STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WITH SOFTWARE PROGRAMMING

SECOND YEAR – FIRST SEM | A.Y. 2023-2024

3. The right and left tails of the normal curve are

LESSON 2.5: NORMAL DISTRIBUTION asymptotic with respect to the horizontal axis.
OVERVIEW 4. The total area under the curve is equal to 1 or
Normal Distribution 100%, 0.5 each to the left and to the right of μ = 0
− which is considered the most widely known (mean).
and used of all distributions.
5. P (a ≤ x ≤ b) = area under the normal curve
− approximates many natural phenomena so between x = a and x = b.
well, it has developed into a standard of
reference for many probability problems. An important feature of a normal
distribution is that its equation can be completely
Among the many continuous distributions determined if we know its mean μ and its standard
used in the entire theory of Statistics, the normal deviation s. Instead, we tabulate these areas only
distribution is by far the most important. It has been for a normal distribution having mean μ = 0 and
observed that the weights of a large number of standard deviation s = 1, the so-called standard
individuals tend to be approximately normally normal distribution. In other words, there is one and
distributed. A similar observation holds true for the only one normal distribution with a given μ and
distribution of IQs (Intelligence Quotients) of standard deviation s.
people. Pierre Laplace (1749-1827), Abraham De
Moivre (1667-1745) and Karl Friedrich Gauss (1777- Standard Normal Distribution
1855) first investigated the mathematical − is a normal distribution with a mean of zero and
properties of this kind of continuous distribution standard deviation of 1. They are given in the
curve and its theoretical basis. form: N (mean, standard deviation) or N (μ, σ),
and the form for Standard Normal Distribution
INTRODUCTION is: N (0,1).
Normal Distribution
− is a mathematically theoretical concept or Standard Score (Z-value)
model that depicts a tendency that the scores − is the number of standard deviations by which
always tend to be distributed around the the value of a raw score is above or below the
average. mean value of what is being observed or
− It is sometimes called the Gaussian Distribution, measured.
in honor of Carl Friedrich Gauss, who studied − a measure of how many standard deviations
the curve. below or above the population mean a raw
− A normal distribution forms a bell-shaped curve score is.
that is symmetric about a vertical line through − gives you an idea of how far from the mean a
the mean of the data. The graph of a normal data point is.
distribution is a bell-shaped curve that extends
indefinitely in both directions. − refers to a kind of transformed score that relates
a raw score to the mean and standard
deviation of a distribution. Thus, we simply
obtain areas under any normal curve by
performing a simple change of scale called the
standard score.

Positive Standard Scores

− raw scores above the mean

Negative Standard Scores

− raw scores below the mean
PROPERTIES OF NORMAL CURVE
Mean
1. A probability distribution is normal if the mean,
− is the center of the normal distribution.
median and mode coincide at a single point, i.e.,
the value of mean, median and mode are equal.
Standard Deviation
2. The mean coincides with a line that divides the − is the amount of spread of the scores.
normal curve into two equal parts. It is symmetric
about the mean because the area on the left half
of the curve is equal to the area on the right half.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WITH SOFTWARE PROGRAMMING
SECOND YEAR – FIRST SEM | A.Y. 2023-2024

Here, we convert the units of measurement into How to look at the Table of Areas Under the
standard units, standard scores or z-scores by Normal Curve?
means of the formula.

Where:
z = standard score
μ = mean (sometimes denoted by x)
s = standard deviation
x = given value of a particular variable

AREAS UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE Consider the normal distribution at the top of the
Since the total area under the curve and table, we are about to determine the area
the x-axis is 1, then the area between the included between z = 0 and z = 1.96 under the
coordinates x = a and x = b, where a<b, represents normal curve. To get the area, we use the Table of
the probability that x lies between a and b. The Areas under the Normal Curve. The first column
probability is denoted by P (a ≤ x ≤ b). We find contains z-scores of 0.0 going downward to 1.9
areas under the graph of a normal distribution, as whose accuracies are up to tenths digit. Since the
simply areas under a normal curve by using a right boundary is 1.96 whose accuracy is up to
table. hundredths digit, we now continue looking at the
column captions in hundredths digit starting from
0.00, 0.01 up to 0.06. The area that we are looking
for is contained in the cross-point of blue-colored
1.9 on the leftmost column and the blue-colored
0.06 at the top. The said yellow-colored area is
equal to 0.4750.

PROBLEM 1
Example. A certain type of
radio tubes last on the
average of 2 years with a
standard deviation of 0.4
years. Assuming that the
radio tubes are normally
distributed, find the
probability that given tubes will last less than 1.5
years.

As an adjustment, the probability is now

represented as 0.5 minus the probability of zero less
than z less than positive 1.25. This is visually
represented by the three normal curves. Take note
that the gray-shaded area on the left tail of the top
figure is now flipped over to the right tail which can
The z is normally distributed with a mean μ = 0 and be seen on the slide as a blue-shaded area at the
standard deviation s = 1. The area included bottom figures. Taken from the Table of Normal
between z = -1 and 1, z = - 2 and 2, and z = -3 and Curve Areas, P(0<z<+1.25) is equal to 0.3944.
3 are equal, respectively to 68.27%, 95.45%, and
99.73% of the total area which is equal to 1. We can now compute the probability of the given
tubes will last less than 1.5 years. It is equal to 0.5
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WITH SOFTWARE PROGRAMMING
SECOND YEAR – FIRST SEM | A.Y. 2023-2024

minus 0.3944 equals 0.1056. This implies that 10.56%

of the given tubes will last less than 1.5 years.

PROBLEM 2
Example. The average grade on a certain
mathematics test in normal distribution is 80 with a
standard deviation of 8. If 10% got the highest The three figures with blue shades are drawn to
grades, find the lowest possible grade. facilitate understanding of the solution of the
problem. Take note that the area from z = -0.42 to
z = 0 in the first figure is represented in the second
figure flipped over to the right of z = 0 or on the
positive side of the normal curve. The reason of
flipping it over to the positive side of the curve is to
facilitate finding its area value from the Table of
Normal Curve Areas. And the second blue-shaded
area in the first figure retains its position as shown
on the third figure because it is already on the
positive side of the curve. We are now ready to
compute the number of students with grades
between 1.95 and 2.55 inclusive.

Finally, the number of students with grades

between 1.95 and 2.55 inclusive is equal to 0.3818
times 200 total number of students equals 76
students.

PROBLEM 4
Example. A sample of 150
students was considered
with a mean weight of 65
kilos and the standard
Among the areas given in the table, the closest to deviation of 5 kilos. Find
area equal to 0.40 is that of 0.3997. This corresponds how many students weigh
to z value of 1.28. more than 72 kilos.

It is now time to determine the lowest possible

grade in the top 10% grades in a mathematical
test. From the problem statement, the given data
are the mean represented by the Greek letter
“mu” equals 80 and the standard deviation “s”
equals 8. And previously, we get to know the value
of z sub 1 as positive 1.28. These values will then be
substituted to the z-score formula. In substituting
values to the z-score formula, we are able to
compute for x equal to 90.24. Thus, the lowest
possible grade among the top 10% highest scores
is 90.24.
PROBLEM 5
PROBLEM 3 The actual amount of
Example. Two hundred orange which a filling
college freshmen have machine puts into 7
their grades in the ounce’ cups varies from
normal distribution with a cup to cup, and it may
mean of 2.2 and a looked upon a random
standard deviation of variable having a
0.6. How many of these normal distribution with a standard deviation of
freshmen have their 0.02 ounce. If only 2% of the cups are to contain
grades between 1.95 and 2.55 inclusive? less than 7 ounces of orange, what must be the
mean fill of these cups?
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WITH SOFTWARE PROGRAMMING
SECOND YEAR – FIRST SEM | A.Y. 2023-2024

To facilitate use of the

Table of Normal Curve
Areas, the 0.48 area is
flipped over to the right.
As in the figure, we are to
find the value of +z1
whose corresponding area is 0.5000 – 0.0200 =
0.4800. From the table, the value of z1
corresponding to the area 0.48 is z = 2.05. Thus ....

PROBLEM 6
Example. Suppose that in
an examination, the cutoff
score for passing is 75 for
200 people. If the mean of
the test is 84 with a
standard deviation of 5
and the scores are
normally distributed, what is the proportion of
people who passed the test?
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WITH SOFTWARE PROGRAMMING
SECOND YEAR – FIRST SEM | A.Y. 2023-2024