First Edit ion, 2023

SCIENCE,
TECHNOLOGY
and SOCIETY

AUTHOR

Derick Peralta

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 [Insert Abstract]

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 ABOUT........................................................................................................................................................................ ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................................................................... iii
Chapter 1: Historical Antecedents in which Social Considerations Changed
the Course of Science and Technology.......................................................................................... 1
Prehistoric Science and Technology ........................................................................................................ 1
The Stone Age ............................................................................................................................................. 1
Learning Task 1.......................................................................................................................................... 5
The Bronze Age .......................................................................................................................................... 5
The Iron Age ................................................................................................................................................ 7
Beginning of Modern Science and Technology ................................................................................... 8
The Renaissance ........................................................................................................................................ 8
The Scientific Revolution .................................................................................................................... 11
The Age of Enlightenment .................................................................................................................. 17
The Industrial Revolution................................................................................................................... 19
The Growth of 20th Century Science and Technology.................................................................... 22
Importance of Science and Technology Development ............................................................ 22
Chapter 2: Title ................................................................................................................................................. 25
Chapter 3: Title ................................................................................................................................................. 26

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 Historical Antecedents
in which Social Considerations
Changed the Course of Science
and Technology
Brief Introduction
Although science and technology are frequently perceived as neutral and objective, this is
not necessarily the case. Social factors can and do have a significant impact on the
advancement of science and technology. For instance, societal factors like the need to win
World War II and the terror of Nazi Germany influenced the creation of the atomic bomb,
and social factors like the need for a more connected world influenced the development of
the internet.

Social factors can occasionally result in the repression of science and technology. For
instance, because it went against what the Catholic Church taught about the nature of the
world, the study of heliocentrism was forbidden for centuries. In other situations, societal
factors may speed up scientific and technical development. For instance, the space race
between the US and the USSR resulted in the creation of numerous new technologies,
including satellites and rockets.

The interaction between technology, science, and society is intricate and dynamic. In order
to make wise choices about how to employ these technologies in the future, it is critical that
we are aware of the ways that social factors can affect the advancement of science and
technology.

1 | C HA PTER LECT UR E
Prehistoric Science and Technology

Figure 1.1 Paleolithic Era (2.5 million - 10,000 years ago)

The Stone Age

The Paleolithic era, also known as the Stone

Age, is the first period of human history. It
lasted from the first appearance of humans in
Africa around 2.5 million BC to the end of the
last ice age around 10,000 BC. During this
time, humans made significant advances in
science and technology, including the
development of stone tools, fire, and art.
https://www.sutori.com/en/story/interactive-timeline--qZ1kz5yXzMtQNSZ2vKvtjh6s

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 Stone Tools: The first stone tools were made by early hominids around 2.5 million BC.
These tools were simple, but they allowed our ancestors to hunt, gather, and defend
themselves more effectively. The earliest stone tools were made from simple rocks that were
Figure 1.2-1.4 Stone tools, fire, & art during Paleolithic Era chipped or flaked to create a sharp
edge. Over time, humans developed
more sophisticated stone tools,
including axes, knives, and
scrapers.

Fire: The use of fire was another

major breakthrough for prehistoric
humans. Fire allowed them to cook
food, stay warm, and protect
themselves from predators. The
earliest evidence of fire use dates
back to around 1.5 million BC. Fire
was likely discovered by accident,
but humans quickly learned to
control it and use it for their
benefit.
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Art: Prehistoric humans also made art, including paintings, sculptures, and jewelry. This art
provides us with a glimpse into the lives and beliefs of our ancestors. The earliest known art
dates back to around 40,000 BC. Prehistoric art is often found in caves, where it was
protected from the elements. The art often depicts animals, humans, and abstract symbols.

The Mesolithic era, also known as the Figure 1.5 Mesolithic Era (10,000 - 7,000 years ago)
Middle Stone Age, is the period of human
history that lasted from the end of the last
ice age around 10,000 BC to the
beginning of the Neolithic era around
7,000 BC. During this time, humans
continued to make advances in science
and technology, including the
development of agriculture, pottery, and
animal domestication.

Agriculture: The development of

agriculture around 10,000 BC was a
major turning point in human history. It
allowed humans to produce their own
food, which led to the development of https://www.shorthistory.org/prehistory/mesolithic-social-life-and-art/

more complex societies and civilizations. The first crops that were domesticated include
wheat, barley, rice, and millet.

Pottery: Pottery was invented around 7,000 BC. This allowed humans to store food and
water, and it also led to the development of new forms of art and decoration. Pottery was
made by shaping clay into a desired form and then firing it in a kiln.

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 Figure 1.6-1.8 Agriculture, pottery, and animal domestication during the Mesolithic Era

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Animal Domestication: The domestication of animals around 10,000 BC allowed humans

to use animals for labor, food, and transportation. This led to the development of more
complex societies and civilizations. The first animals that were domesticated include goats,
sheep, pigs, and cattle.

Figure 1.9 Neolithic Era (7,000 - 3,000 years ago)

The Neolithic era, also known as the
New Stone Age, is the period of human
history that lasted from the beginning of
agriculture around 7,000 BC to the
beginning of the Bronze Age around
3,000 years ago. During this time,
humans made significant advances in
science and technology, including the
development of writing, metalworking,
and complex societies.
https://www.sutori.com/en/story/interactive-timeline--qZ1kz5yXzMtQNSZ2vKvtjh6s

Writing: The invention of writing around 5,000 BC was another major breakthrough. It
allowed humans to record their thoughts and ideas, which led to the development of science,
mathematics, and other forms of knowledge. The first writing systems were developed in
Mesopotamia and Egypt.

Figure 1.10-1.11 Writing and Metalworking during the Neolithic Era

https://mrsbrienoyoung.weebly.com/neolithic-revolution--the-early-river-valley- https://www.museum.ie/getmedia/b3a5e5c8-ede5-4d8a-9ac9-
civilizations.html 6c01028a3821/FlintDaggers1.jpg?width=550&height=410&ext=.jpg

Metalworking: Metalworking was invented around 3,500 BC. This allowed humans to
create new tools and weapons, which led to the development of more complex societies and
civilizations. The first metals that were worked include copper, bronze, and iron.

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 Sociological Impacts of Science and Technology Development during the
Pre-Historic Period

The development of science and technology during the Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic
eras had a profound impact on society. These developments allowed humans to live longer,
healthier lives, and they also led to the development of more complex societies and
civilizations.
In the Paleolithic era, humans developed stone tools, fire, and art. These tools allowed
humans to hunt, gather, and defend themselves more effectively. Fire allowed humans to
cook food, stay warm, and protect themselves from predators. Art provided humans with a
way to express themselves and to communicate with each other.
During the Mesolithic era, humans continued to develop new technologies, including
agriculture, pottery, and animal domestication. Agriculture allowed humans to produce
their own food, which led to the development of more complex societies and civilizations.
Pottery allowed humans to store food and water, and it also led to the development of new
forms of art and decoration. Animal domestication allowed humans to use animals for labor,
food, and transportation.
In the Neolithic era, humans developed writing, metalworking, and complex societies.
Writing allowed humans to record their thoughts and ideas, which led to the development
of science, mathematics, and other forms of knowledge. Metalworking allowed humans to
create new tools and weapons, which led to the development of more complex societies and
civilizations.
In conclusion, the development of science and technology during the Paleolithic, Mesolithic,
and Neolithic eras laid the foundation for human civilization as we know it today. Early
people used their intelligence and resourcefulness to adapt to changing circumstances and
laid the groundwork for contemporary science and technology, from the invention of stone
tools and weaponry to the advent of agriculture and sophisticated communities.
Figure 1.12-1.14 Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China during the Stone Age

https://cdn.britannica.com/08/150008-050-D5A45539/Ziggurat-Ur.jpg https://www.sutori.com/en/story/interactive-timeline--qZ1kz5yXzMtQNSZ2vKvtjh6s

https://www.archaeology.org/issues/406-2101/features/9325-china-shimao-neolithic-city

Complex Societies: The development of complex societies around 5,000 BC was a major
turning point in human history. These societies were characterized by the development of
cities, governments, and specialized labor. The first complex societies developed in
Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China.

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 Learning Task 1
Task: Create a Timeline of Technological and Social Developments in Prehistoric Times
Instructions:
1. Research the major technological and social developments that occurred during the
Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic eras.
2. Create a timeline that highlights the key events and innovations that characterized
each era.
3. Include images, descriptions, and dates for each event or innovation.
4. Write a brief explanation of each event or innovation and its significance in the
context of human history.
5. Reflect on the broader implications of these developments for the future of human
society and consider how the innovations of the past continue to shape our lives and
communities today.

The Bronze Age

Figure 1.15 Bronze Age

The Bronze Age is a period in human

history that began around 3000 BCE and
lasted until approximately 1200 BCE. It is
characterized by the widespread use of
bronze, a copper alloy, in the creation of
tools, weapons, and various objects.
During the Bronze Age, societies were
becoming more organized and complex.
Along with the development of cities and
centralized governments, social
https://m.imdb.com/title/tt6572360/mediaviewer/rm779062529?context=default
stratification and specialized labor were
also brought about. These societal shifts
have impacted the advancement of science and technology. Bronze Age societies were
engaged in extensive trade networks, which facilitated the sharing of information and
resources. The acquisition of new technology, raw materials, and cultural concepts by
societies through commerce facilitated the diffusion and regional adaptation of scientific
and technological breakthroughs.
As Bronze Age societies became more complex, including the existence of social hierarchies
and specialized labor, technology has become more advanced. As people specialized in
specific tasks, such as metalworking and farming, they were able to hone their skills and
create more advanced techniques and tools.
In Bronze Age communities, rituals and religion were important. Temples and holy places
were built, frequently requiring skill in architecture and engineering. These religious
practices drove advancements in construction techniques, mathematics, and astronomy, as
ancient civilizations sought to align their structures with celestial events and build religious
monuments.

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 Technological Developments in the Bronze Age

Figure 1.16-1.17 Metallurgy, Casting Techniques & Metalworking Tools during the Bronze Age

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-metallurgical-ensemble-found-at- https://exarc.net/issue-2020-1/ea/socketed-axes-irish-late-bronze-age
Cukurici-Hoeyuek-comprises-numerous-crucibles-moulds_fig6_304717020

Metallurgy: The development of bronze metallurgy was a significant technological

advancement during the Bronze Age. Bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, was stronger and
more durable than pure copper, enabling the creation of superior tools, weapons, and
objects.

Casting Techniques: Bronze casting techniques improved during this era. The lost-wax
casting method, in which a wax model is encased in clay and then melted out, allowed for
the production of intricate and finely detailed bronze objects, including statuary, jewelry,
and decorative items.

Metalworking Tools: The Bronze Age witnessed the development of specialized

metalworking tools. For example, the invention of the mold allowed for the mass production
of bronze objects, while tools such as hammers, chisels, and tongs enabled artisans to shape
and manipulate metal with greater precision.

Agricultural Tools: Innovations in agricultural tools were crucial for supporting growing
populations and increasing food production. The adoption of the “ard” (a type of plow)
facilitated more efficient land cultivation, while “sickles” and “scythes” improved harvesting
techniques.

Pottery and Ceramics: Pottery and ceramic production saw advancements during the
Bronze Age. The introduction of potter's wheels improved efficiency and enabled the
creation of more symmetrical vessels. Kilns were developed to fire pottery at higher
temperatures, resulting in stronger and more durable ceramic wares.

Navigation and Maritime Technology: Maritime technology advanced during the Bronze
Age, with the development of oars and sails, allowing for more efficient navigation and long-
distance travel by sea. This led to increased trade and cultural exchange between different
regions.
Figure 1.18-1.20 Metallurgy, Casting Techniques & Metalworking Tools during the Bronze Age

https://www.scandinavianarchaeology.com/the-birth-of-a-new-age-the- https://exarc.net/issue-2017-1/at/reconstruction-geometric- https://arkeonews.net/minoan-civilization-may-have-used-

bronze-age/ decor-technology-bronze-age-ceramics-siberia celestial-navigation-techniques/

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 The Iron Age
Figure 1.21 Iron Age
The Iron Age is the era that emerged after
the Bronze Age which marked an important
period in human history highlighted by
significant scientific and technological
breakthroughs. Iron Age communities
underwent radical transformations in their
infrastructure, agricultural methods,
weapons, and tools, which resulted in
tremendous advances in science and https://www.history.com/topics/pre-history/iron-age
technology.
Iron, a strong and durable metal, has physical and chemical properties much better than
older materials like stone and bronze. It revolutionized the manufacture of tools and
weapons such axes, hoes, and chisels were among the effective iron tools made possible by
the discovery and development of iron production methods. These tools transformed the
agricultural, construction, and craft industries. Swords, spears, and arrowheads were just a
few examples of the iron weapons that played a crucial part in battle, shaping military
tactics and the balance of power between civilizations.
Society during the Iron Age had a profound influence on the development of science and
technology during this period. Here are the keyways in which society shaped these
advancements:
1. Demand and Needs: Scientific and technological advancements were fueled by
society's growing need for iron infrastructure, tools, and weaponry. New processes
were investigated and improved as a result of the
Figure 1.22-1.23
Tools & weaponry during the Iron Age demand for more effective ways to produce iron
and cutting-edge ironworking procedures.
2. Specialization and Expertise: Specialized
craftsmen and artisans emerged as a result of the
growth of complex societies. Their commitment to
ironworking and other technological disciplines
allowed for the improvement of methods and the
development of innovative approaches.
3. Trade and Exchange: The expanding trade
networks made it easier for diverse societies to
share scientific and technological knowledge.
Interactions among people from different cultures
and regions led to the transfer of ideas, techniques,
and materials, fostering progress in various fields.
4. Military and Warfare: Societies' desire for
military advantage and territorial protection
influenced Ironworking and weapon design
innovations. Military tactics and plans have been
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aarh._01_bed67ecfd0_a435077370.png
profoundly influenced by advances in weaponry
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weapons and forging techniques.

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 5. Agricultural Advancements: Advancements in agricultural techniques were made
in response to the necessity to support rising populations. Iron tools improved
farming efficiency, which caused
Figure 1.24 Agriculture & Infrastructures
increased in productivity and food during the Iron Age
security.
6. Urbanization and Infrastructure: The
development of urban areas and the
requirement for infrastructure sparked
improvements in engineering and
construction methods. Buildings, roads,
and fortresses were built more effectively
and robustly as a result of invention of https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/iron-age-farmers-believed-a-chicken-was-for-
life-not-just-for-dinner-55q5gf53v
iron tools.
The extensive use of iron throughout the Iron Age, which revolutionized tools, weapons,
agriculture, building, and artistic expression, had a significant impact on science and
technology. The developments produced during this time period altered the course of
human civilization and laid the foundation for later technological and scientific
advancements.

Beginning of Modern Science and Technology

Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution

Figure 1.25 Renaissance & Scientific Revolution The Renaissance

Renaissance society was a cultural and
intellectual movement that emerged in
Europe during the 14th to 17th centuries. It
had a significant influence on the
advancement of science and technology
during this time period and was marked by
a resurgence of interest in the arts, sciences,
and education. Following the Middle Ages,
Europe had a furious period of cultural,
artistic, political, and economic "rebirth"
http://www.mrcrobertson.com/11-renaissance--scientific-revolution.html during the Renaissance. The Renaissance
promoted the rediscovery of classical
philosophy, literature, and art. This time period produced some of the greatest thinkers,
writers, statesmen, scientists, and artists in human history.
People's perspectives on knowledge and the natural world changed during the Renaissance.
The prevalence of humanism, a philosophical viewpoint that emphasizes the potential and
accomplishments of people, increased. This humanistic viewpoint urged people to
challenge preconceived beliefs, rely on reason and observation, and actively seek new
knowledge. Scientific and technological advancements were driven by the Renaissance
society's emphasis on empirical observation, experimentation, and the application of
mathematics.

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 Some Scientific and Technological Inventions

During the Renaissance, there were several significant technological and scientific
inventions that emerged, contributing to advancements in various fields. Here are some
examples of inventions and their inventors during this period, and how these inventions
have shaped the modern world:
1. Printing Press: Johannes Gutenberg, a German Figure 1.26 Gutenberg
Printing Press
inventor, is credited with the development of the
movable type printing press around 1440,
revolutionizing the dissemination of knowledge and
contributing to the spread of scientific ideas. It allowed
for the mass production of books and facilitated the
dissemination of scientific ideas, leading to the
democratization of knowledge.
Today, printing technology continues to play a vital role
in publishing, education, and communication. https://www.dkfindout.com/us/more-find-
out/special-events/how-is-book-made/

Figure 1.27 Galileo Galilei’s

Telescope 2. Telescope: Although the invention of the telescope is
attributed to multiple individuals, Hans Lippershey, a
Dutch optician, is often credited with its creation
around 1608. Galileo Galilei made significant
improvements to the design and used it for
astronomical observations.
Our knowledge of the universe has increased as a
result of telescope development. It made it possible for
astronomers to make ground-breaking observations
and discoveries, such as those on the phases of Venus
and the moons of Jupiter. The concepts of the original
design have been applied to modern telescopes, which
have helped astronomy and astrophysics advance even
further.
https://www.mpg.de/7913340/galileo-galilei-telescope

3. Pocket Watch: Peter Henlein, a German locksmith and Figure 1.28 Peter Henlein’s
clockmaker, is credited with inventing the portable, Pocket Watch
spring-driven pocket watch in the early 16th century,
which became a significant advancement in
timekeeping.
The development of the pocket watch transformed
timekeeping and had a big impact on many sectors. For
transportation, industry, and navigation, precise time
measurement became essential. Atomic clocks and
smartwatches, two modern examples of very accurate
and varied timekeeping technology, continue to
https://www.ohselection.com/en/guides/histoire-
horlogerie/horlogerie-de-renaissance/

influence our daily lives.

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 Figure 1.29 Torricelli 4. Barometer: Evangelista Torricelli, an Italian physicist and
Barometer
mathematician, invented the barometer in 1643. His invention
allowed the measurement of atmospheric pressure, leading to
a better understanding of weather patterns.
Our knowledge of weather patterns and atmospheric
dynamics has significantly enhanced because of the barometer.
It has been proven helpful in aviation, climate research, and
weather prediction. In order to forecast and comprehend
weather systems, modern weather prediction models
significantly rely on air pressure observations.
https://www.mpg.de/7913340/galileo-galilei-
telescope Figure 1.30 Galileo
Galilei’s Thermometer
5. Thermometer: Galileo Galilei developed an early version
of the thermometer around 1592. His device used the
expansion and contraction of air to measure temperature,
laying the foundation for modern temperature
measurement.
Today, thermometers are crucial instruments in medical
treatment, industrial processes, environmental
monitoring, and scientific study. They help us
comprehend many physical and chemical phenomena and
enable precise temperature control. https://www.museumselection.co.uk/all-home-
accessories/galileo-thermometer/

Figure 1.31 Da Vinci's Anatomical Studies 6. Anatomical Studies: Leonardo da Vinci,

an Italian polymath, conducted extensive
anatomical studies during the
Renaissance. His detailed illustrations and
investigations into human anatomy
advanced medical knowledge and laid the
groundwork for modern anatomy. They
had an impact on the growth of medical
knowledge, surgical methods, and
healthcare innovation. His meticulous
pictures are still used as resources in
https://www.italian-renaissance-art.com/leonardo-drawings.html
medical education and investigation.
7. Perspective in Art: Filippo Brunelleschi, an Italian architect and engineer, introduced
linear perspective in art during the early Renaissance. His method of using
mathematical principles to create realistic depth and proportion transformed the
field of visual representation. It gave
Figure 1.32 Da Vinci's Anatomical Studies
artists the tools they needed to produce
lifelike and immersive artworks. In order
to improve our visual experiences, the
principles of perspective are still used in a
variety of visual media, such as
photography, film, and virtual reality.
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 The Scientific Revolution
The Scientific Revolution was sparked by the
Figure 1.32 Scientific Revolution Renaissance, which promoted a culture of inquiry and
experimentation. The Renaissance's humanistic values
prompted scholars to question accepted wisdom and
established authorities. The discovery of the printing
press and the resurgence of interest in classical writings
made it possible for knowledge and ideas to be widely
disseminated. This intellectual interaction, along with
improvements in observational tools and mathematical
https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/nicolaus-copernicus
methods, paved the way for the Scientific Revolution.
During the 16th and 17th centuries, intellectual and scientific advancements took place in
Europe. The way individuals approached scientific inquiry underwent a major change
during this period, putting more emphasis on actual observation, experimentation, and
mathematical reasoning while moving away from sole reliance on conventional authorities.
Several significant figures emerged during the Scientific Revolution, and their works
contributed to the transformation of scientific thought. Here are a few notable figures and
their contributions:
1. Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) Figure 1.33 Nicolaus Copernicus
Nicolaus Copernicus was a Polish astronomer and
mathematician who is best known for formulating the
heliocentric model of the solar system, challenging the
prevailing geocentric view. Born in Torun, Poland,
Copernicus studied mathematics and astronomy in
Krakow, Italy, and Germany. https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/nicolaus-copernicus

Copernicus' most important work, "De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium" (On the
Figure 1.34 Heliocentric Model
Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres), was published just a
few years before his death in 1543. In this work, he
introduced the “heliocentric theory” which proposed that
the Sun, rather than the Earth, was at the center of the solar
system, with the planets, including the Earth, revolving
around it in circular orbits. The heliocentric model of
Copernicus significantly opposed the “geocentric model”
(Earth-center model) supported by the medieval Catholic
https://www.wondriumdaily.com/the-heliocentric-theory- Church and promoted by the ancient Greek astronomer
nicolaus-copernicus-and-galileo-galilei/
Ptolemy.
Along with his contributions to astronomy, Copernicus was a mathematician and a member
of the Catholic Church. He made important contributions to cartography, trigonometry, and
mathematics. Copernicus developed his heliocentric hypothesis using rigorous
observations and mathematical calculations.
Although Copernicus' work had a significant influence on later scientific developments, he
did not witness the full extent of its acceptance during his lifetime. His theories began to be
more widely accepted in the years that followed, as astronomers like Galileo and Kepler
built on his discoveries.

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 The breakthrough theories of Nicolaus Copernicus and his heliocentric model provided the
foundation for the scientific revolution and paved the way for subsequent astronomical
discoveries. His work signaled a turning point in the development of astronomy and our
comprehension of the cosmos.

Figure 1.35 Francis Bacon

2. Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
Francis Bacon (1561-1626) was born in London,
England. An English philosopher, statesman, and
scientist, he played a vital role in the development of the
scientific method and the advancement of natural
philosophy. His works highlighted the importance of
empirical observation, induction, and systematic
experimentation in scientific inquiry.
Bacon was renowned for his outstanding work “Novum
Organum” (1620), where he outlined his ideas for a new
approach of acquiring knowledge which he called the
"Baconian method" or the "scientific method". Bacon
believed in systematic observation, data gathering, and
the formulation of general laws based on induction
rather than relying only on deductive reasoning or
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Francis-Bacon-Viscount-
philosophical speculation. Saint-Alban

Figure 1.36 Book on Scientific Method

He stressed the significance of experimentation as
a means of testing theories and hypotheses
because he thought that scientific knowledge
should be based on empirical facts. The
experimental and empirical approaches that
became essential to the scientific revolution were
built on Bacon's approach to knowledge.
Bacon's theories and methods had a significant
influence on later scientific thought and
influenced how the scientific revolution unfolded.
https://theconversation.com/francis-bacon-the-17th-century-philosopher- He set the foundation for contemporary science
whose-scientific-ideas-could-tackle-climate-change-today-108228
and the scientific method by emphasizing
observation, experimentation, and the systematic collection of knowledge. Francis Bacon is
regarded as one of the key figures in the advancement of scientific thought and the
promotion of empirical inquiry.

3. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)

Galileo Galilei was one of the important figures who made significant contributions to the
fields of science and technology during the Scientific Revolution. He was an Italian
mathematician, physicist, and astronomer, born in Pisa, Italy, whose works laid the
foundation for modern physics and observational astronomy. With his improved of the
telescope, Galileo was able to conduct ground-breaking astronomical observations.

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 The four largest moons of Jupiter, Venus' phases, and Figure 1.37 Galileo Galilei
Saturn's rings are only a few of the celestial phenomena he
discovered and recorded. These discoveries disproved the
prevalent geocentric theory of the cosmos and supported
Nicolaus Copernicus' heliocentric theory. Galileo's
experiments on motion and his formulation of the laws of
falling bodies laid the foundation for modern physics.
Galileo's theories and achievements, however, were
opposed by the Catholic Church since they went against
established religious beliefs. Galileo was forced by the
Figure 1.38 Galileo's
Church to give up his
experiment on falling bodies heliocentric beliefs in 1616, https://www.insanokur.org/galileo-galilei-kimdir-ne-
yapmistir-kendi-agzindan-yasam-oykusu/
which caused him to publish his
theories under a more speculative heading. He was found guilty
of heresy in a 1633 Inquisition trial for supporting Copernican
heliocentrism. After that, Galileo was given house arrest for the
rest of his life.
Though Galileo was persecuted, his contributions to science
and his innovative use of experimental techniques had a
significant influence on later scientific thought. His work
promoted the scientific method and the idea that empirical
facts and mathematical equations might be used to explain
natural events. Galileo was considered as one of the most
https://twitter.com/ecell_sastra/status/1438056742
827421699 important scientists in history.

4. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)

A German mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer, Figure 1.39 Johannes Kepler
Johannes Kepler (1571–1630) was a key figure in the
Scientific Revolution. Kepler, who was born in Weil der
Stadt, Germany, made a fundamental contribution to
our knowledge of planetary motion and established the
basis for contemporary astronomy.
The three principles of planetary motion that Kepler
developed, known as Kepler's principles, are his most
well-known contribution. These rules, which were
released between 1609 and 1619, were built upon
Tycho Brahe's painstaking observations and Kepler's
https://en.sperohope.com/johannes-kepler-biograf
own mathematical calculations.
Kepler's First Law, also known as the “Law of Ellipses”, states that the planets orbit the Sun
following elliptical paths, with the Sun at one of the two foci of the ellipse. This opposed the
earlier accepted notion of circular orbits.
In his Second Law, the “Law of Equal Areas”, Keppler believed that an imaginary line
connecting a planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal time intervals. This implies
that a planet moves faster when it is closer to the Sun and slower when it is farther away.

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 The “Harmonic Law”, Keppler’s Third Law, relates the orbital periods of planets to their
distances from the Sun. This law states that the square of the orbital period a planet is
directly proportional to the cube of its average distance from the Sun.
Figure 1.40 Kepler’s Laws

https://www.wondriumdaily.com/what-johannes-kepler-got-wrong/

Keppler’s Law of Planetary Motion validated Copernicus’ heliocentric model and also serve
as the foundation of Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation.
Although Kepler's work was opposed by scientific and religious authorities during his time,
his discoveries and mathematical formulations served as the foundation for contemporary
celestial mechanics. Johannes Kepler became a leading figure in the scientific revolution and
a forerunner in the field of modern astronomy thanks to his contributions to astronomy and
his revolutionary laws of planetary motion.

Figure 1.41 Isaac Newton 5. Isaac Newton (1643-1727)

Sir Isaac Newton, one of the most important scientists in
history, was an English mathematician, physicist, and
astronomer who lived from 1643 to 1727. Newton, who was
born in Woolsthorpe, England, revolutionized how we think
about the principles of motion, gravitation, and optics.
Newton’s monumental book, the "Philosophiæ Naturalis
Principia Mathematica" (Mathematical Principles of Natural
Philosophy), published in 1687, laid the foundation for
classical mechanics. In this book, he formulated and
https://www.nmspacemuseum.org/wp-
introduced the three laws of motion known as Newton's Laws
content/uploads/2019/03/sir-isaac-newton-
793x1024.jpg of Motion.
Newton's First Law, the “Law of Inertia”, states that a body at rest tends to remain at rest,
and a body in motion tends to remain in motion with constant speed and in the same
direction unless acted upon by an external force.
In the “Law of acceleration” (second law of motion), Newton relates the net force acting on
an object to its mass and acceleration. He stated that the acceleration of an object is directly
proportional to the net force applied to it and inversely proportional to its mass.
Newton's Third Law or the “Law of Action and Reaction” states that for every action force,
there is an equal but opposite reaction force, equal in magnitude but opposite in direction.
Newton’s “Law of universal Gravitation” explained that every particle in the universe attracts
every other particle with a force that is directly proportional to their masses and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between them. This law provided a mathematical
explanation for the motions of celestial bodies, as well as objects on Earth.

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 Newton also invented calculus which was crucial to his scientific discoveries. He developed
differential and integral calculus as powerful mathematical tools to explain and analyze
rates of change, motion, and complex mathematical relationships. The development of
calculus did not only enable Newton to derive his laws but also served as a key mathematical
framework for subsequent scientific research in a various field of studies.
Newton’s remarkable discoveries Figure 1.42 Law of universal Gravitation
and mathematical formulations
have revolutionized scientific
thought and gave us a unified
foundation framework for
understanding the natural world.
His contributions laid the
groundwork for classical physics
and had a profound impact for
decades to come.
https://classnotes.ng/lesson/new-lesson-68/

Social Implications of the Scientific Revolution

The Scientific Revolution had profound social implications both during its time and in the
centuries that followed. Here are some key social implications of the Scientific Revolution:

1. Challenge to Traditional Authority

The Scientific Revolution questioned the reliability of conventional source of knowledge,
including historical texts and religious institutions. Long-held doctrines and beliefs were
challenged by the emphasis on empirical observation and experimentation, which resulted
in a change in the sources of authority in favor of reason and science.
2. Rise of Scientific Method
The scientific method became widely used as a
methodical means of learning throughout the
Scientific Revolution. This method introduced
a more rigorous and methodical approach to
comprehending the natural world by
emphasizing observation, experimentation,
and the creation of hypotheses. The scientific
method became the cornerstone of scientific
investigation, resulting in improvements in
many other fields of study.
3. Expansion of Knowledge
The Scientific Revolution led to a tremendous
https://pressbooks.nscc.ca/worldhistory/chapter/chapter-10-the-scientific-revolution/
increase in knowledge across many disciplines.
Our knowledge of the world has been fundamentally altered by recent advances in fields
including physics, biology, medicine, and astronomy. This expansion of knowledge had far-
reaching effects on society, leading to advancements in technology, agriculture, and health
care.

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 4. Technological Advancements Figure 1.44 Discovery of the Circulatory System
Significant technological developments
brought about by the Scientific Revolution
changed many aspects of civilization.
Improvements were made in transportation,
communication, agriculture, and medicine as
a result of inventions and discoveries in
disciplines like physics, chemistry, and
engineering. The advancement of scientific
tools and methods also had a significant
impact on commerce and industry, resulting https://quizlet.com/343287713/ap-euro-unit-4-scientific-philosophical-and-political-
in societal change and economic growth. developments-1648-1815-part-a-scientific-revolution-flash-cards/

5. Enlightenment and Secularization

The Scientific Revolution is believed to have impacted the “Enlightenment” – a broader
intellectual and cultural movement that followed the Renaissance. Philosophy and political
thinking were influenced by the emphasis on reason, empiricism, and skepticism, which
resulted in a stronger emphasis on individual rights, liberty, and the pursuit of knowledge.
It also aided in the progressive secularization of society by elevating scientific justifications
and logic above those of religion.
6. Spread of Education

Figure 1.45 Education System & Scientific Collaboration The significance of education and
knowledge development was
emphasized throughout the
Scientific Revolution. The need for
education in scientific domains grew
as scientific concepts and discoveries
proliferated. A better educated and
scientifically literate society has
emerged as a result of the founding
https://study.com/academy/lesson/pre-scientific-revolution-logic-reason-scientific-experiementation.html of scientific societies, academic
institutions, and institutions devoted to scientific education.
7. Scientific Institutions and Collaboration
One of the important contributions of the Scientific Revolution to society is the rise of
scientific institutions and the existence of a culture of cooperation among scientists. To
facilitate the sharing of knowledge and to advance scientific research, formal scientific
organizations were founded, such as the Royal Society in England and the Academie des
Sciences in France. This focus on teamwork and the sharing of ideas served as the
cornerstone for contemporary scientific inquiry and the scientific community.
8. Impact on Governance and Policy
The Scientific Revolution had caused significant changes on governance and policy-making
through its scientific discoveries and improvements. Governments have acknowledged the
value of scientific knowledge in fields including public health, agriculture, military
technology, and navigation. Scientific advisers and academies were created as a result of the
growing demand for and incorporation of scientific knowledge into governing institutions.

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 Overall, the Scientific Revolution significantly altered society by challenging preconceived
beliefs, advancing knowledge, promoting technological advancement, and influencing
philosophical and cultural movements. Science and technology play crucial roles in many
facets of our life, and their influence is continuously shaping our society.

Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution

The Age of Enlightenment

Figure 1.46 The Enlightenment The “Enlightenment”, sometimes referred to as the Age of
Enlightenment, or simply Enlightenment, was a
philosophical and cultural movement that took root in
Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries. It emphasized
logic, reason, and the value of personal liberty. The
Enlightenment questioned conventional authority,
including governmental and religious institutions, and
promoted the application of critical analysis and scientific
https://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/enlightenment/
methods to comprehend and better society.

The "Enlightenment"—a more extensive intellectual and cultural movement that came after
the Renaissance—is seen to have been influenced by the Scientific Revolution. The emphasis
on reason, empiricism, and skepticism had an impact on philosophy and political thinking,
which led to a higher emphasis on individual rights, liberty, and the pursuit of knowledge.
It also helped to advance the secularization of society by prioritizing the rationale and
justifications of science over those of religion.
During the Age of Enlightenment, several social considerations changed the course of
science and technology and sparked the Industrial Revolution.
1. Empiricism and Observation: Figure 1.47 Thinkers & Ideas during the Enlightenment
Thinkers of the Enlightenment
emphasized the value of
empirical observation and
reasoned from evidence. This
change in perspective affected
scientific inquiry and resulted in
improvements in disciplines like
physics, astronomy, and biology.
2. Scientific Method: The https://classnotes.ng/lesson/new-lesson-68/

formalization and popularization

of the scientific method occurred during the Age of Enlightenment. This method placed
a strong emphasis on experimentation, systematic observation, and the creation of
testable hypotheses. It helped the growth of contemporary science and the expansion
of scientific knowledge.
3. Science and Society: During the Enlightenment, it was advocated that advancements
in science and knowledge should be used to advance society as a whole. Technology
and science were viewed as instruments for societal advancement, and efforts were
made to use scientific knowledge to advance medicine, agriculture, and industry.

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 4. Intellectual Climate: The Enlightenment encouraged a spirit of inquiry, critical
thought, and faith in the potential of humanity. It emphasized the use of reason and
empirical evidence while challenging conventional authority. These conceptual
upheavals provided an ideal environment for technological advancement and scientific
Figure 1.48-1.49 Antoine Lavoisier’s research.
'Traite Elementaire de Chimie' 5. Scientific Progress: During the Age of
Enlightenment, there were notable
advances in physics, chemistry, and biology,
among other sciences. Scientists like Isaac
Newton, Antoine Lavoisier, and Carl
Linnaeus made discoveries and developed
ideas that provided a solid foundation of
knowledge and principles that could be
https://www.rsc.org/news-events/features/2019/jan/finding-the-periodic-table/
applied to practical applications.
6. Technological Advancements: During the Enlightenment, the emphasis on reason
and scientific understanding inspired engineers and inventors to create new
technologies. Production methods in sectors including textiles, mining, and
transportation were changed by improved machinery like the steam engine, spinning
jenny, and power loom. Productivity and efficiency have significantly increased as a
result of these technical advances.
7. Economic and Political Factors: The principles of Figure 1.50 Political Development
individualism, economic freedom, and restrained
government intrusion that emerged during the
Enlightenment helped to foster the conditions that
led to industrialization. The development of
capitalism and the middle class gave people the
resources and the spirit of entrepreneurship
needed to invest in new industrial endeavors. https://world101.cfr.org/contemporary-history/prelude-global-

Political institutions that supported economic era/what-enlightenment-and-how-did-it-transform-politics

freedom and private property rights were established, which further boosted the
growth of the industrial sector.
8. Access to Markets and Resources: During the Age of Enlightenment, European
Figure 1.51 Trade and Commerce
colonial expansion facilitated access to markets
and valuable resources, such as raw materials.
The growth of businesses like mining and
manufacturing depended heavily on the
availability of commodities like coal and iron.
The development of colonial commerce
networks opened up new channels for the
exchange of products and concepts, promoting
https://enfilade18thc.files.wordpress.com/2013/08/here.pdf technological innovation and diffusion.
9. Social and Cultural Changes: Enlightenment ideas increased social mobility and
questioned established social hierarchies. Urbanization and the expansion of the
middle class increased consumer demand, which in turn boosted industrial output.
Furthermore, the number of skilled workers and innovators expanded as a result of the
Enlightenment's emphasis on literacy and education.

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 The Industrial Revolution Figure 1.52 Industrial Revolution

The term "industrial revolution" describes a time

between the late 18th and the mid-19th century
when there was a significant increase in
industrialization, economic expansion, and
technological advancements, primarily in Britain
but later also in other regions of Europe and the
United States. It signaled a change from manual
labor and rural economies to manufacturing and
industries based on machines. https://historyofmassachusetts.org/where-industrial-revolution-take-place/

The Industrial Revolution was the result of the interaction of the different social
considerations which were fueled by the intellectual and cultural changes of the
Enlightenment. The Industrial Revolution was defined by advances in science, technology,
and industry, all of which were made possible by the Enlightenment's emphasis on reason,
scientific investigation, and the pursuit of progress.

Some Scientific and Technological Discoveries and Inventions During the

Industrial Revolution

The industrial revolution brought forth several significant scientific and technological
discoveries and inventions. Here are a few examples:

Figure 1.53 Thomas 1. Thomas Savery (1698): The first effective steam-
Savery’s Engine powered apparatus, also known as the "Savery Engine" or the
"Miner's Friend," was developed by English military engineer
Thomas Savery in 1698. It was primarily used for pumping
water out of mines. In order to draw water into the Savery
Engine and then expel it, a vacuum was created using steam
pressure.
2. Thomas Newcomen (1712): Thomas Newcomen, an
English blacksmith, built on
Figure 1.54 Newcomen Engine
Savery's work to create the
atmospheric steam engine,
also known as the
"Newcomen Engine" or the
"Atmospheric Engine".
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Savery
Newcomen's engine was
more effective than Savery's and was used frequently
to pump water out of mines. It worked by condensing
steam inside a cylinder to create a vacuum, which
moved the piston and performed mechanical work. https://rootsofprogress.org/the-newcomen-steam-enginec

3. James Watt (late 18th century): Scottish engineer James Watt made the most
significant improvements to the steam engine. Watt made numerous significant
discoveries in the late 18th century that significantly increased the efficiency and
usefulness of steam engines.

19 | P a g e S C I E N C E , T E C H N O L O GY A N D S O C I E T Y
 a. Separate Condenser: The inclusion of a separate
Figure 1.55 James Watt’s
Steam Engine
condenser was Watt's most significant invention. He
designed a separate chamber where steam was
condensed instead of within the main cylinder, keeping
the main cylinder hot and increasing engine efficiency.
b. Rotary Motion: Watt also devised a mechanism that
changed the engine's piston's reciprocating action into
rotary motion, making it suitable for powering
equipment. This development created new
opportunities for the use of steam power in factories
and mills.
c. Governor: Watt included a centrifugal governor to
control the engine's speed. The governor automatically
regulated the fuel supply based on changes in speed,
https://rootsofprogress.org/the-newcomen-steam-engine
ensuring a more stable and controlled functioning.
4. Spinning Mule (1779): Samuel Crompton created the Figure 1.56 Compton’s Spinning Mule
spinning mule in 1779, combining elements of the
spinning jenny and the water frame. It significantly
enhanced the spinning procedure used in the
production of textiles.
5. Power Loom (1785): The power loom, developed by
Edmund Cartwright in 1785, revolutionized the process
of weaving cloth and improved the textile industry's https://rootsofprogress.org/the-newcomen-steam-enginec

productivity.
6. Steam-powered Locomotive (1804): The creation of the first steam-powered
locomotive is attributed to Richard Trevithick. A major development in transportation
occurred when his locomotive successfully moved a load weighing ten tons along a
track.
Figure 1.57 Cartwright’s Figure 1.58 Trevithick’s Figure 1.59 Murdoch’s
Power Loom Steam-powered Locomotive Gas Lamps

https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co https://preservedbritishsteamlocomotives.com/richard- https://www.period-homes.com/product-reports/gas-

528175/power-loom-weaving-loom trevithick-1802-coalbrookdale-locomotive/ lighting-radiant-history

7. Gas Lighting (1802): The use of gas lighting for indoor illumination was invented by
William Murdoch. He created a workable technique for producing and distributing coal
gas for illumination, which paved the way for the widespread use Figure 1.60 Goodyear’s
of gas lamps in urban areas. Rubber Fabrics Machine

8. Vulcanization of Rubber (1839): Vulcanization, which includes

treating rubber with sulfur to make it more resilient, elastic, and
temperature-resistant, was invented by Charles Goodyear. The
rubber business was revolutionized by this breakthrough.
https://connecticuthistory.org/charles-
goodyears-machine-for-making-rubber-
fabrics/

20 | P a g e S C I E N C E , T E C H N O L O GY A N D S O C I E T Y
 Figure 1.61 Morse & Van Telegraph
9. Telegraph (1837): Samuel Morse and Alfred
Vail created the electric telegraph, a technology that
permitted long-distance Morse code
communication. The telegraph revolutionized
communication and was instrumental in tying
together far-flung
https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/telegraph areas. Figure 1.62 Furnace in
Bessemer Process

10. Bessemer Process (1856): In order to remove

impurities from molten iron, Henry Bessemer invented
a technique for mass-producing steel. Because of the
Bessemer process, steel was produced at a far lower cost
and in a shorter amount of time, which made it popular https://www.discoverwalks.com/blog/united-
in both industry and construction. kingdom/top-10-facts-about-the-bessemer-process/

11. Sewing Machine (1846): The first practical sewing machine, designed by Elias
Howe, transformed the textile and apparel industries by boosting productivity and
efficiency.
12. Steam-powered Ships (early 19th century): Robert Fulton is credited with creating
the first steamboat that was economically successful, which sparked a rapid rise in
steam-powered transportation and shipping.
13. Dynamite (1867): Alfred Nobel created the stable, manageable explosive known as
dynamite in 1867. By enabling safer and more effective operations, dynamite
significantly impacted building, mining, and excavation projects.

Figure 1.63 Howe’s

Sewing Machine

Figure 1.64 Fulton’s Figure 1.65

Steam-powered Ships Nobel’s Dynamite

https://www.mozaweb.com/Extra-3D_scenes-
North_River_Steamboat_Clermont_1807-9965 https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/a32447280/his
tory-dynamite/

https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co
44744/sewing-machine-by-elias-howe-sewing-machine

During the Industrial Revolution, power generation, manufacturing, and transportation

were all drastically altered by the invention and widespread usage of the steam engine,
particularly the James Watt improvement. Locomotives, steamships, and factories all ran on
steam engines, which helped mechanize many industries and change the way that
transportation systems functioned. These inventions and discoveries played a crucial role
in driving the industrialization and technological advancements of the time, transforming
various sectors, and shaping the modern world.

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 The Growth of 20th Century Science and Technology

Figure 1.66 S&T in the 20th Century The 20th century marks a crucial period in human
history, witnessing incredible advances in science and
technology that changed societies and helped chape
the modern world. This era was characterized by
remarkable discoveries, revolutionary inventions, and
extraordinary progress in different fields in science
and technology. The rapid growth and development in
https://andhrapradesh.pscnotes.com/appsc-group-1-mains/science-and-
technology-paper-iv/current-science-technology-developments-in-india/
science and technology had significant impact on how
people live, work, communicate, and engage with their surroundings on a social level. The
20th century is seen as a turning point in the history of human progress since it laid the
groundwork for many of the technologies and fields of knowledge that we use today.

Importance of Science and Technology Development

Science and technology advancements in the 20th century brought about numerous social
implications that transformed societies across the globe. Figure 1.67 Communication
These implications encompassed various aspects of human Devices through 20th Century
life and had both positive and negative effects.
Improved Communication and Connectivity: The
development of technologies like the telephone, radio,
television, and later, the internet, brought people closer
together, transcending geographical barriers.
Communication became faster, more accessible, and
widespread, enabling the exchange of ideas, cultural https://hotcore.info/babki/examples-of-communication-
technology.htm

exchange, and global collaboration.

Figure 1.68-1.71 20’s Transport Vehicles Enhanced Transportation: Innovations in
transportation, including the automobile,
airplanes, and railways, made travel faster, safer,
and more convenient. This led to increased
mobility, urbanization, and globalization,
connecting people, and facilitating economic
growth and cultural exchange.
Figure 1.72-1.73 Present Medical Equipment

https://www.britannica.com/technology/bus-vehicle
https://www.jdpower.com/cars/shopping-guides/average-weight-of-a-car
https://www.britannica.com/place/Japan/Railways
https://www.frenchlearner.com/vocabulary/airplane/

Advancements in Health and Medicine:

Medical breakthroughs in the 20th century,
such as the discovery of antibiotics,
vaccines, and medical imaging technologies https://zelinmed.com/products/hitachi-clinix-ii-x-ray-system?variant=34688508035206
like X-rays, MRIs, and CT scans, significantly https://premierimaging.org/how-to-prepare-for-an-mri/

improved healthcare. These advancements led to longer life expectancies, reduced mortality
rates, and better management of diseases, resulting in improved quality of life for many.

22 | P a g e S C I E N C E , T E C H N O L O GY A N D S O C I E T Y
 Energy Revolution: The 20th century witnessed a transformation in energy production and
consumption. The discovery and utilization of fossil fuels, along with the development of
nuclear power and renewable
Figure 1.74 Renewable Energy Sources in the 20th Century energy sources, reshaped
economies, industries, and
lifestyles. Energy technologies had
far-reaching social implications,
including economic growth,
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/upscaling-renewable-energy-production-abani-pattnaik
environmental challenges, and
geopolitical dynamics.
Information Revolution: The advent of computers, the internet, and digital technologies
revolutionized information access, Figure 1.66 20th Century’s Information Sources
storage, and dissemination. This digital
revolution empowered individuals with
unprecedented access to knowledge,
education, and communication.
However, it also raised concerns about
privacy, information security, and digital
divides within and between societies. https://www.pngitem.com/pimgs/m/14-144453_importance-of-social-media-different-sources-of-media.png
https://www.visualvisitor.com/visualvisitor-gathers-information-on-your-hot-prospect-from-12-online-information-sources/

Figure 1.75 Breeze Blocks to repopulate Coral Reefs

Environmental Awareness: As scientific
understanding of environmental issues
deepened, there was an increased awareness
of the importance of environmental
conservation and sustainability. This led to the
formation of environmental movements,
international agreements, and initiatives to
address issues like pollution, deforestation,
https://www.theguardian.com/science/blog/2016/sep/20/from-concrete-to-coral-breeze- and climate change.
blocks-make-a-splash-regenerating-reefs
Figure 1.76 Humanoid AI Robot (Ameca)
Societal Changes and Cultural Shifts: Scientific
and technological advancements brought about
significant societal changes. They impacted
employment patterns, reshaped industries, and
transformed social interactions. The rise of
automation, artificial intelligence, and robotics
introduced new ethical, economic, and social
challenges, necessitating adaptations in
education, workforce, and governance. https://www.the-sun.com/tech/7839972/creepy-ai-robot-video-humanoid-
languages/

Figure 1.77 20’s Science Laboratory Advancements in Scientific Research: Science

and technology have facilitated groundbreaking
research across various disciplines.
Sophisticated laboratory equipment, tools, and
techniques have enhanced scientists' ability to
explore and understand the natural world. This
has led to significant discoveries and
advancements in fields such as physics,
https://www.azosensors.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=1630 chemistry, biology, and medicine.

23 | P a g e S C I E N C E , T E C H N O L O GY A N D S O C I E T Y
 Figure 1.78 Research Sources in the
Access to Information and Knowledge: The
Information Age
internet and digital technologies have
revolutionized access to scientific information
and knowledge. Researchers and students can
now access vast databases, scientific journals,
and research papers with ease. This has
accelerated the dissemination of scientific
findings and promoted collaboration among
https://prezi.com/slkeoc9qqo8x/types-of-information-sources/
scientists worldwide.
Science Education and Outreach: Science Figure 1.79 Virtual Learning
education has evolved to incorporate hands-on
experiments, simulations, and interactive learning
experiences. Technology-enabled teaching tools
and online resources have made science education
more engaging and accessible to learners of all
ages. Virtual laboratories, online courses, and
educational apps have expanded opportunities for https://prezi.com/slkeoc9qqo8x/types-of-information-sources/
self-paced learning and distance education.
Advancements in Observational Tools: Technological advancements, such as telescopes,
space probes, and satellites, have significantly enhanced our ability to observe and study
celestial objects. Advanced telescopes, including space-based observatories like the Hubble
Space Telescope, have provided us with unprecedented views of the universe, enabling
breakthrough discoveries and expanding our understanding of space.
Figure 1.80 NASA’s Mars Figure 1.81 NASA’s Air Figure 1.82 NASA’s Earth
Exploration Imaging Pollution Sensor Satellite Imaging at nighttime

https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mars/images/index. https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/styles/full_width/pu https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/styles/full_width_fe

html blic/thumbnails/image/intelsat_40e.jpg?itok=77Yn8RnX ature/public/thumbnails/image/iss067e302248.jpg

Space Exploration: Science and technology have made remarkable achievements in space
exploration. Missions to the Moon, Mars rovers, and spacecraft exploring other planets and
moons in our solar system have provided valuable data and insights about celestial bodies.
These missions have also spurred technological innovations, such as propulsion systems,
life support systems, and materials science advancements.
Science and technological advancements during the 20th century ushered in a new age for
human civilization. These innovations had huge social effects that touched every element of
human life, including communication, healthcare, transportation, and energy. While they
provided enormous advantages and advancement, they also introduced new challenges and
responsibilities. Foreseeing opportunities and tackling the ethical, environmental, and
social issues related to science, technology, and society's continuous progress in the 21st
century requires an understanding of the complex interactions between these three fields.

END OF CHAPTER 1

24 | P a g e S C I E N C E , T E C H N O L O GY A N D S O C I E T Y
 Title

Brief Introduction
In the previous lesson, we’ve discussed mathematics in physics like how mathematics’
algebra is useful in nature in which we’ve explored its use in units and measurements. It
also shows how to solve basic linear equations and the exponential algebraic equations. So,
since we have discussed the topic of how mathematics is useful in physics, let's now dive
into our main lesson which is all about Vectors. When we hear about a magnitude there are
two things that will come into our mind, scalar and vectors but can we really say that scalar
and vectors have the same quantity? Well, no because vectors have a magnitude and
direction while scalar only has a magnitude.

Learning Objectives
By the end of this chapter, you will be able to do the following:
● Understand the concept of vectors.
● Be able to apply mathematics in solving vectors.
● Explore the different types of vectors.

C HA PTER LECT URE | 2

– Albert Einstein
END OF CHAPTER 2

25 | P a g e S C I E N C E , T E C H N O L O GY A N D S O C I E T Y
 Title

Brief Introduction
In the previous lesson, we’ve discussed mathematics in physics like how mathematics’
algebra is useful in nature in which we’ve explored its use in units and measurements. It
also shows how to solve basic linear equations and the exponential algebraic equations. So,
since we have discussed the topic of how mathematics is useful in physics, let's now dive
into our main lesson which is all about Vectors. When we hear about a magnitude there are
two things that will come into our mind, scalar and vectors but can we really say that scalar
and vectors have the same quantity? Well, no because vectors have a magnitude and
direction while scalar only has a magnitude.

Learning Objectives
By the end of this chapter, you will be able to do the following:
● Understand the concept of vectors.
● Be able to apply mathematics in solving vectors.
● Explore the different types of vectors.

3 | C HA PTER LECT URE

26 | P a g e S C I E N C E , T E C H N O L O GY A N D S O C I E T Y
27 | P a g e S C I E N C E , T E C H N O L O GY A N D S O C I E T Y