Kinematic2 [263 marks]

1. 18M.2.SL.TZ2.1

A small ball of mass m is moving in a horizontal circle on the inside surface of a frictionless
hemispherical bowl.

The normal reaction force N makes an angle θ to the horizontal.

(a.i) State the direction of the resultant force on the ball.

[1]

(a.ii) On the diagram, construct an arrow of the correct length to represent the weight of the ball.

[2]
 (a.iii) Show that the magnitude of the net force F on the ball is given by the following equation.

mg
F=
tanθ
[3]

(b) The radius of the bowl is 8.0 m and θ = 22°. Determine the speed of the ball.

[4]

(c) Outline whether this ball can move on a horizontal circular path of radius equal to the radius
of the bowl.

[2]

(d) A second identical ball is placed at the bottom of the bowl and the first ball is displaced so
that its height from the horizontal is equal to 8.0 m.

The first ball is released and eventually strikes the second ball. The two balls remain in contact.
Determine, in m, the maximum height reached by the two balls.

[3]

2. 18M.2.HL.TZ2.1

A small ball of mass m is moving in a horizontal circle on the inside surface of a frictionless
hemispherical bowl.
The normal reaction force N makes an angle θ to the horizontal.

(a.i) State the direction of the resultant force on the ball.

[1]

(a.ii) On the diagram, construct an arrow of the correct length to represent the weight of the ball.

[2]

(a.iii) Show that the magnitude of the net force F on the ball is given by the following equation.

mg
F=
tanθ
[3]
(b) The radius of the bowl is 8.0 m and θ = 22°. Determine the speed of the ball.

[4]

(c) Outline whether this ball can move on a horizontal circular path of radius equal to the radius
of the bowl.

[2]

The ball is now displaced through a small distance x from the bottom of the bowl and is then
released from rest.

The magnitude of the force on the ball towards the equilibrium position is given by

mgx
R
where R is the radius of the bowl.

(d.i) Outline why the ball will perform simple harmonic oscillations about the equilibrium position.

[1]

(d.ii) Show that the period of oscillation of the ball is about 6 s.

[2]

(d.iii) The amplitude of oscillation is 0.12 m. On the axes, draw a graph to show the variation with
time t of the velocity v of the ball during one period.
 [3]

(e) A second identical ball is placed at the bottom of the bowl and the first ball is displaced so
that its height from the horizontal is equal to 8.0 m.

The first ball is released and eventually strikes the second ball. The two balls remain in contact.
Determine, in m, the maximum height reached by the two balls.

[3]

3. 18N.2.SL.TZ0.2

A lighting system consists of two long metal rods with a potential difference maintained between
them. Identical lamps can be connected between the rods as required.
 The following data are available for the lamps when at their working temperature.

Lamp specifications 24 V, 5.0 W

Power supply emf 24 V

Power supply maximum current 8.0 A

Length of each rod 12.5 m

Resistivity of rod metal 7.2 × 10–7 Ω m

(a) Each rod is to have a resistance no greater than 0.10 Ω. Calculate, in m, the minimum radius
of each rod. Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.

[3]

(b) Calculate the maximum number of lamps that can be connected between the rods. Neglect
the resistance of the rods.

[2]

(c) One advantage of this system is that if one lamp fails then the other lamps in the
circuit remain lit. Outline one other electrical advantage of this system compared to one
in which the lamps are connected in series.

[1]

4. 18N.2.SL.TZ0.4

A pipe is open at both ends. A first-harmonic standing wave is set up in the pipe. The diagram
shows the variation of displacement of air molecules in the pipe with distance along the pipe at
time t = 0. The frequency of the first harmonic is f.
(a) An air molecule is situated at point X in the pipe at t = 0. Describe the motion of this air
molecule during one complete cycle of the standing wave beginning from t = 0.

[2]

(b) The speed of sound c for longitudinal waves in air is given by

c=
√ K
ρ
where ρ is the density of the air and K is a constant.

A student measures f to be 120 Hz when the length of the pipe is 1.4 m. The density of the air in
the pipe is 1.3 kg m–3. Determine, in kg m–1 s–2, the value of K for air.

[3]

A transmitter of electromagnetic waves is next to a long straight vertical wall that acts as a plane
mirror to the waves. An observer on a boat detects the waves both directly and as an image from
the other side of the wall. The diagram shows one ray from the transmitter reflected at the wall
and the position of the image.
 (c.i) Demonstrate, using a second ray, that the image appears to come from the position
indicated.

[1]

(c.ii) Outline why the observer detects a series of increases and decreases in the intensity of the
received signal as the boat moves along the line XY.

[2]

5. 18N.2.HL.TZ0.2

A lighting system consists of two long metal rods with a potential difference maintained between
them. Identical lamps can be connected between the rods as required.
The following data are available for the lamps when at their working temperature.

Lamp specifications 24 V, 5.0 W

Power supply emf 24 V

Power supply maximum current 8.0 A

Length of each rod 12.5 m

Resistivity of rod metal 7.2 × 10–7 Ω m

(a) Each rod is to have a resistance no greater than 0.10 Ω. Calculate, in m, the minimum radius
of each rod. Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.

[3]

(b) Calculate the maximum number of lamps that can be connected between the rods. Neglect
the resistance of the rods.

[2]

(c) One advantage of this system is that if one lamp fails then the other lamps in the
circuit remain lit. Outline one other electrical advantage of this system compared to one
in which the lamps are connected in series.

[1]

A step-down transformer is used to transfer energy to the two rods. The primary coil of this
transformer is connected to an alternating mains supply that has an emf of root mean square
(rms) magnitude 240 V. The transformer is 95 % efficient.

(d.i) Outline how eddy currents reduce transformer efficiency.

[2]

(d.ii) Determine the peak current in the primary coil when operating with the maximum number of
lamps.
 [4]

6. 18N.2.HL.TZ0.4

A pipe is open at both ends. A first-harmonic standing wave is set up in the pipe. The diagram
shows the variation of displacement of air molecules in the pipe with distance along the pipe at
time t = 0. The frequency of the first harmonic is f.

(a.i) Sketch, on the diagram, the variation of displacement of the air molecules with distance
3
along the pipe when t = .
4f
[1]

(a.ii) An air molecule is situated at point X in the pipe at t = 0. Describe the motion of this air
molecule during one complete cycle of the standing wave beginning from t = 0.

[2]

(b) The speed of sound c for longitudinal waves in air is given by

c=
√ K
ρ
where ρ is the density of the air and K is a constant.

A student measures f to be 120 Hz when the length of the pipe is 1.4 m. The density of the air in
the pipe is 1.3 kg m–3. Determine the value of K for air. State your answer with the
appropriate fundamental (SI) unit.

[4]
 A transmitter of electromagnetic waves is next to a long straight vertical wall that acts as a plane
mirror to the waves. An observer on a boat detects the waves both directly and as an image from
the other side of the wall. The diagram shows one ray from the transmitter reflected at the wall
and the position of the image.

(c.i) Demonstrate, using a second ray, that the image appears to come from the position
indicated.

[1]

(c.ii) Outline why the observer detects a series of increases and decreases in the intensity of the
received signal as the boat moves along the line XY.

[2]

7. 19M.2.SL.TZ1.1

A girl rides a bicycle that is powered by an electric motor. A battery transfers energy to the
electric motor. The emf of the battery is 16 V and it can deliver a charge of 43 kC when
discharging completely from a full charge.

The maximum speed of the girl on a horizontal road is 7.0 m s–1 with energy from the battery
alone. The maximum distance that the girl can travel under these conditions is 20 km.

(a.i) Show that the time taken for the battery to discharge is about 3 × 10 3 s.

[1]
(a.ii) Deduce that the average power output of the battery is about 240 W.

[2]

(a.iii) Friction and air resistance act on the bicycle and the girl when they move. Assume that all
the energy is transferred from the battery to the electric motor. Determine the total average
resistive force that acts on the bicycle and the girl.

[2]

The bicycle and the girl have a total mass of 66 kg. The girl rides up a slope that is at an angle of
3.0° to the horizontal.

(b.i) Calculate the component of weight for the bicycle and girl acting down the slope.

[1]

(b.ii) The battery continues to give an output power of 240 W. Assume that the resistive forces
are the same as in (a)(iii).

Calculate the maximum speed of the bicycle and the girl up the slope.

[2]

(c) On another journey up the slope, the girl carries an additional mass. Explain whether carrying
this mass will change the maximum distance that the bicycle can travel along the slope.

[2]

The bicycle has a meter that displays the current and the terminal potential difference (pd) for
the battery when the motor is running. The diagram shows the meter readings at one instant.
The emf of the cell is 16 V.
 (d) Determine the internal resistance of the battery.

[2]

The battery is made from an arrangement of 10 identical cells as shown.

(e.i) Calculate the emf of one cell.

[1]

(e.ii) Calculate the internal resistance of one cell.

[2]

8. 19M.2.SL.TZ2.1

A student strikes a tennis ball that is initially at rest so that it leaves the racquet at a speed of 64
m s–1. The ball has a mass of 0.058 kg and the contact between the ball and the racquet lasts for
25 ms.

(ai) Calculate the average force exerted by the racquet on the ball.

[2]

(aii) Calculate the average power delivered to the ball during the impact.

[2]

The student strikes the tennis ball at point P. The tennis ball is initially directed at an angle of
7.00° to the horizontal.
The following data are available.

Height of P = 2.80 m

Distance of student from net = 11.9 m

Height of net = 0.910 m

Initial speed of tennis ball = 64 m s-1

(bi) Calculate the time it takes the tennis ball to reach the net.

[2]

(bii) Show that the tennis ball passes over the net.

[3]

(biii) Determine the speed of the tennis ball as it strikes the ground.

[2]

(c) The student models the bounce of the tennis ball to predict the angle θ at which the ball
leaves a surface of clay and a surface of grass.

The model assumes

 • during contact with the surface the ball slides.
• the sliding time is the same for both surfaces.
• the sliding frictional force is greater for clay than grass.
• the normal reaction force is the same for both surfaces.

Predict for the student’s model, without calculation, whether θ is greater for a clay surface or for
a grass surface.

[3]

9. 19M.2.HL.TZ2.1

A student strikes a tennis ball that is initially at rest so that it leaves the racquet at a speed of 64
m s–1. The ball has a mass of 0.058 kg and the contact between the ball and the racquet lasts for
25 ms.

(ai) Calculate the average force exerted by the racquet on the ball.

[2]

(aii) Calculate the average power delivered to the ball during the impact.

[2]

The student strikes the tennis ball at point P. The tennis ball is initially directed at an angle of
7.00° to the horizontal.

The following data are available.

Height of P = 2.80 m
Distance of student from net = 11.9 m
Height of net = 0.910 m
Initial speed of tennis ball = 64 m s-1

(bi) Calculate the time it takes the tennis ball to reach the net.

[2]

(bii) Show that the tennis ball passes over the net.
 [3]

(biii) Determine the speed of the tennis ball as it strikes the ground.

[2]

(c) A student models the bounce of the tennis ball to predict the angle θ at which the ball leaves
a surface of clay and a surface of grass.

The model assumes

• during contact with the surface the ball slides.

• the sliding time is the same for both surfaces.
• the sliding frictional force is greater for clay than grass.
• the normal reaction force is the same for both surfaces.

Predict for the student’s model, without calculation, whether θ is greater for a clay surface or for
a grass surface.

[3]

10. 20N.2.SL.TZ0.3

A sample of vegetable oil, initially in the liquid state, is placed in a freezer that transfers thermal
energy from the sample at a constant rate. The graph shows how temperature T of the sample
varies with time t .
 The following data are available.

Mass of the sample ¿ 0.32 k g

Specific latent heat of fusion of the oil ¿ 130 k J k g −1
Rate of thermal energy transfer ¿ 15 W

(a(i)) Calculate the thermal energy transferred from the sample during the first 30 minutes.

[1]

(a(ii)) Estimate the specific heat capacity of the oil in its liquid phase. State an appropriate unit
for your answer.

[2]

(b) The sample begins to freeze during the thermal energy transfer. Explain, in terms of the
molecular model of matter, why the temperature of the sample remains constant during
freezing.

[3]

(c) Calculate the mass of the oil that remains unfrozen after 60 minutes.

[2]

11. 21M.2.SL.TZ1.1

Two players are playing table tennis. Player A hits the ball at a height of 0.24 m above the edge
of the table, measured from the top of the table to the bottom of the ball. The initial speed of the
ball is 12.0 m s−1 horizontally. Assume that air resistance is negligible.
(a) Show that the time taken for the ball to reach the surface of the table is about 0.2 s.

[1]

(b) Sketch, on the axes, a graph showing the variation with time of the vertical component of
velocity vv of the ball until it reaches the table surface. Take g to be +10 m s−2.

[2]

(c) The net is stretched across the middle of the table. The table has a length of 2.74 m and the
net has a height of 15.0 cm.

Show that the ball will go over the net.

[3]
 The ball bounces and then reaches a peak height of 0.18 m above the table with a horizontal
speed of 10.5 m s−1. The mass of the ball is 2.7 g.

(d.i) Determine the kinetic energy of the ball immediately after the bounce.

[2]

(d.ii) Player B intercepts the ball when it is at its peak height. Player B holds a paddle (racket)
stationary and vertical. The ball is in contact with the paddle for 0.010 s. Assume the
collision is elastic.

Calculate the average force exerted by the ball on the paddle. State your answer to an
appropriate number of significant figures.

[3]

12. 21M.2.SL.TZ2.3

A vertical wall carries a uniform positive charge on its surface. This produces a
uniform horizontal electric field perpendicular to the wall. A small, positively-charged ball
is suspended in equilibrium from the vertical wall by a thread of negligible mass.

(a) The charge per unit area on the surface of the wall is σ. It can be shown that the electric field
strength E due to the charge on the wall is given by the equation

σ
E= .
2ε0

Demonstrate that the units of the quantities in this equation are consistent.

[2]
 (b.i) The thread makes an angle of 30° with the vertical wall. The ball has a mass of 0.025 kg.

Determine the horizontal force that acts on the ball.

[3]

(b.ii) The charge on the ball is 1.2 × 10−6 C. Determine σ.

[2]

(c) The centre of the ball, still carrying a charge of 1.2 ×10− 6 C, is now placed 0.40 m from a point
charge Q. The charge on the ball acts as a point charge at the centre of the ball.

P is the point on the line joining the charges where the electric field strength is zero.
The distance PQ is 0.22 m .

Calculate the charge on Q. State your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.

[2]

13. 21M.2.SL.TZ2.1

A football player kicks a stationary ball of mass 0.45 kg towards a wall. The initial speed of the
ball after the kick is 19 m s−1 and the ball does not rotate. Air resistance is negligible and there is
no wind.

(a) The player’s foot is in contact with the ball for 55 ms. Calculate the average force that acts on
the ball due to the football player.

[2]
 (b.i) The ball leaves the ground at an angle of 22°. The horizontal distance from the initial
position of the edge of the ball to the wall is 11 m. Calculate the time taken for the ball to
reach the wall.

[2]

(b.ii) The top of the wall is 2.4 m above the ground. Deduce whether the ball will hit the wall.

[3]

(c) In practice, air resistance affects the ball. Outline the effect that air resistance has on the
vertical acceleration of the ball. Take the direction of the acceleration due to gravity to be
positive.

[2]

(d) The player kicks the ball again. It rolls along the ground without sliding with a
horizontal velocity of 1.40 m s− 1. The radius of the ball is 0.11 m. Calculate the angular
velocity of the ball. State an appropriate SI unit for your answer.

[1]

14. 21M.2.HL.TZ2.10

The table gives data for Jupiter and three of its moons, including the radius r of each object.

(a) Calculate, for the surface of Io , the gravitational field strength gIo due to the mass of Io . State
an appropriate unit for your answer.

[2]

A spacecraft is to be sent from Io to infinity.

g r a v i t a t i o n a l p o t e n t ia l d u e t o J u p it e r a t t h e o r b it o f I o
(b.i) Show that the is about
gr a vi t at i onal p ot ent i al due t o I oat t hesur f ac eo f I o
80.

[2]
 (b.ii) Outline, using (b)(i), why it is not correct to use the equation
√
2 G ×mass of Io to calculate
radius of Io
the speed required for the spacecraft to reach infinity from the surface of Io .

[1]

(c) An engineer needs to move a space probe of mass 3600 kg from Ganymede to
Callisto. Calculate the energy required to move the probe from the orbital radius of
Ganymede to the orbital radius of Callisto. Ignore the mass of the moons in your
calculation.

[2]

15. 21M.2.HL.TZ2.3

A vertical wall carries a uniform positive charge on its surface. This produces a
uniform horizontal electric field perpendicular to the wall. A small, positively-charged ball
is suspended in equilibrium from the vertical wall by a thread of negligible mass.

(a) The charge per unit area on the surface of the wall is σ. It can be shown that the electric field
strength E due to the charge on the wall is given by the equation

σ
E= .
2ε0

Demonstrate that the units of the quantities in this equation are consistent.

[2]

(b.i) The thread makes an angle of 30° with the vertical wall. The ball has a mass of 0.025 kg.

Determine the horizontal force that acts on the ball.

[3]

(b.ii) The charge on the ball is 1.2 × 10−6 C. Determine σ.

[2]

(c) The thread breaks. Explain the initial subsequent motion of the ball.
 [3]

The centre of the ball, still carrying a charge of 1.2 × 10−6 C, is now placed 0.40 m from a point
charge Q. The charge on the ball acts as a point charge at the centre of the ball.

P is the point on the line joining the charges where the electric field strength is zero. The
distance PQ is 0.22 m.

(d.i) Calculate the charge on Q. State your answer to an appropriate number of significant
figures.

[3]

(d.ii) Outline, without calculation, whether or not the electric potential at P is zero.

[2]

16. 22M.2.SL.TZ1.1

A student uses a load to pull a box up a ramp inclined at 30°. A string of constant length and
negligible mass connects the box to the load that falls vertically. The string passes over a pulley
that runs on a frictionless axle. Friction acts between the base of the box and the ramp. Air
resistance is negligible.

The load has a mass of 3.5 kg and is initially 0.95 m above the floor. The mass of the box is 1.5
kg.

The load is released and accelerates downwards.

 (a) Outline two differences between the momentum of the box and the momentum of the load at
the same instant.

[2]

(b) The vertical acceleration of the load downwards is 2.4 m s−2.

Calculate the tension in the string.

[2]

(c.i) Show that the speed of the load when it hits the floor is about 2.1 m s −1.

[2]

(c.ii) The radius of the pulley is 2.5 cm. Calculate the angular speed of rotation of the pulley as
the load hits the floor. State your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.

[2]

(d) After the load has hit the floor, the box travels a further 0.35 m along the ramp before coming
to rest. Determine the average frictional force between the box and the surface of the
ramp.

[4]

(e) The student then makes the ramp horizontal and applies a constant horizontal force to the
box. The force is just large enough to start the box moving. The force continues to be
applied after the box begins to move.

Explain, with reference to the frictional force acting, why the box accelerates once it has started
to move.

[3]

17. 22M.2.SL.TZ1.2

Cold milk enters a small sterilizing unit and flows over an electrical heating element.
The temperature of the milk is raised from 11 °C to 84 °C. A mass of 55 g of milk enters the
sterilizing unit every second.

Specific heat capacity of milk = 3.9 kJ kg−1 K−1

(a) Estimate the power input to the heating element. State an appropriate unit for your answer.

[2]

(b) Outline whether your answer to (a) is likely to overestimate or underestimate the power input.

[2]

(c) Discuss, with reference to the molecules in the liquid, the difference between milk at 11 °C
and milk at 84 °C.

[2]

The milk flows out through an insulated metal pipe. The pipe is at a temperature of 84 °C. A
small section of the insulation has been removed from around the pipe.

(d.i) State how energy is transferred from the inside of the metal pipe to the outside of the metal
pipe.

[1]
 (d.ii) The missing section of insulation is 0.56 m long and the external radius of the pipe is 0.067
m. The emissivity of the pipe surface is 0.40. Determine the energy lost every second from
the pipe surface. Ignore any absorption of radiation by the pipe surface.

[3]

(d.iii) Describe one other method by which significant amounts of energy can be transferred from
the pipe to the surroundings.

[2]

18. 22M.2.HL.TZ2.8

A fixed horizontal coil is connected to an ideal voltmeter. A bar magnet is released from rest so
that it falls vertically through the coil along the central axis of the coil.

The variation with time t of the emf induced in the coil is shown.
 (a.i) Write down the maximum magnitude of the rate of change of flux linked with the coil.

[1]

(a.ii) State the fundamental SI unit for your answer to (a)(i).

[1]

(b.i) Explain why the graph becomes negative.

[3]

(b.ii) Part of the graph is above the t-axis and part is below. Outline why the areas between the t-
axis and the curve for these two parts are likely to be the same.

[2]

(c) Predict the changes to the graph when the magnet is dropped from a lower height above the
coil.

[3]

19. 22M.2.HL.TZ2.9

In an experiment a beam of electrons with energy 440 MeV are incident on oxygen-16
O816 nuclei. The variation with scattering angle of the relative intensity of the scattered
 electrons is shown.

(a.i) Identify a property of electrons demonstrated by this experiment.

[1]

(a.ii) Show that the energy E of each electron in the beam is about 7 × 10−11 J.

[1]

hc
(a.iii) The de Broglie wavelength for an electron is given by . Show that the diameter of an
E
oxygen-16 nucleus is about 4 fm.

[3]

(b) Estimate, using the result in (a)(iii), the volume of a tin-118 Sn50118 nucleus. State
your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.

[4]

20. 22N.2.SL.TZ0.4

A mass is attached to one end of a rod and made to rotate with constant speed in a vertical
circle.
 (a) The scale diagram shows the weight W of the mass at an instant when the rod is horizontal.

Draw, on the scale diagram, an arrow to represent the force exerted on the mass by the rod.

[2]

(b) Explain why the magnitude of the force exerted on the mass by the rod is not constant.

[3]

21. 22N.2.SL.TZ0.1

A raindrop falls vertically from rest.

(a) State the initial acceleration of the raindrop.

[1]

The graph shows how the speed of the raindrop varies with time t.
 (b) Explain, by reference to the vertical forces, how the raindrop reaches a constant speed.

[3]

During the first 3.0 s of motion, the raindrop falls a distance of 21 m and reaches a speed of 9.0
m s−1. The mass of the raindrop is 34 mg. The temperature of the raindrop does not change.

(c.i) Determine the energy transferred to the air during the first 3.0 s of motion. State your
answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.

[3]

(c.ii) Describe the energy change that takes place for t > 3.0 s.

[1]

22. 22N.2.SL.TZ0.3

A string of length 0.80 m is fixed at both ends. The diagram shows a standing wave formed on
the string. P and Q are two particles on the string.

The variation with time t of the displacement of particle P is shown.

 (a.i) Draw, on the axes, a graph to show the variation with t of the displacement of particle Q.

[2]

(a.ii) Calculate the speed of waves on the string.

[2]

It is suggested that the speed c of waves in the string is related to the tension force T in the
string according to the equation T = ac2, where a is a constant.

(b.i) Determine the fundamental SI unit for a.

[2]

(b.ii) The tension force on the string is doubled. Describe the effect, if any, of this change on the
frequency of the standing wave.

[2]

(c) The standing wave on the string creates a travelling sound wave in the surrounding air.

Outline two differences between a standing wave and a travelling wave.

[2]

23. 22N.2.HL.TZ0.3

A string of length 0.80 m is fixed at both ends. The diagram shows a standing wave formed on
the string. P and Q are two particles on the string.
The variation with time t of the displacement of particle P is shown.

(a.i) Draw, on the axes, a graph to show the variation with t of the displacement of particle Q.

[2]

(a.ii) Calculate the speed of waves on the string.

[2]

It is suggested that the speed c of waves in the string is related to the tension force T in the
string according to the equation T = ac2, where a is a constant.

(b.i) Determine the fundamental SI unit for a.

[2]

(b.ii) The tension force on the string is doubled. Describe the effect, if any, of this change on the
frequency of the standing wave.

[2]

The standing wave on the string creates a travelling sound wave in the surrounding air.

(c.i) Outline one difference between a standing wave and a travelling wave.

[1]
 The sound wave is incident on a surface of water. The wave makes an angle of 30° with the
normal to the surface.

(c.ii) The speed of sound in air is 340 m s−1 and in water it is 1500 m s−1.

Discuss whether the sound wave can enter the water.

[2]

24. 23M.2.HL.TZ1.8

(a) Photons of wavelength 468 nm are incident on a metallic surface. The maximum kinetic
energy of the emitted electrons is 1.8 eV.

Calculate

[[N/A]]

(a.i) the work function of the surface, in eV.

[2]

(a.ii) the longest wavelength of a photon that will eject an electron from this surface.

[2]

(b.i) In an experiment, alpha particles of initial kinetic energy 5.9 MeV are directed at stationary
nuclei of lead (Pb82207). Show that the distance of closest approach is about 4 × 10 −14 m.

[2]

(b.ii) The radius of a nucleus of Pb82207 is 7.1 × 10−15 m. Suggest why there will be no
deviations from Rutherford scattering in the experiment in (b)(i).

[2]

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