Python Internship 2023-2024

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Python

Python is a widely used high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming language. Its
design philosophy emphasizes code readability, and its syntax allows programmers to express concepts in
fewer lines of code than would be possible in languages such as C++ or Java. The language provides
constructs intended to enable clear programs on both a small and large scale.

Python supports multiple programming paradigms, including object-oriented, imperative and functional
programming or procedural styles. It features a dynamic type system and automatic memory management
and has a large and comprehensive standard library. Python interpreters are available for installation on
many operating systems, allowing Python code execution on a wide variety of systems.

1.2 Scripting Language

A scripting or script language is a programming language that supports scripts, programs written for a
special run-time environment that automate the execution of tasks that could alternatively be executed
one-by-one by a human operator.

Scripting languages are often interpreted (rather than compiled). Primitives are usually the elementary
tasks or API calls, and the language allows them to be combined into more complex programs.
Environments that can be automated through scripting include software applications, web pages within a
web browser, the shells of operating systems (OS), embedded systems, as well as numerous games.

A scripting language can be viewed as a domain-specific language for a particular environment; in the
case of scripting an application, this is also known as an extension language. Scripting languages are also
sometimes referred to as very high-level programming languages, as they operate at a high level of
abstraction, or as control languages.

1.3 Object Oriented Programming Language

Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on the concept of "objects", which
may contain data, in the form of fields, often known as attributes; and code, in the form of procedures,
often known as methods. A distinguishing feature of objects is that an object's procedures can access and
often modify the data fields of the object with which they are associated (objects have a notion of "this" or
"self").
In OO programming, computer programs are designed by making them out of objects that interact with one

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another.
1.4 History

Python was conceived in the late 1980s, and its implementation was started in December 1989 by Guido
van Rossum at CWI in the Netherlands as a successor to the ABC language (itself inspired by SETL)
capable of exception handling and interfacing with the Amoeba operating system. Van Rossum is Python's
principal author, and his continuing central role in deciding the direction of Python is reflected in the title
given to him by the Python community, benevolent dictator for life (BDFL).

“Python is an experiment in how much freedom programmers need. Too much freedom and nobody can
read another's code; too little and expressiveness is endangered.”

- Guido van Rossum

1.5 Behind The Scene of Python

About the origin of Python, Van Rossum wrote in 1996: Over six years ago, in December 1989, I was
looking for a "hobby" programming project that would keep me occupied during the week around
Christmas. My office ... would be closed, but I had a home Computer, and not much else on my hands. I
decided to write an interpreter for the new scripting language I had been thinking about lately: a
descendant of ABC that would appeal to Unix/C hackers. I chose Python as a working title for the project,
being in a slightly irreverent mood (and a big fan of Monty Python's Flying Circus).

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CHAPTER 2

DOWNLOADING AND INSTALLATION OF PYTHON

2.1 Downloading python
If you don’t already have a copy of Python installed on your computer, you will need to open up your
Internet browser and go to the Python download page (http://www.python.org/download/).

Now that you are on the download page, select which of the software builds you would like to download.
For the purposes of this article we will use the most up to date version available (Python 3.4.1).

Once you have clicked on that, you will be taken to a page with a description of all the new updates and
features of 3.4.1, however, you can always read that while the download is in process. Scroll to the bottom
of the page till you find the “Download” section and click on the link that says “download page.”

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Now you will scroll all the way to the bottom of the page and find the “Windows x86 MSI installer.” If
you want to download the 86-64 bit MSI, feel free to do so. We believe that even if you have a 64-bit
operating system installed on your computer, the 86-bit MSI is preferable. We say this because it will
still run well and sometimes, with the 64- bit architectures, some of the compiled binaries and Python
libraries don’t work well.

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2.2 Installing Python

Once you have downloaded the Python MSI, simply navigate to the download location on your computer,
double clicking the file and pressing Run when the dialog box pops up.

If you are the only person who uses your computer, simply leave the “Install for all users” option
selected. If you have multiple accounts on your PC and don’t want to install it across all accounts, select
the “Install just for me” option then press “Next.”

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If you want to change the install location, feel free to do so; however, it is best to leave it as is and simply
select next, Otherwise...
Scroll down in the window and find the “Add Python.exe to Path” and click on the small red “x.” Choose
the “Will be installed on local hard drive” option then press “Next.”

Now that you have completed the installation process click on “Finish

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2.3 Setup the Path Variable

Begin by opening the start menu and typing in “environment” and select the option called “Edit the system
environment variables.”
When the “System Properties” window appears, click on “Environment Variables…”
Once you have the “Environment Variables” window open, direct your focus to the bottom half. You will
notice that it controls all the “System Variables” rather than just this associated with your user. Click on
“New…” to create a new variable for Python.

Simply enter a name for your Path and the code shown below. For the purposes of this example we have
installed Python 2.7.3, so we will call the path: “Python path.” The string that you will need to enter is:
“C:\Python27\;C:\Python27\Scripts;

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2.4 Running The Python IDE

Now that we have successfully completed the installation process and added our “Environment Variable,”
you are ready to create your first basic Python script. Let’s begin by opening Python’s GUI by pressing
“Start” and typing “Python” and selecting the “IDLE (Python GUI).”

Once the GUI is open, we will begin by using the simplest directive possible. This is the “print” directive
which simply prints whatever you tell it to, into a new line. Start by typing a print directive like the one
shown in the image below or copy and paste this text then press

“Enter”: print (“Congratulations on executing your first print directive!”)

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Python Code Execution

Python’s traditional runtime execution model: source code you type is translated to byte code,
which is then run by the Python Virtual Machine. Your code is automatically compiled, but then
it is interpreted.

Source code extension is .py

Byte code extension is .pyc (compiled python code)

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CHAPTER 3
DATA TYPES AND OPERATORS

3.1 Data Type

(this is called dynamic typing). Data types determine whether an object can do something, or whether it
just would not make sense. Other programming languages often determine whether an operation makes
sense for an object by making sure the object can never be stored somewhere where the operation will be
performed on the object (this type system is called static typing). Python does not do that. Instead it stores
the type of an object with the object, and checks when the operation is performed whether that operation
makes sense for that object
Python has many native data types. Here are the important ones:

 Booleans are either True or False.

 Numbers can be integers (1 and 2), floats (1.1 and 1.2), fractions (1/2 and 2/3), or even
complex numbers.
 Strings are sequences of Unicode characters, e.g. an HTML document.
 Bytes and byte arrays, e.g. a JPEG image file.
 Lists are ordered sequences of values.
 Tuples are ordered, immutable sequences of values.
 Sets are unordered bags of values.

3.2 Variables

Variables are nothing but reserved memory locations to store values. This means that when you create a
variable you reserve some space in memory.

Based on the data type of a variable, the interpreter allocates memory and decides what can be stored
in the reserved memory. Therefore, by assigning different data types to variables, you can store integers,
decimals or characters in these variables.

Ex: counter = 100 # An integer

assignment miles = 1000.0 # A floating

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point name = "John" # A string

3.3 String
In programming terms, we usually call text a string. When you think of a string as a collection of letters,
the term makes sense.

All the letters, numbers, and symbols in this book could be a string. For that matter, your name could be a
string, and so could your address.

Creating Strings

In Python, we create a string by putting quotes around text. For example, we could take our otherwise
useless

1. “hello”*3 “hellohellohello” #repetition

2. “hello”[0] “h” #indexing

3. “hello”[-1] “o” #(from end)

4. “hello”[1:4] “ell” #slicing

5. Len(“hello”) 5 #size

6. “hello”< “jello” 1 #comparison

7. “e” in “hello” 1 #search

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CHAPTER 4
TUPLE AND LIST

4.1 Tuples

A tuple is a sequence of immutable Python objects. Tuples are sequences, just like lists. The differences
between tuples and lists are, the tuples cannot be changed unlike lists and tuples use parentheses.

4.1.1 Accessing Values in Tuples:

To access values in tuple, use the square brackets for slicing along with the index or indices to obtain
value available at that index. For example − tup1 = ('physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000); tup2 = (1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7 ); print "tup1[0]: ", tup1[0] print "tup2[1:5]: ", tup2[1:5]
When the above code is executed, it produces the following result − tup1[0]: physics tup2[1:5]: [2, 3, 4, 5]

4.1.2 Basic Tuples Operations

Tuples respond to the + and * operators much like strings; they mean concatenation and repetition here
too, except that the result is a new tuple, not a string. In fact, tuples respond to all of the general sequence
operations we used on strings in the prior chapter

Python Expression Results Description

len((1, 2, 3)) 3 Length

(1, 2, 3) + (4, 5, 6) (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) Concatenation

('Hi!',) * 4 ('Hi!', 'Hi!', 'Hi!', 'Hi!') Repetition

3 in (1, 2, 3) True Membership

for x in (1, 2, 3): print x, 123 Iteration

4.1.3 Built-in Tuple Functions

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Python includes the following tuple functions –

Sl. No Function with Description

1 cmp(tuple1, tuple2) Compares elements of both tuples.

2 len(tuple) Gives the total length of the tuple.

3 max(tuple) Returns item from the tuple with max value.

4 min(tuple) Returns item from the tuple with min value.

5 tuple(seq) Converts a list into tuple.

4.2 List

The list is a most versatile datatype available in Python which can be written as a list of comma- separated
values (items) between square brackets. Important thing about a list is that items in a list need not be of the
same type.
Creating a list is as simple as putting different comma-separated values between square brackets.
For example − list1 = ['physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000]; list2 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]; list3 = ["a", "b", "c", "d"];
Similar to string indices, list indices start at 0, and lists can be sliced, concatenated and so on.

4.2.1 Accessing Values in Lists:

To access values in lists, use the square brackets for slicing along with the index or indices to obtain
value available at that index. For example − list1 = ['physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000]; list2 = [1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7 ]; print "list1[0]: ", list1[0] print "list2[1:5]: ", list2[1:5]
Output: list1[0]: physics
list2[1:5]: [2, 3, 4, 5]
Update: list = ['physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000]; print "Value

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available at index 2 : " print list[2] list[2] = 2001; print "New

value available at index 2 : " print list[2]

Output: Value available at index 2 :

1997 New value available at index 2 :
2001
Delete: list1 = ['physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000]; print list1 del

list1[2]; print "After deleting value at index

2 : " print list1['physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000]

Output: After deleting value at index

2 :['physics', 'chemistry', 2000]

4.2.2 Basic List Operation

Python Expression Results Description

len([1, 2, 3]) 3 Length

[1, 2, 3] + [4, 5, 6] [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] Concatenation

['Hi!'] * 4 ['Hi!', 'Hi!', 'Hi!', 'Hi!'] Repetition

3 in [1, 2, 3] True Membership

for x in [1, 2, 3]: print x, 123 Iteration

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4.2.3 Built-in List Functions & Methods:

Sl. Function with Description

No

1 cmp(list1, list2) Compares elements of both lists.

2 len(list) Gives the total length of the list.

3 max(list) Returns item from the list with max value.

4 min(list) Returns item from the list with min value.

5 list(seq) Converts a tuple into list.

Python includes following list methods

SN Methods with Description

1 list.append(obj) Appends object obj to list

2 list.count(obj) Returns count of how many times obj occurs in list

3 list.extend(seq) Appends the contents of seq to list

4 list.index(obj) Returns the lowest index in list that obj appears

5 list.insert(index, obj) Inserts object obj into list at offset index

6 list.pop(obj=list[-1]) Removes and returns last object or obj from list

7 list.remove(obj) Removes object obj from list

8 list.reverse() Reverses objects of list in place

9 list.sort([func]) Sorts objects of list, use compare func if given

CHAPTER 5
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LOOPS AND CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

5.1 Loops
5.1.1 Loop definition
Programming languages provide various control structures that allow for more complicated execution
paths.
A loop statement allows us to execute a statement or group of statements multiple times. The following
diagram illustrates a loop statement –

Python programming language provides following type of loops and handle looping requirements.

Loop Loop Description

Type
> Greater that - True if left operand is greater than the right x>y

< Less that - True if left operand is less than the right x<y

== Equal to - True if both operands are equal x == y

!= Not equal to - True if operands are not equal x != y

>= Greater than or equal to - True if left operand is greater than or equal to the x >= y
right
<= Less than or equal to - True if left operand is less than or equal to the right +x <=Y

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5.1.2 Loop Example:
For Loop:
>>> for mynum in [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]: print
("Hello", mynum )
Hello 1

Hello 2

Hello 3

Hello 4

Hello 5

While Loop:
>>> count = 0 >>while(count< 4):
print 'The count is:', count count = count +
1
The count is: 0
The count is: 1 The
count is: 2 The count
is: 3

5.2 Conditional Statements:

Decision making is anticipation of conditions occurring while execution of the program and specifying
actions taken according to the conditions.
Decision structures evaluate multiple expressions which produce TRUE or FALSE as outcome. You need
to determine which action to take and which statements to execute if outcome is TRUE or FALSE
otherwise.

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Python programming language provides following types of decision making statements. Click the
following links to check their detail.

Statement Description

if statements An if statement consists of a boolean expression followed by

one or more statements.

if...else statements An if statement can be followed by an optional else

statement, which executes when the boolean expression is
FALSE.

nested if statements You can use one if or else if statement inside

another if or else if statement(s).

Example:
If Statement:
a=33
b=200
If b>a:
print(“b”)
If...Else Statement:
a=200 b=33
if b>a:
print(“b is greater than a”) else:
print(“a is greater than b”)

5.3 Function

Function blocks begin with the keyword def followed by the function name and parentheses ( ( ) ).

Any input parameters or arguments should be placed within these parentheses. You can also define
parameters inside these parentheses.
The first statement of a function can be an optional statement - the documentation string of the function.
The code block within every function starts with a colon (:) and is indented.

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The statement return [expression] exits a function, optionally passing back an expression to the caller. A
return statement with no arguments is the same as return None.

5.3.1 Syntax and Examples

Syntax:
Def function name(parameters):
“function_docstring” Function_suite
Return[expression]

Example:
Def printme(str):
“this print a passed string into this function” print str
return

1. # Function definition is here def printme(

str):
"This prints a passed string into this function" print str return;
# Now you can call printme function printme("I'm first call to user
defined function!") printme("Again second call to the same function")

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CHAPTER 6
USES AND SCOPE OF PYTHON
Scope Of Python

1. Science
Bioinformatics
2. System Administration
Unix
Web logic
Web sphere
3. Web Application Development

6.1 What Can We do With Python?

1. System programming
2. Graphical User Interface Programming
3. Internet Scripting
4. Component Integration
5. Database Programming
6. Gaming, Images, XML , Robot and more

WHO USES PYTHON TODAY?

 Python is being applied in real revenue-generating products by real companies.

 Google makes extensive use of Python in its web search system, and employs Python’s creator.
 Intel, Cisco, Hewlett-Packard, Seagate, Qualcomm, and IBM use Python for hardware testing.
 ESRI uses Python as an end-user customization tool for its popular GIS mapping products.

WHY DO PEOPLE USE PYTHON?

 The YouTube video sharing service is largely written in Python.

 Python is object-oriented

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 Structure supports such concepts as polymorphism, operation overloading, and multiple
inheritance.
 Indentation
 Indentation is one of the greatest future in Python.
 It's free (open source)
 Downloading and installing Python is free and easy
 Source code is easily accessible
 It's powerful
 Dynamic typing
 Built-in types and tools
 Library utilities
 Third party utilities (e.g. Numeric, NumPy, SciPy)
 Automatic memory management
 It's portable
 Python runs virtually every major platform used today
 As long as you have a compatible Python interpreter installed, Python programs will run in exactly
the same manner, irrespective of platform.

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CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
I believe the trial has shown conclusively that it is both possible and desirable to use Python as the
principal teaching language:

 It is Free (as in both cost and source code).

 It is trivial to install on a Windows PC allowing students to take their interest further. For many the
hurdle of installing a Pascal or C compiler on a Windows machine is either too expensive or too
complicated;
 It is a flexible tool that allows both the teaching of traditional procedural programming and modern
OOP; It can be used to teach a large number of transferable skills;
 It is a real-world programming language that can be and is used in academia and the commercial
world;
 It appears to be quicker to learn and, in combination with its many libraries, this offers the
possibility of more rapid student development allowing the course to be made more challenging and
varied; and most importantly, its clean syntax offers increased understanding and enjoyment for
students

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