and
rotating.
Interface Advantages Disadvantages

Command line The user is in direct communication The user needed to learn a number of
interface (CLI) with the computer. commands to carry out basic
operations.
The user is not restricted to a
number of predetermined options. All commands need to be typed in,
which takes time and can be error
It is possible to alter computer prone.
configuration settings.
Each command must be typed in using
the correct format, spelling, and so on.

Graphical user The user does not need to learn any This type of interface uses up
interface (GUI) commands. considerably more computer memory
than a CLI interface.
It is more user friendly; icons are
used to represent applications. The user is limited to the icons
provided on the screen.
A pointing device (such as a mouse)
is used to click on an icon to launch Needs a more complex operating
the application - this is simpler than system, such as windowsI, to operate,
typing in commands. which can be slower to execute
commands.
Who would use each type of interface?
CLI - a programmer, analyst or a technician; basically, somebody who needs to have direct
communication with a computer to develop new software, locate errors and remove them, initiate
memory dumps, and so on.

GUI - the end user who does not have to (or does not need to) have any great knowledge of how
the computer works; a person who uses the computer to run software, play games or
store/manipulate photographs, for example.

- Dialogue-based user interface

- Dialogue based user interfaces use the human voice to give commands to a
computer system. (eg, luxury cars or at home)
- Gesture-based user interface.
- Gesture-based interfaces use hand, head, or foot movements for interaction.
- Gesture recognition enables natural computer interaction without mechanical
devices.
- This interface type employs computer vision and image processing techniques.
 Interface Advantages Disadvantages

Dialogue-based No need for a driver to take the Many commands may not be
interface hands of the steering wheel. recognized or need to be repeated.

In a home, it is very useful for people Can be quite complex to set up.
with disabilities.
User needs to know which commands
It is possible to use as a security can be used.
feature.

Gesture-based Replaces mechanical input devices. It is possible for unintentional

interface movement to be picked up.
No physical contact required.
It only works fairly near to the camera
Very natural interface for a human with a sensor.
operator.
It may only accept a limited number of
No training needed to interface with movements.
the computer.

1.4 Types of computers

- Desktop computers
Desktop usually refers to a general purpose computer that is made up of separate monitor,
keyboard, mouse and processor unit.
- Advantages
- Standardized parts in desktops lead to lower costs.
- Desktops are easier and cheaper to upgrade or expand.
- Desktops often offer better specifications for the price.
- Power consumption is less critical due to direct wall socket connection and
better heat dissipation.
- Fixed location reduces risk of damage or theft.
- Desktops typically have more stable wired internet connections compared to
laptops' variable wireless connections.
- Disadvantages
- Less affordability due to separate components.
- Complexity from wiring and cluttered desk space.
- Lack of portability requires file copying to memory sticks for work elsewhere.
- Cloud storage mitigates portability issues but may not be secure for sensitive
data.
- Uses
- Office tasks like word processing, spreadsheets, finance, and databases.
- Educational software for teaching and learning.
- Gaming for chess, crossword puzzles, and fantasy games.
- Entertainment like streaming TV shows.

1.4.2 MOBILE COMPUTERS

- Laptops
- Key features
- Lightweight
- lower power consumption and longer battery life
- low heat output
- Advantages
- Portability allows for use anywhere.
- Integration eliminates trailing wires.
- Compact size saves desk space.
- Portable laptops utilize Wi-Fi effectively.
- Can connect to any multimedia system.
- Disadvantages
- Portable laptops are prone to theft.
- Limited battery life requires heavy power adaptors.
- Keyboards and pointing devices can be awkward.
- Limited upgrade options, like adding RAM.
- Uses
- Office tasks (word processing, spreadsheets, finance, databases).
- Educational software for teaching and learning.
- Gaming (chess, crossword puzzles, fantasy games).
- Entertainment (live/catch-up TV streaming).
- Control and monitoring in various environments using internal batteries.
- Smartphones
- Typical features
- High-definition, anti-glare displays.
- Front and back-facing cameras.
- Lighter weight and longer battery life than laptops.
- Bluetooth connectivity to printers and devices.
- Utilization of flash memory and cloud storage for data backup and
synchronization.
- Integration of sensors: proximity sensors, accelerometers.
- Sophisticated speech recognition system for voice commands.
- Advantages
- Small size and lightweight for portability.
- Internet-connected for making phone calls on the go.
- Wi-Fi and mobile network support for versatile usage.
- Apps utilize smartphone sensor data for enhanced services.
- Reasonable battery life compared to laptops.
- Disadvantages
- Small screens and keyboards hinder readability.
- Typing is slower and more difficult.
- Web browsing and photography drain battery quickly.
- Limited memory size compared to laptops and desktops, similar to tablets.
- Some website features may not be compatible with smartphone OS.
- Easier to lose or steal due to small size.
- Slower data transfer on mobile networks affects streaming quality.
- Tablets
 - Advantages
- Quick startup.
- Fully portable.
- User-friendly touch-screen technology.
- Supports multiple standard apps.
- Uses solid-state technology, generating little heat.
- Longer battery life.
- Stays connected to the internet in standby mode for timely alerts.
- Disadvantages
- Typically pricier than laptops.
- Limited memory/storage compared to laptops.
- Expensive to use with frequent internet access via mobile networks.
- Touch-screen typing is slower and error-prone.
- File transfers often require an app store, lacking drag-and-drop feature.
- Laptops support more file formats and diverse software.
- Uses of smartphones/tablets/phablets
- Entertainment, Gaming, As a camera or video camera, Internet use,
Sending/receiving emails, Global positioning system, Calendar functions,
Telephone banking, Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) – telephone network
using the internet which also allows video calling, Instant access to social
networks, Instant messaging, Office and business management, Education
use, Remotely control devices

1.5 Emerging technologies

1.5.1 Impact of emerging technologies
Artificial intelligence
There are many definitions of AI. Essentially, AI is a machine or application which carries out a
task that requires some degree of intelligence. For example:
- The use of language
- Recognising a person’s face
- The ability to operate machinery, such as a car, airplane, train, and so on.
- Analyzing data to predict the outcome of a future event, for example weather forecasting.

The impact of AI on everyday life

- An autonomous vehicle such as cars (trains, airplanes already exist)
- Robotic research is leading to improvements in technology to help amputees and people
with disabilities.
- Robots are used to help people carry out dangerous or unpleasant tasks.

Negative impacts of AI
- Potential job losses across various sectors, especially in manufacturing.
- Dependency on technology raises concerns about task reliability.
- Loss of skills due to displacement by machines and software.
Extended reality
Extended reality (XR) refers to real and virtual combined environments, and is a catch all term for
all immersive technologies.
- Augmented reality (AR)
- Features
- Allow the user to experience the relationship between digital and physical
worlds.
- Virtual information and objects are overlaid onto real-world situations.
- The real world is enhanced with digital.
- The user can experience the AR world through special goggles or via
smartphone/phablet screens.
- The user is not isolated from the real world
- In the future, AR will have an impact in:
- Safety and rescue operations
- Entertainment
- Shopping and retail
- Healthcare

- Virtual reality (VR)

- Features:
- To put users into a virtual digital environment from the real-world
environment.
- Fully immersed in a simulated digital world
- Users wear a headset
- This technology can be used to good effect in: medicine, construction,
engineering and the military.
- In the future, VR will have an impact in:
- Military applications
- Education
- Healthcare
- Entertainment
- Fashion
- Heritage
- Business
- Engineering
- Sport
- Media
- Scientific visualisation
- Mixed reality (MR)