Web Technology
Uploaded by
RAJIV BHATTARAIWeb Technology
Uploaded by
RAJIV BHATTARAIXML AND
AJAX
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XML AND AJAX
1.1 Introduction to XML
1.2 Working with Basics of XML
1.3 Converting XML Documents in other formats
1.4 Working with XSLT
1.5 Working with Xpath, Xlink and Xpointer
1.6 XML Application
1.7 Overview of AJAX
1.8 AJAX components
1.9 Asynchronous Data Transfer with XML Http request
1.10 Implementing AJAX Frameworks
1.11 Consuming web services using AJAX
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INTRODUCTION TO
XML
Introduction
XML, or Extensible Markup Language, is a markup language that
you can use to create your own tags. It was created by the World
Wide Web Consortium (W3C) to overcome the limitations of
HTML, the Hypertext Markup Language that is the basis for all
Web pages. Like HTML, XML is based on SGML -- Standard
Generalized Markup Language.
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WHY DO WE NEED XML?
HTML is the most successful markup language of all time. You
can view the simplest HTML tags on virtually any device, from
palmtops to mainframes, and you can even convert HTML markup
into voice and other formats with the right tools.
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XML and HTML were designed with different goals:
1. XML is designed to carry data emphasizing on what type of
data it is.
2. HTML is designed to display data emphasizing on how data
looks
3. XML tags are not predefined like HTML tags.
4. HTML is a markup language whereas XML provides a
framework for defining markup languages.
5. HTML is about displaying data,hence it is static whereas XML
is about carrying information,which makes it dynamic.
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There are three important characteristics of XML that make it
useful in a variety of systems and solutions −
XML is extensible − XML allows you to create your own self-
descriptive tags, or language, that suits your application.
XML carries the data, does not present it − XML allows you to
store the data irrespective of how it will be presented.
XML is a public standard − XML was developed by an
organization called the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and is
available as an open standard.
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XML USAGE
A short list of XML usage says it all −
1. XML can work behind the scene to simplify the creation of
HTML documents for large web sites.
2. XML can be used to exchange the information between
organizations and systems.
3. XML can be used for offloading and reloading of databases.
4. XML can be used to store and arrange the data, which can
customize your data handling needs.
5. XML can easily be merged with style sheets to create almost
any desired output.
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XML DOES NOT USE
PREDEFINED TAGS
The XML language has no predefined tags.
The tags in the example above (like <to> and <from>) are not
defined in any XML standard. These tags are "invented" by the
author of the XML document.
HTML works with predefined tags like <p>, <h1>, <table>, etc.
With XML, the author must define both the tags and the document
structure.
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XML IS EXTENSIBLE
Most XML applications will work as expected even if new data is
added (or removed).
Imagine an application designed to display the original version of
note.xml (<to> <from> <heading> <body>).
Then imagine a newer version of note.xml with added <date> and
<hour> elements, and a removed <heading>.
The way XML is constructed, older version of the application can
still work:
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<note>
<date>2015-09-01</date>
<hour>08:30</hour>
<to>Tove</to>
<from>Jani</from>
<body>Don't forget me this weekend!</body>
</note>
- XML Separates Data from HTML
When displaying data in HTML, you should not have to edit the
HTML file when the data changes.
With XML, the data can be stored in separate XML files.
With a few lines of JavaScript code, you can read an XML file and
update the data content of any HTML page.
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Books.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<bookstore>
<book category="cooking">
<title lang="en">Everyday Italian</title>
<author>Giada De Laurentiis</author>
<year>2005</year>
<price>30.00</price>
</book>
<book category="children">
<title lang="en">Harry Potter</title>
<author>J K. Rowling</author>
<year>2005</year>
<price>29.99</price>
</book>
<book category="web">
<title lang="en">XQuery Kick Start</title>
<author>James McGovern</author>
<author>Per Bothner</author>
<author>Kurt Cagle</author>
<author>James Linn</author>
<author>Vaidyanathan Nagarajan</author>
<year>2003</year>
<price>49.99</price>
</book>
<book category="web" cover="paperback">
<title lang="en">Learning XML</title>
<author>Erik T. Ray</author>
<year>2003</year>
<price>39.95</price>
</book>
</bookstore>
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IS XML A PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGE?
A programming language consists of grammar rules and its own
vocabulary which is used to create computer programs. These
programs instruct the computer to perform specific tasks. XML
does not qualify to be a programming language as it does not
perform any computation or algorithms. It is usually stored in a
simple text file and is processed by special software that is
capable of interpreting XML.
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XML - SYNTAX
The following diagram depicts the syntax rules to write different
types of markup and text in an XML document.
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XML DECLARATION
The XML document can optionally have an XML declaration. It is
written as follows −
<?xml version = "1.0" encoding = "UTF-8"?>Where version is
the XML version and encoding specifies the character encoding
used in the document.
Syntax Rules for XML Declaration
The XML declaration is case sensitive and must begin with
"<?xml>" where "xml" is written in lower-case.
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TAGS AND ELEMENTS
An XML file is structured by several XML-elements, also called
XML-nodes or XML-tags. The names of XML-elements are
enclosed in triangular brackets < > as shown below −
<element>Syntax Rules for Tags and Elements
Element Syntax − Each XML-element needs to be closed either
with start or with end elements as shown below −
<element>....</element>or in simple-cases, just this way −
<element/>
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XML ATTRIBUTES
An attribute specifies a single property for the element, using a
name/value pair. An XML-element can have one or more
attributes. For example −
<a href = "http://www.CCT.COM/">CRIMSON!</a> Here href is
the attribute name and http://www.CCT.COM/ is attribute value.
Syntax Rules for XML Attributes
Attribute names in XML (unlike HTML) are case sensitive. That
is, HREF and href are considered two different XML attributes.
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XML REFERENCES
References usually allow you to add or include additional text or
markup in an XML document. References always begin with the
symbol "&" which is a reserved character and end with the
symbol ";". XML has two types of references −
Entity References − An entity reference contains a name
between the start and the end delimiters. For
example & where amp is name. The name refers to a
predefined string of text and/or markup.
Character References − These contain references, such
as A, contains a hash mark (“#”) followed by a number. The
number always refers to the Unicode code of a character. In this
case, 65 refers to alphabet "A".
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XML TEXT
The names of XML-elements and XML-attributes are case-
sensitive, which means the name of start and end elements need
to be written in the same case. To avoid character encoding
problems, all XML files should be saved as Unicode UTF-8 or
UTF-16 files.
Whitespace characters like blanks, tabs and line-breaks between
XML-elements and between the XML-attributes will be ignored.
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HOW TO CONVERT AN
XML FILE
The best solution to converting an XML file to another format is to use one of the
editors . The program that's creating the XML file is more than likely able to save
the same file to a different format.
For example, a simple text editor, which can open a text document like XML, can
usually save the file to another text-based format like TXT.
Here are some other free online XML converters that might be more useful for
you:
XML to HTML
XML to CSV
XML to XSD
XML to PDF
Here are some free converters that convert to XML instead of from XML:
XLS/XLSX to XML
SQL to XML
CSV to XML
JSON to XML
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WORKING WITH XSLT
XSL
XSL which stands for EXtensible Stylesheet Language. It is similar to XML
as CSS is to HTML.
Need for XSL
In case of HTML document, tags are predefined such as table, div, and span;
and the browser knows how to add style to them and display those using
CSS styles. But in case of XML documents, tags are not predefined. In order
to understand and style an XML document, World Wide Web Consortium
(W3C) developed XSL which can act as XML based Stylesheet Language. An
XSL document specifies how a browser should render an XML document.
Following are the main parts of XSL −
XSLT − used to transform XML document into various other types of
document.
XPath − used to navigate XML document.
XSL-FO − used to format XML document.
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WHAT IS XSLT
XSLT, Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations, provides the
ability to transform XML data from one format to another
automatically.
How XSLT Works
An XSLT stylesheet is used to define the transformation rules to be
applied on the target XML document. XSLT stylesheet is written in
XML format. XSLT Processor takes the XSLT stylesheet and applies
the transformation rules on the target XML document and then it
generates a formatted document in the form of XML, HTML, or text
format. This formatted document is then utilized by XSLT formatter to
generate the actual output which is to be displayed to the end-user.
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Advantages
Here are the advantages of using XSLT −
-Independent of programming. Transformations are written in a
separate xsl file which is again an XML document.
-Output can be altered by simply modifying the transformations in
xsl file. No need to change any code. So Web designers can edit
the stylesheet and can see the change in the output quickly.
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XSLT SYNTAX
Let’s suppose we have the following sample XML file,
students.xml, which is required to be transformed into a well-
formatted HTML document.
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students.xml
<?xml version = "1.0"?>
<class>
<student rollno = "393"> <firstname>Dinkar</firstname>
<lastname>Kad</lastname> <nickname>Dinkar</nickname>
<marks>85</marks> </student>
<student rollno = "493"> <firstname>Vaneet</firstname>
<lastname>Gupta</lastname> <nickname>Vinni</nickname>
<marks>95</marks> </student>
<student rollno = "593"> <firstname>Jasvir</firstname>
<lastname>Singh</lastname> <nickname>Jazz</nickname>
<marks>90</marks>
</student>
</class>
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We need to define an XSLT style sheet document for the above
XML document to meet the following criteria −
Page should have a title Students.
Page should have a table of student details.
Columns should have following headers: Roll No, First Name,
Last Name, Nick Name, Marks
Table must contain details of the students accordingly.
Step 1: Create XSLT document
Create an XSLT document to meet the above requirements, name
it as students.xsl and save it in the same location where
students.xml lies.
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WHAT IS XPATH?
XPath is a major element in the XSLT standard.
XPath can be used to navigate through elements and attributes in
an XML document.
• XPath stands for XML Path Language
•XPath uses "path like" syntax to identify and navigate nodes
in an XML document
• XPath contains over 200 built-in functions
• XPath is a major element in the XSLT standard
• XPath is a W3C recommendation
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XPath is a language for addressing specific parts of a document. XPath
models an XML document as a tree of nodes. An XPath expression is a
mechanism for navigating through and selecting nodes from the document.
An XPath expression is, in a way, analogous to an SQL query used to select
records from a database.
There are various types of nodes, including element nodes, attribute nodes,
and text nodes. XPath defines a way to compute a string-value for each type
of node.
XPath defines a library of standard functions for working with strings,
numbers and boolean expressions.
Examples:
child::* - Selects all children of the root node.
.//name - Selects all elements having the name "name", descendants of the
current node.
/catalog/cd[price>10.80] - Selects all the cd elements that have a price
element with a value larger than 10.80.
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XLINK
XLink is used to create hyperlinks in XML documents.
• XLink is used to create hyperlinks within XML documents
• Any element in an XML document can behave as a link
• With XLink, the links can be defined outside the linked files
• XLink is a W3C Recommendation
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XLINK BROWSER
SUPPORT
There is no browser support for XLink in XML documents.
However, all major browsers support XLinks in SVG.
XLink Syntax
In HTML, the <a> element defines a hyperlink. However, this is
not how it works in XML. In XML documents, you can use
whatever element names you want - therefore it is impossible for
browsers to predict what link elements will be called in XML
documents.
Below is a simple example of how to use XLink to create links in
an XML document:
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<homepages xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
<homepage xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="https://www.w3school
s.com">Visit W3Schools</homepage>
<homepage xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.w3.org">V
isit W3C</homepage>
</homepages>
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To get access to the XLink features we must declare the XLink
namespace. The XLink namespace is:
"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink".
The xlink:type and the xlink:href attributes in the <homepage>
elements come from the XLink namespace.
The xlink:type="simple" creates a simple "HTML-like" link (means
"click here to go there").
The xlink:href attribute specifies the URL to link to.
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XLink Example
The following XML document contains XLink features:
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Example explained:
The XLink namespace is declared at the top of the document
(xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink")
The xlink:type="simple" creates a simple "HTML-like" link
The xlink:href attribute specifies the URL to link to (in this case -
an image)
The xlink:show="new" specifies that the link should open in a new
window
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XPOINTER
•XPointer allows links to point to specific parts of an XML
document
•XPointer uses XPath expressions to navigate in the XML
document
• XPointer is a W3C Recommendation
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XPOINTER BROWSER
SUPPORT
There is no browser support for XPointer. But XPointer is used in
other XML languages.
XPointer Example
In this example, we will use XPointer in conjunction with XLink to
point to a specific part of another document.
We will start by looking at the target XML document (the
document we are linking to):
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WHAT IS AJAX?
AJAX stands for Asynchronous JavaScript and XML. AJAX is a new
technique for creating better, faster, and more interactive web
applications with the help of XML, HTML, CSS, and Java Script.
Ajax uses XHTML for content, CSS for presentation, along with
Document Object Model and JavaScript for dynamic content display.
Conventional web applications transmit information to and from the
sever using synchronous requests. It means you fill out a form, hit
submit, and get directed to a new page with new information from the
server.
With AJAX, when you hit submit, JavaScript will make a request to
the server, interpret the results, and update the current screen. In the
purest sense, the user would never know that anything was even
transmitted to the server.
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AJAX is Based on Open Standards
AJAX is based on the following open standards −
Browser-based presentation using HTML and Cascading Style
Sheets (CSS).
Data is stored in XML format and fetched from the server.
Behind-the-scenes data fetches using XMLHttpRequest objects in
the browser.
JavaScript to make everything happen.
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THE ORIGINS OF AJAX
The key technical components of AJAX are:
• XHTML – a stricter, cleaner rendering of HTML into XML.
• CSS for marking up and adding styles.
• The Javascript Document Object Model (DOM) which allows the
content, structure and style of a document to be dynamically
accessed and updated.
• The XMLHttpRequest object which exchanges data asynchronously
with the Web server reducing the need to continually fetch
resources from the server.
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Since data can be sent and retrieved without requiring the user to reload an
entire Web page, small amounts of data can be transferred as and when
required. Moreover, page elements can be dynamically refreshed at any level
of granularity to reflect this. An AJAX application performs in a similar way to
local applications residing on a user’s machine, resulting in a user experience
that may differ from traditional Web browsing.
Examples of AJAX usage include GMail and Flickr. It is largely due to these and
other prominent sites that AJAX has become popular only relatively recently –
the technology has been available for some time. One precursor was dynamic
HTML (DHTML), which twinned HTML with CSS and JavaScript but suffered
from cross-browser compatibility issues.
AJAX is not a technology, rather, the term refers to a proposed set of methods
using a number of existing technologies. As yet, there is no firm AJAX standard,
although the recent establishment of the Open AJAX Alliance [2], supported by
major industry figures such as IBM and Google, suggests that one will become
available soon.
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ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES OF AJAX
1. State can be maintained throughout a Web site.
2. A Web application can request only the content that needs to be
updated, thus drastically reducing bandwidth usage and load time.
3. Users may perceive an AJAX-enabled application to be faster or
more responsive.
4. Use of Ajax can reduce connections to the server, since scripts and
style sheets only have to be requested once.
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The disadvantages include:
1. Clicking the browser's "back" button may not function as expected.
2. Dynamic Web page updates make it difficult for a user to use
bookmarks.
3. Browser does not support JavaScript or have JavaScript disabled,
will not be able to use its functionality.
4. AJAX may provide a mechanism for attacks by malicious code
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AJAX - EXAMPLES
Here is a list of some famous web applications that make use of AJAX.
Google Maps
A user can drag an entire map by using the mouse, rather than clicking on a
button.
https://maps.google.com/
Google Suggest
As you type, Google offers suggestions. Use the arrow keys to navigate the
results.
https://www.google.com/webhp?complete=1&hl=en
Gmail
Gmail is a webmail built on the idea that emails can be more intuitive,
efficient, and useful.
https://gmail.com/
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Yahoo Maps (new)
Now it's even easier and more fun to get where you're going!
https://maps.yahoo.com/
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ASYNCHRONOUS DATA
TRANSFER WITH
XMLHTTP REQUEST
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IMPLEMENTING AJAX
FRAMEWORK
The AJAX Framework is a cross browser framework that allows
developers to quickly develop web pages that can call web
services, web pages and other types of content through
JavaScript without having to submit the current page.The AJAX
Framework is:
Easy to use.
Works well with other existing frameworks.
Supports both "GET" and "POST".
Works with Internet Explorer 6+, Opera 8+, Safari 3+, Firefox 2+,
Google's Chrome and other Mozilla based browsers.
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CONSUMING WEB
SERVICES USING AJAX
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INTRODUCTION
TO PHP
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INTRODUCTION TO
PHP
2.1 Introduction to PHP Scripting Language
2.2 PHP vs JSP vs ASP server-side programming
2.3 Server-Side Scripting vs Client-Side Scripting
2.4 Installing XAMPP or WAMP or other web server
2.5 Setting server environment
2.6 Configuration and Adjusting setting in PHP.ini and httpd.conf
2.7 Running PHP scripts
2.8 Formatting outputs
2.9 Working with variables, global variables and constants
210 Logical, concatenation, mathematical and relational
operators
2.11 Escape Sequences
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WHAT IS PHP?
PHP stands for Hypertext Pre-Processor. PHP is a scripting
language used to develop static and dynamic webpages and web
applications. Here are a few important things you must know
about PHP:
1. PHP is an Interpreted language, hence it doesn't need a
compiler.
2. To run and execute PHP code, we need a Web server on
which PHP must be installed.
3. PHP is a server side scripting language, which means that
PHP is executed on the server and the result is sent to the
browser in plain HTML.
4. PHP is open source and free.
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USES OF PHP
To further fortify your trust in PHP, here are a few applications of this
amazing scripting language:
1. It can be used to create Web applications like Social
Networks(Facebook, Digg), Blogs(Wordpress, Joomla),
eCommerce websites(OpenCart, Magento etc.) etc.
2. Comman Line Scripting. You can write PHP scripts to perform
different operations on any machine, all you need is a PHP
parser for this.
3. Create Facebook applications and easily integrate Facebook
plugins in your website, using Facebook's PHP SDK.
4. Sending Emails or building email applications because PHP
provides with a robust email sending function.
5. Wordpress is one of the most used blogging(CMS) platform in
the World, and if you know PHP, you can try a hand
in Wordpress plugin development.
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WHAT SHOULD I KNOW
BEFORE LEARNING PHP
Before learning PHP you should have a basic understanding of:
HTML - it is strongly recommended to have a deep understanding
of the HTML markup
CSS - it is recommended to know some CSS basics before
learning PHP. This will help you on your way to developing cool
and dynamic PHP websites
JavaScript - it would be nice of you to recognize and have a
basic reading of the JavaScript programming language
Programming Logic - This is something that always helps. Any
knowledge of another programming language will help you to
learn and apply the logic to the new programming language, in
this case PHP
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WHO IS USING PHP?
There are lots of big site using PHP:
Wikipedia
Yahoo
Flickr
Wordpress
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ADVANTAGES OF PHP OVER
OTHER LANGUAGES
There are several advantages why one should choose PHP.
1. Easy to learn: PHP is easy to learn and use. For beginner programmers who just
started out in web development, PHP is often considered as the preferable
choice of language to learn.
2. Open source: PHP is an open-source project. It is developed and maintained by
a worldwide community of developers who make its source code freely
available to download and use.
3. Portability: PHP runs on various platforms such as Microsoft Windows, Linux,
Mac OS,etc. and it is compatible with almost all servers used today such
Apache, IIS,etc.
4. Fast Performance: Scripts written in PHP usually execute or runs faster than
those written in other scripting languages like ASP, Ruby, Python, Java, etc.
5. Vast Community: Since PHP is supported by the worldwide community, finding
help or documentation related to PHP online is extremely easy.
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Php Syntax
<?php
echo ‘Hello world’;
?>
A PHP file can also contain tags such as HTML and client side scripts
such as JavaScript.
HTML is an added advantage when learning PHP Language. You can
even learn PHP without knowing HTML but it’s recommended you at
least know the basics of HTML.
Database management systems DBMS for database powered
applications.
For more advanced topics such as interactive applications and web
services, you will need JavaScript and XML.
The flowchart diagram shown below illustrates the basic architecture of
a PHP web application and how the server handles the requests.
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PHP VS JSP VS ASP
SERVER-SIDE
PROGRAMMING
The table below compares the various server side scripting
languages with PHP
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SERVER-SIDE SCRIPTING VS
CLIENT-SIDE SCRIPTING
The scripts can be written in two forms, at the server end (back end)
or at the client end (server end). The main difference between
server-side scripting and client-side scripting is that the server side
scripting involves server for its processing. On the other hand, client-
side scripting requires browsers to run the scripts on the client
machine but does not interact with the server while processing the
client-side scripts.
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INSTALLING XAMPP OR WAMP OR
OTHER WEB SERVER
Requirements for PHP
To run PHP scripts, we need the following services:
PHP Parser: To execute PHP scripts, PHP installation is required.
Web Server: Because PHP is mostly used to develop websites,
hence most of its implementations comes bundled with Apache Web
Server, which is required to host the application developed in PHP
over HTTP.
Database: Any one database management system, which is
generally MySQL, as PHP comes with a native support for MySQL
Now, you can install all the 3 services separately yourself, or you can
simply download and install softwares which automatically installs all
the above services.
The most popular such software package is XAMPP.
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WHAT IS XAMPP?
XAMPP stands for:
X: Cross Platform, as it supports all the moder operating systems
like Windows, Mac OSX, Linux etc.
A: Apache Web Server
M: MySQL database management system.
P: PHP installation
P: Perl scripting language
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You can easily download and install XAMPP from this link. The
installation process is simple and once installed you will see a
small window like this, showing the status of various services
which are running.
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You can easily control, stop and restart, various services using the
XAMPP Control Panel.
Upon successful installation, a folder with name xampp will be created
in the C drive(by default). In the folder xampp there are many sub-
folders like apache, cgi-bin, FileZillaFTP etc, but the most important
sub-folders are:
htdocs: This is the folder in which we will keep all our PHP files.
mysql: This folder contains all the files for the MySQL database. By
default the MySQL databse runs on port number 3306.
php: This folder holds all the installation files for PHP. All the
configurations for the current PHP installation is saved in php.ini file
which is stored in this folder.
If everything seems fine and the apache server is running(check in the
XAMPP control panel), open your Web browser and enter localhost in
the address bar and hit enter. You will see the default page of Apache
web server.
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Other Software Packages
XAMPP is not the only available package, although it is the most
widely used one. Here are a few other Operating System specific
options that you can download and install:
WAMP: It's for Windows (Window, Apache, MySQL and PHP)
MAMP: It's for Mac OSX (Macintosh, Apache, MySQL and PHP)
LAMP: It's for Linux (Linux, Apache, MySQL and PHP)
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IDE or Editor for writing PHP code
As PHP code is not compiled, you can even use a simple editor like Notepad
to create PHP code files. But it's always good to have a nice looking Editor
which can highlight the code, provide you suggestions while coding, and
even analyze your code for syntax errors as your write it.
So here are a few good IDEs and Editors:
Netbeans IDE
Eclipse IDE
PyStorm IDE
Atom Editor
Brackets Editor
Notepad ++
Sublime Text
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FIRST PHP EXAMPLE
Hello World script in PHP
All the php code is written inside php code tags which is <?php and ?>. And the
file with php code is saved with an extension .php. Here is a simple example:
<?php
// code statements
?>
Hence a simple Hello, World! program in PHP will be:
<?php
echo "Hello, World!";
?>
output
Hello, World!
echo is a command used in PHP to display anything on screen.
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If we want to include this php code in an HTML document, we can
do so like this:
<!DOCTYPE>
<html>
<body>
<?
php echo "<h1>Hello, World!</h1>";
?>
</body>
</html>
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Now copy the above code and paste it in you Code Editor or IDE
and save the file with the name hello_world.php
Now go to your C directory where XAMPP was installed, and
open xampp → htdocs and create a new folder with
name studytonight and put your php code
file hello_world.php in the studytonight folder.
Now visit the following link in your
browser: localhost/studytonight/hello_world.php and you
would see Hello, World! written on the screen. Notice that Hello,
World! is written as a heading because in the HTML code we
specified that Hello, World! should be printed as a heading as put
it inside the heading tag <h1>
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PHP SYNTAX RULES
Below we have a listed down the main syntax rules that you must
follow while writing php code.
1. All the php code in a php script should be enclosed
within <?php and ?>, else it will not be considered as php
code. Adding php code inside the PHP tags is known
as Escaping to php.<?php ... ?>
Apart from the standard <?php and ?>, you can also use
the Short-open tags:
<? ... ?>Or use the HTML script tags, like we do for
adding javascript code in HTML document:
<script language="PHP"> ... </script>
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2. Every expression in PHP ends with a semicolon ;
3. Commenting PHP code: Both single line and multi-line comments are supported in PHP.
For single line comment, we can either use # or // before the comment line. For example,
<?php
# This is also a single line comment
# another line of comment
// This is a single line comment
echo "Example for Single line Comments";
?>
And for multi-line comments, we use /* ... */. For example,
<?php
/* This is also a single line comment another line of comment */
echo "Example for Multi-line Comments";
?>
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4. PHP is case sensitive, which means that a variable $tiger is
not same as $Tiger. Both of these, represent two different
variables here.But all the predefined keywords and functions
like if, else, echo etc are case insensitive.
<?php
echo "Hello, World!";
ECHO "Hello, World!";
?>
OUTPUT
Hello, World! Hello, World!
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5. PHP uses curly braces to define a code block.
<?php
if($zero == 0)
{
echo "If condition satisfied";
echo "This is a code block";
}
?>
Don't worry we will learn about if...else conditions in details, this is
just to demonstrate the use of curly braces.
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PHP - VARIABLES
PHP variables are just a name for a value and you can simply use
it like this $var_name = value;. They usually store sting characters
and numeric values for later use in the programming block. Here
is a simple example:
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WHAT IS A VARIABLES
SCOPE TYPES IN PHP?
In PHP, the scope of a variable is the part of the script where a
variable was defined and can be referenced. There are three
types of scopes in PHP.
local - declared within a function and can only be accessed within
that specific function
global - declared outside a function and can only be accessed
outside a function. There is an exception for this when
the global keyword is used. Keep on readding
static - declared withing a function and maintaining his value in
that function
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SPECIAL KEYWORDS FOR DECLARING
VARIABLES SOCPES
There are cases when you declare a variable outside of a function
and you want to use it inside and the other way around.
This is were the global keyword enters.
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On the other side static keyword is used to store a value of a
varible declared inside a function, for consecutive cals. Normally
all the local variable are resseted when the fnction closes, unless
static keyword is used.
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RULES FOR CREATING
VARIABLES IN PHP
Here we have a few basic rules that you must keep in mind while
creating variables in PHP. All the rules are explained with help of
simple examples.
A variable name will always start with a $ sign, followed by the
variable name.
A variable name should not start with a numeric value. It can
either start with an alphabet or an underscore sign _.
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A variable name can only contain alphabets, numbers and
underscore symbol _.
Variable names in PHP are case-sensitive, which means $love is
not same as $Love.
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PHP ECHO AND PRINT FUNCTIONS
https://www.studytonight.com/php/php-echo-and-print
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PHP VARIABLES
Variables are "containers" for storing information. A variable can
have a short name (like x and y) or a more descriptive name (age,
carname, total_volume).
Rules for PHP variables:
A variable starts with the $ sign, followed by the name of the
variable
A variable name must start with a letter or the underscore
character
A variable name cannot start with a number
A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and
underscores (A-z, 0-9, and _ )
Variable names are case-sensitive ($age and $AGE are two
different variables)
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ADD TWO NUMBER
<html>
<body>
<?php
$a =5 ;
$b=6;
$c=$a+$b;
echo "The sum of $a and $b is $c”;
?>
</body>
</html>
Output:
The sum of 5 and 6 is 11
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PHP VARIABLES SCOPE
In PHP, variables can be declared anywhere in the script.
The scope of a variable is the part of the script where the variable
can be used.
PHP has three different variable scopes:
local
global
static
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GLOBAL AND LOCAL SCOPE
A variable declared outside a function has a GLOBAL SCOPE and can
only be accessed outside a function:
<html>
<body>
<?php
$x = 5; // global scope
function myTest() {
echo "<p>Variable x inside function is: $x</p>";
}
myTest();
echo "<p>Variable x outside function is: $x</p>";
?>
</body>
</html>
Output:
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A variable declared within a function has a LOCAL SCOPE and can only be
accessed within that function:
<html>
<body>
<?php
function myTest() {
$x = 5; // local scope
echo "<p>Variable x inside function is: $x</p>";
}
myTest();
// using x outside the function will generate an error
echo "<p>Variable x outside function is: $x</p>";
?>
</body>
</html>
Output:
Variable x inside function is: 5
Variable x outside function is:
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PHP THE STATIC KEYWORD
Normally, when a function is completed/executed, all of its variables are deleted.
However, sometimes we want a local variable NOT to be deleted. We need it for a
further job.To do this, use the static keyword when you first declare the variable:
<html>
<body>
<?php
function myTest() {
static $x = 0;
echo $x;
$x++; Output:
} 0
1
myTest();
2
echo "<br>";
myTest();
echo "<br>";
myTest();
?
BY>LECTURER SURAJ PANDEY CCT COLLEGE
PHP THE GLOBAL KEYWORD
The global keyword is used to access a global variable from within a
function.
To do this, use the global keyword before the variables (inside the
function):
<html>
<body>
<?php
$x = 5;
$y = 10; Output:
15
function myTest() {
global $x, $y;
$y = $x + $y;
}
myTest(); // run function
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echo $y; // output the new value for variable $y
PHP ECHO AND PRINT FU
NCTIONS
PHP Echo
echo() function is used to print or output one or more strings. We
have specifically mentioned string here because, the syntax of
the echo function is:
echo(string)
Although you can use echo() function to output anything, as PHP
parser will automaticallly convert it into string type.
echo doesn't need parenthesis, although you can use parenthesis if
you want.
<?php
echo "I am open";
echo ("I am enclosed in parenthesis");
?>
CO
I am open I am enclosed in parenthesis
EXAMPLE
Printing a basic sentence
We have already covered it multiple times, still:
<?php echo "I am a sentence"; ?>
I am a sentence
Printing multiple strings using comma ,
Here is how you can use multiple strings as parameters for echo.
<?php
echo 'This','is','a','broken','sentence';
?>
This is a broken sentence
CO
Printing a multiline text(string)
<?php
echo "This is a multiline sentence example";
?>
This is a multiline sentence example
Printing a string variable
<?php
$str = "I am a string variable";
echo $str;
?>
CO I am a string variable
Printing a string variable with some text
Below we have explained how using double quotes and single
quotes leads to different output when we use a string variable with
some plain text in echo.
<?php
$weird = "Stupid";
echo "I am $weird";
echo 'I am $weird'; ?>
I am Stupid
I am $weird
As you can see, when we use double quotes the value of the string
variable gets printed, while if we use single quotes, the variable is
printed as it is.
CO
PHP Print
The PHP print is exactly the same as echo, with same syntax and
same usage. Just replace echo with print in all the above
examples, and they will work just fine.
CO
PHP - CONSTANTS
A constant is a type of variable that cannot be changed. A
constant cannot be undefined and once his value has been set, it
can not change his value along the script.
Constants are usually found in configuration files containing
information such as database user and password, database
name, site URL and other useful data.
This is how you define a constant in PHP:
CO
Let's take a closer look at
the examples above. We
used the define() function
to create the constant and
with the following params:
name - the defined name
for our constant
value - the defined value
for our constant
case-sensitive - this is an
optional param and it is
true by default. This means
that our constant is case
sensitive. Set it to false if
you need it
CO
Naming constants
Just like a normal variable a valid constant name starts with a
letter or underscore. On the other hand, a PHP constant doesn't
need the "$" sign before the constant name.
Although it is not a must, there is a convention that constant
names to be written in uppercase letters. This makes it easy for
the identification and distinguishes them from other variables
when reviewing coding documents.
Constants scope
Constants are automatically defined as globals and can be
directly used anywhere around the script without further action.
CO
CO
Check if a constant has been defined
Although we have not wet talked about the if/else tag yet, this is a
good place to mention that constants have a specific function to
check if they are defined.
For variables we will use isset() while for constants we will
use defined(). Here is an example using it on a constant:
CO
DATA TYPES IN PHP
PHP Data types specify the different types of data that are
supported in PHP language. There are total 8 data types
supported in PHP, which are categorized into 3 main types. They
are:
Scalar Types: boolean, integer, float and string.
Compound Types: array and object.
Special Types: resource and NULL.
CO
PHP Boolean
A boolean data type can have two possible values, either True or False.
$a = true;
$b = false;
NOTE: Here the values true and false are not enclosed within quotes,
because these are not strings.
PHP Integer
An Integer data type is used to store any non-decimal numeric value
within the range -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647.
An integer value can be negative or positive, but it cannot have a
decimal.
$x = -2671;
$y = 7007;
CO
PHP Float
Float data type is used to store any decimal numeric value.
A float(floating point) value can also be either negative or positive.
$a = -2671.01;
$b = 7007.70;
PHP String
String data type in PHP and in general, is a sequence of characters(or
anything, it can be numbers and special characters too) enclosed within
quotes. You can use single or double quotes.
$str1 = "Hello";
$str2 = "What is your Roll No?";
$str3 = "4";
OUTPUT
echo $str1;
Hello What is your Roll No?
echo "<br/>"; Me: My Roll number is 4
echo $str2;
echo "<br/>";
echo "Me: My Roll number is $str3";
CO
PHP NULL
NULL data type is a special data type which means nothing. It
can only have one value, and that is NULL.
If you create any variable and do not assign any value to it, it will
automatically have NULL stored in it.
Also, we can use NULL value to empty any variable.
// holds a null value
$a;
$b = 7007.70;
// we can also assign null value
$b = null;
CO
PHP resource data type
A resource is a special variable, holding a reference to an external
resource like a database connection for example.
PHP$conn =
mysqli_connect(localhost,"root","admin","users");
CO
PHP OPERATORS
Operators are used to perform operations on PHP variables and
simple values.
In PHP there are total 7 types of operators, they are:
Arithmetic Operators
Assignment Operators
Comparison Operators
Increment/Decrement Operators
Logical Operators
String Operators
Array Operators
CO
There are a few additional operators as well like, Type operator,
Bitwise operator, Execution operators etc.
Based on how these operators are used, they are categorised into
3 categories:
Unary Operators: Works on a single operand(variable or value).
Binary Operators: Works on two operands(variables or values).
Ternary Operators: Works on three operands.
CO
PHP Arithmetic Operators
These operators are used to perform basic arithmetic operations
like addition, multiplication, division, etc.
CO
PHP Assignment Operators
Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables,
either as it is or after performing some arithmetic operation on it.
The most basic assignment operator is equal to=.
CO
PHP Comparison Operators
As the name suggest, these are used to compare two values.
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PHP Increment/Decrement Operators
These operators are unary operators, i.e they require only one
operand.
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PHP Logical Operators
Logical operators are generally used when any action depends on
two or more conditions.
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PHP String Operators
String operators are used to perform operations on string. There
are only two string operators, generally PHP built-in functions are
used to perform various operations on strings,
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PHP Array Operators
These operators are used to compare arrays.
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ESCAPE SEQUENCE
Escape sequences are used for escaping a character during the
string parsing. It is also used for giving special meaning to
represent line breaks, tabs, alert and more. The escape
sequences are interpolated into strings enclosed by double
quotations or heredoc syntax.
Escape sequences are started with the escaping character
backslash (\) followed by the character which may be an
alphanumeric or a special character. If it is an alphanumeric
character, it gives special meaning to represent the line breaks \n,
carriage return \r and more. If it is a special character, then it will
be considered as it is during the string parsing. For example, if we
interpolate \$var into a string then it will be taken as $var. Without
the escaping character (\), the $var PHP variable is parsed to get
its value.
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Escape Sequence Example
This code shows a simple PHP example program to distinguish
the behavior of the escape sequences with alphanumeric and
non-alpha numeric characters. In this example, I used the escape
sequence \n to add a line break after label and I have used \\ to
escape \ character and print it to the browser.
<?php
echo "PHP Escape Sequences:\n Backslash \\ is used as an
escaping character.";
?>
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Widely used Escape Sequences in PHP
In this section, I have listed some of the widely used escape
sequences and describe how they are used to escape the special
character or to give meaning by combining with some
alphanumeric characters.
\’ – To escape ‘ within single quoted string.
\” – To escape “ within double quoted string.
\\ – To escape the backslash.
\$ – To escape $.
\n – To add line breaks between string.
\t – To add tab space.
\r – For carriage return.
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PROGRAMM
ING ON PHP
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PROGRAMMING ON
PHP
3.1 Conditional Statements(If, If else, switch statement)
3.2 Iteration and Looping (do while, while, for loop, foreach
loop)
3.3 Functions: Built-In and user-defined functions
3.4 String functions and pattern: String comparison, String
Concatenation.
3.5 Array: Numeric Array, Associative Array
3.6 One dimensional and multi-dimensional array
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CONDITIONAL
STATEMENT
While writing programs/scripts, there will be scenarios where you
would want to execute a particular statement only if some
condition is satisfied. In such situations we use Conditional
statements.
In PHP, there are 4 different types of Conditional Statements.
1. if statements
2. if...else statements
3. if...elseif...else statements
4. switch statement
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The if statement
When we want to execute some code when a condition is true, then we
use if statement.
Syntax:
if(condition)
{ // code to be executed if 'condition' is true }
Here is a simple example,
<?php
$age = 20;
if($age <= 25)
{
echo "You are not allowed to consume alchohol";
}
?>
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The if...else statement
When we want to execute some code when a condition is true, and some other
code when that condition is false, then we use the if...else pair.
Syntax:
if(condition)
{ // code to be executed if 'condition' is true }
else { // code to be executed if 'condition' is false }
Here is a simple example,
<?php
$age = 26;
if($age <= 25)
{
echo "You are not allowed to consume alchohol";
}
else
{
echo "Enjoy the drinks";
}
?>
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The if...else...elseif statement
When we want to execute different code for different set of conditions, and we have more than 2 possible conditions, then we
use if...elseif...else pair.
Syntax:
if(condition1)
{ // code to be executed if 'condition1' is true }
elseif(condition2)
{ // code to be executed if 'condition2' is true }
else { /* code to be executed if both 'condition1' and 'condition2' are false */ }
Here is a simple example,
<?php
// speed in kmph
$speed = 110;
if($speed < 60)
{
echo "Safe driving speed";
}
elseif($speed > 60 && $speed < 100)
{
echo "You are burning extra fuel";
}
else
{
// when speed is greater than 100
echo "Its dangerous";
}
?>
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The switch statement
A switch statement is used to perform different actions, based on different conditions.
Using a switch statement, we can specify multiple conditions along with the code to be executed
when that condition is true, thereby implementing a menu style program.
syntax:
switch(X)
{
case value1:
// execute this code when X=value1
break;
case value2:
// execute this code when X=value2
break;
case value3:
// execute this code when X=value3
break;
...
default:
/* execute this when X matches none of of the specified options */
}
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In a switch statement, we provide the deciding factor which can
be a variable or an expression to our switch statement, and then
we specify the different cases, each with a value, a piece of code
and a break statement.
break statement is specified to break the execution of the switch
statement once the action related to a specified value has been
performed.
If we do not specify a break statement, then all the switch cases,
after the matched case, will get executed, until the
next break statement.
The default statement is executed if no matching case is there.
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<?php
$car = "Jaguar";
switch($car)
{
case "Audi":
echo "Audi is amazing";
break;
case "Mercedes":
echo "Mercedes is mindblowing";
break;
case "Jaguar":
echo "Jaguar is the best";
break;
default:
echo "$car is Ok";
}
?>
Jaguar is the best
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ITERATION AND
LOOPING
As the name suggests, a Loop is used to execute something over
and over again.
For example, if you want to display all the numbers from 1 to
1000, rather than using echo statement 1000 times, or specifying
all the numbers in a single echo statement with newline
character \n, we can just use a loop, which will run for 1000 times
and every time it will display a number, starting from 1,
incrementing the number after each iteration or cycle.
In a Loop, we generally specify a condition or a LIMIT up till which
the loop will execute, because if we don't specify such a condition,
how will we specify when the loop should end and not go on for
infinite time.
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PHP while Loop
The while loop in PHP has two components, one is a condition and
other is the code to be executed. It executes the given code until the
specified condition is true.
Syntax:
<?php
while(condition)
{
/* execute this code till the condition is true */
}
?>
For example, Let's print numbers from 1 to 10.
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<?php
$a = 1;
while($a <= 10)
{
echo "$a | ";
$a++;
// incrementing value of a by 1
}
?>
OUTPUT
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
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PHP do...while Loop
The do...while loop is a little different from all the loops in PHP because it will
execute at least one time, even if the condition is false, can you guess how?
Well because the condition is checked after the loop's execution, hence the
first time when the condition is checked, the loop has already executed once.
Syntax:
<?php
Do
{
/* execute this code till the condition is true */
}
while(condition)
?>
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Let's implement the above example using do...while loop,
<?php
$a = 1;
do
{ echo "$a | ";
$a++;
// incrementing value of a by 1
}
while($a <= 10)
?>
OUTPUT
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
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Let's take another example where even if the condition is false, still the loop will be executed
once.
<?php
$a = 11;
do
{
echo $a;
$a++;
// incrementing value of a by 1
}
while($a <= 10)
?>
OUTPUT
11
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As we can see clearly, that the condition in the
above do...while loop will return false because value of
variable $a is 11 and as per the condition the loop should be
executed only if the value of $a is less than or equal to 10.
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PHP for Loop
The for loop in PHP doesn't work like while or do...while loop, in
case of for loop, we have to declare beforehand how many times
we want the loop to run.
Syntax:
<?php
for(initialization; condition; increment/decrement)
{
/* execute this code till the condition is true */
}
?>
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The parameters used have following meaning:
initialization: Here we initialize a variable with some value. This
variable acts as the loop counter.
condition: Here we define the condition which is checked after
each iteration/cycle of the loop. If the condition returns true, then
only the loop is executed.
increment/decrement: Here we increment or decrement the loop
counter as per the requirements.
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print numbers from 1 to 10, this time we will be using the for loop.
<?php
for($a = 1; $a <= 10; $a++)
{
echo "$a <br/>";
}
?>
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
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Nested for Loops
We can also use a for loop inside another for loop. Here is a simple example of
nested for loops.
<?php
for($a = 0; $a <= 2; $a++)
{
for($b = 0; $b <= 2; $b++)
{
echo "$b $a ";
}
}
?>
0
0
1
0
2
0011121021222
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foreach Loop
The foreach loop in PHP is used to access key-value pairs of an
array. This loop only works with arrays and you do not have to
initialise any loop counter or set any condition for exiting from the
loop, everything is done implicitly(internally) by the loop.
Syntax:
<?php
foreach($array as $var)
{
/* execute this code for all the array elements $var will represent
all the array elements starting from first element, one by one */
}
?>
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Here is a simple example.
<?php
$array = array("Jaguar", "Audi", "Mercedes", "BMW"); foreach($array
as $var)
{
echo "$var <br/>";
}
?>
OUTPUT
Jaguar
Audi
Mercedes
BMW
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break statement
We have already seen and used break statements in
the switch conditional statements.
To recall, in switch code blocks, we used break statement to break
out of the switch block when a valid case block gets executed.
Let's see an example for simple switch code:
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<?php
$a = 1;
switch($a)
{
case 1: echo "This is case 1";
break;
case 2: echo "This is case 2";
break;
default: echo "This is default case";
}
?>
OUTPUT
This is case 1
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FUNCTIONS: BUILT-IN
AND USER-DEFINED
FUNCTIONS
A Function is nothing but a 'block of statements' which generally
performs a specific task and can be used repeatedly in our
program. This 'block of statements' is also given a name so that
whenever we want to use it in our program/script, we can call it by
its name.
In PHP there are thousands of built-in functions which we can
directly use in our program/script.
PHP also supports user defined functions, where we can define
our own functions.
A function doesn't execute when its defined, it executed when it is
called.
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PHP User Defined Functions
Let's understand how we can define our own functions in our
program and use those functions.
Syntax:
<?php
function function_name()
{
// function code statements
}
?>
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Few Rules to name Functions
1. A function name can only contain alphabets, numbers and
underscores. No other special character is allowed.
2. The name should start with either an alphabet or an
underscore. It should not start with a number.
3. And last but not least, function names are not case-sensitive.
4. The opening curly brace { after the function name marks the
start of the function code, and the closing curly brace } marks
the end of function code.
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write a very simple function which will display a simple "Merry
Christmas and a Very Happy New Year" message. This script can
actually be very useful when you have to send festive emails to
every friend of yours and you have to write the same message in all
of them.
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Advantages of User-defined Functions
As we have already seen a simple example of using a function
above, you must have understood how time-saving it can be for large
programs. Here are a few advantages of using functions for you:
Reuseable Code: As it's clear from the example above, you write a
function once and can use it for a thousand times in your program.
Less Code Repetition: In the example above we just had one line of
code in the function, but what if we have 10 lines of code. So rather
than repeating all those lines of code over and over again, we can
just create a function for them and simply call the function.
Easy to Understand: Using functions in your program, makes the
code more readable and easy to understand.
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PHP Function Arguments
We can even pass data to a function, which can be used inside the function
block. This is done using arguments. An argument is nothing but a variable.
Arguments are specified after the function name, in parentheses, separated
by comma. When we define a function, we must define the number of
arguments it will accept and only that much arguments can be passed while
calling the function.
Syntax:
<?php
/* we can have as many arguments as we want to have in a function */
function function_name(argument1, argument2)
{
// function code statements
}
?>
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<?php
// defining the function with argument function greetings($festival)
{
echo "Wish you a very Happy $festival";
}
echo "Hey Jai <br/>";
// calling the function
greetings("Diwali");
// next line
echo "<br/>";
echo "Hey Jon <br/>";
// calling the function again
greetings("New Year");
?>
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PHP Default Function Arguments
Sometimes function arguments play an important role in the
function code execution. In such cases, if a user forgets to provide
the argument while calling the function, it might lead to some
error.
To avoid such errors, we can provide a default value for the
arguments which is used when no value is provided for the
argument when the function is called.
Let's take an example.
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<?php
// defining the function with default argument function greetings($festival = "Life")
{
echo "Wish you a very Happy $festival";
}
echo "Hey Jai <br/>";
// calling the function with an argument
greetings("Diwali");
// next line
echo "<br/>";
echo "Hey Jon <br/>";
// and without an argument
greetings();
?>
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PHP Function Returning Values
Yes, functions can even return results. When we have functions which are
defined to perform some mathematical operation etc, we would want to output
the result of the operation, so we return the result.
return statement is used to return any variable or value from a function in PHP.
Let's see an example.
<?php
function add($a, $b)
{
$sum = $a + $b;
// returning the result
return $sum;
}
echo "5 + 10 = " . add(5, 10) . "";
?>
OUTPUT
5 + 10 = 15
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PHP Function Overloading
Function overloading allows you to have multiple different variants
of one function, differentiated by the number and type of
arguments they take.
For example, we defined the function add() which takes two
arguments, and return the sum of those two. What if we wish to
provide support for adding 3 numbers.
To tackle such situations, what we can do is, we can define two
different variants of the function add(), one which takes in 2
arguments and another which accepts 3 arguments. This is
called Function Overloading.
Let's take an example,
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<?php
// add function with 2 arguments
function add($a, $b)
{
$sum = $a + $b;
// returning the result return $sum;
}
// overloaded add function with 3 arguments
function add($a, $b, $c)
{
$sum = $a + $b + $c;
// returning the result
return $sum;
}
// calling add with 2 arguments
echo "5 + 10 = " . add(5, 10) . "<br/>";
// calling add with 3 arguments
echo "5 + 10 + 15 = " .add(5, 10, 15) . "<br/>";
?>
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STRING FUNCTIONS AND PATTERN: STRING
COMPARISON, STRING CONCATENATION.
A string in PHP is a simple character concatenation like "Hello
world!", "Lorem Ipsum..." etc. Strings in Php are also a collection
of alphanumeric characters, enclosed in single quotes for simple
string data and double quotes for complex string data.
<?php
$a = 'Simple string value';
$b = "Another string value using double quotes.";
echo $a;
echo "<br />";
echo $b;
?>
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We can define a string using double quotes as well as single
quotes.
But, what if the string has a single or double quote in it, then
what?
<?php
$srt1 = "This is "a" String";
$str2 = 'This is also 'a' String';
?>
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Both the above string definitions will result in error, as we cannot
include a double quote in the string, if the string is defined inside
double quotes.
But it will work, if the string contains double quotes, but it is
defined using single quotes and vice versa, for example,
<?php
// string inside double quotes, with a single quote
$srt1 = "This is 'a' String"; // string inside single quotes, with
a double quote
$str2 = 'This is also "a" String';
?>
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There is one more simple technique to deal with the quotes problem, it is
known as Escaping Special Character, which can be done using
a backslash.
Let's take an example,
<?php
// escaping double quote using backslash
$srt1 = "I\"ll handle this.";
// escaping single quote using backslash
$str2 = 'I\'ll handle this.';
echo $str1;
echo "\n"; // new line
echo $str2;
?>
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STRING FUNCTIONS
In general practice, using the right string function will save you a
lot of time as they are pre-defined in PHP libraries and all you
have to do is call them to use them.
Commonly used PHP 5 String Functions
Below we have a list of some commonly used string functions in
PHP:
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strlen($str)
This function returns the length of the string or the number of
characters in the string including whitespaces
<?php
$str = "Welcome to Studytonight";
// using strlen in echo method
echo "Length of the string is: ". strlen($str);
?>
OUTPUT
Length of the string is: 23
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str_word_count($str)
This function returns the number of words in the string. This function
comes in handly in form field validation for some simple validations.
<?php
$str = "Welcome to Studytonight";
// using str_word_count in echo method
echo "Number of words in the string are: ".
str_word_count($str);
?>
OUTPUT
Number of words in the string are: 3
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strrev($str)
This function is used to reverse a string.
Let's take an example and see,
<?php
$str = "Welcome to Studytonight";
// using strrev in echo method
echo "Reverse: ". strrev($str);
?>
OUTPUT
Reverse: thginotydutS ot emocleW
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strpos($str, $text)
This function is used to find the position of any text/word in a given
string. Just like an array, string also assign index value to the
characters stored in it, starting from zero.
<?php
$str = "Welcome to Studytonight";
// using strpos in echo method
echo "Position of 'Studytonight' in string: ". strpos($str,
'Studytonight');
?>
OUTPUT
Position of 'Studytonight' in string: 11
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Concatenation of two strings in PHP
There are two string operators. The first is the concatenation operator
(‘.‘), which returns the concatenation of its right and left arguments.
The second is the concatenating assignment operator (‘.=‘), which
appends the argument on the right side to the argument on the left
side.
Examples :
Input : string1: Hello
string2 : World!
Output : HelloWorld!
Input : string1: geeksfor
string2: geeks
Output : geeksforgeeks
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Output
<?php :
HelloWorld!
// First String
$a = 'Hello';
// Second String
$b = 'World!';
// Concatenation Of String
$c = $a.$b;
// print Concatenate String
echo " $c \n";
?>
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Output
<?php :
John Carter!
// First String
$fname = 'John';
// Second String
$lname = 'Carter!';
// Concatenation Of String
$c = $fname." ".$lname;
// print Concatenate String
echo " $c \n";
?>
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Output
<?php :
HelloWorld!
// First String
$a = 'Hello';
// now $a contains "HelloWorld!"
$a. = "World!";
// Print The String $a
echo " $a \n";
?>
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COMPARISON OF
STRING
== operator
The most common way you will see of comparing two strings is simply by
using the == operator if the two strings are equal to each other then it returns
true.
// Using the == operator, Strings match is printed
if('string1' == 'string1')
{
echo 'Strings match.';
}
else
{
echo 'Strings do not match.';
}
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// Using the == operator, Strings do not match is printed
if('string1' == 'STRING1')
{
echo 'Strings match.';
}
Else
{
echo 'Strings do not match.';
}
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strcmp Function
Another way to compare strings is to use the PHP function strcmp,
this is a binary safe string comparison function that will return a 0 if
the strings match.
// strcmp function, Strings match is printed if(strcmp('string1',
'string1') == 0)
{
echo 'Strings match.';
}
else
{
echo 'Strings do not match.';
}
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strcasecmp Function
The previous examples will not allow you to compare different
case strings, the following function will allow you to compare case
insensitive strings.
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// Both strings will match
if(strcasecmp('string1', 'string1') == 0)
{
echo 'Strings match.';
}
else
{
echo 'Strings do not match.';
}
// Both strings will match even with different case
if(strcasecmp('string1', 'String1') == 0)
{
echo 'Strings match.';
}
else
{ echo 'Strings do not match.';
}
// Both strings will match even with different case
if(strcasecmp('string1', 'STRING1') == 0)
{
echo 'Strings match.';
}
else
{
echo 'Strings do not match.';
}
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ARRAY: NUMERIC ARRAY,
ASSOCIATIVE ARRAY
Arrays in PHP is a type of data structure that allows us to store
multiple elements of similar data type under a single variable
thereby saving us the effort of creating a different variable for
every data.
An array is created using an array() function in PHP.
There are basically three types of arrays in PHP:
Indexed or Numeric Arrays: An array with a numeric index
where values are stored linearly.
Associative Arrays: An array with a string index where instead of
linear storage, each value can be assigned a specific key.
Multidimensional Arrays: An array which contains single or
multiple array within it and can be accessed via multiple indices.
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Indexed or Numeric Arrays
These type of arrays can be used to store any type of elements,
but an index is always a number. By default, the index starts at
zero. These arrays can be created in two different ways as shown
in the following example:
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<?php
// One way to create an indexed array
$name_one = array("Zack", "Anthony", "Ram", "Salim", "Raghav");
// Accessing the elements directly
echo "Accessing the 1st array elements directly:\n";
echo $name_one[2], "\n";
echo $name_one[0], "\n";
echo $name_one[4], "\n";
// Second way to create an indexed array
$name_two[0] = "ZACK";
$name_two[1] = "ANTHONY";
$name_two[2] = "RAM";
$name_two[3] = "SALIM";
$name_two[4] = "RAGHAV";
// Accessing the elements directly
echo "Accessing the 2nd array elements directly:\n";
echo $name_two[2], "\n";
echo $name_two[0], "\n";
echo $name_two[4], "\n";
?>
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Associative Arrays
These type of arrays are similar to the indexed arrays but instead
of linear storage, every value can be assigned with a user-defined
key of string type.
Example:
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<?php
// One way to create an associative array
$name_one = array("Zack"=>"Zara", "Anthony"=>"Any",
"Ram"=>"Rani", "Salim"=>"Sara",
"Raghav"=>"Ravina");
// Second way to create an associative array
$name_two["zack"] = "zara";
$name_two["anthony"] = "any";
$name_two["ram"] = "rani";
$name_two["salim"] = "sara";
$name_two["raghav"] = "ravina";
// Accessing the elements directly
echo "Accessing the elements directly:\n";
echo $name_two["zack"], "\n";
echo $name_two["salim"], "\n";
echo $name_two["anthony"], "\n";
echo $name_one["Ram"], "\n";
echo $name_one["Raghav"], "\n";
?>
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Associative arrays are used to store key value pairs. For example,
to store the marks of different subject of a student in an array, a
numerically indexed array would not be the best choice. Instead,
we could use the respective subject’s names as the keys in our
associative array, and the value would be their respective marks
gained.
Example:
Here array() function is used to create associative array.
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<?php
/* First method to create an associate array. */
$student_one = array("Maths"=>95, "Physics"=>90,
"Chemistry"=>96, "English"=>93,
"Computer"=>98);
/* Second method to create an associate array. */
$student_two["Maths"] = 95;
$student_two["Physics"] = 90;
$student_two["Chemistry"] = 96;
$student_two["English"] = 93;
$student_two["Computer"] = 98;
/* Accessing the elements directly */
echo "Marks for student one is:\n";
echo "Maths:" . $student_two["Maths"], "\n";
echo "Physics:" . $student_two["Physics"], "\n";
echo "Chemistry:" . $student_two["Chemistry"], "\n";
echo "English:" . $student_one["English"], "\n";
echo "Computer:" . $student_one["Computer"], "\n";
?>
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<?php
// Defining a multidimensional array
$favorites = array(
array(
"name" => "Ganesh",
"mob" => "5689741523",
"email" => "[email protected]",
),
array(
"name" => "Saroj","mob"
=> "2584369721",
"email" => "[email protected]",
),
array(
"name" => "Arjun",
"mob" => "9875147536",
"email" => "[email protected]",
)
);
// Accessing elements
echo "Ganesh email-id is: " . $favorites[0]["email"], "\n"; echo
"Arjun mobile number is: " . $favorites[2]["mob"];
?>
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Multidimensional Arrays
Multi-dimensional arrays are such arrays which stores an another
array at each index instead of single element. In other words, we
can define multi-dimensional arrays as array of arrays. As the
name suggests, every element in this array can be an array and
they can also hold other sub-arrays within. Arrays or sub-arrays in
multidimensional arrays can be accessed using multiple
dimensions.
Example:
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<?php
// Defining a multidimensional array
$favorites = array(
array(
"name" => "Ganesh",
"mob" => "5689741523",
"email" => "[email protected]",
),
array(
"name" => "Saroj","mob"
=> "2584369721",
"email" => "[email protected]",
),
array(
"name" => "Arjun","mob"
=> "9875147536",
"email" => "[email protected]",
)
);
// Accessing elements
echo "Ganesh email-id is: " . $favorites[0]["email"], "\n";
echo "Arjun mobile number is: " . $favorites[2]["mob"];
?>
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PROGRAMM
ING ON PHP
GET AND POST
We have two HTTP request methods in PHP for handling the
forms, where submitted form-data from users can be collected
using these methods. In order to send information to the web
server from the browser client, we use GET and POST methods.
GET Method: Data is requested from a specific resource
POST Method: Data is submitted to be processed to a specific
resource
The GET Method
The GET method sends the encoded user information appended
to the page request. The page and the encoded information are
separated by the ? character.
http://www.test.com/index.htm?name1=value1&name2=value2
<?php
if( $_GET["name"] || $_GET["age"] )
{
echo "Welcome ". $_GET['name']. "<br />";
echo "You are ". $_GET['age']. " years old.";
exit();
}
?>
<html>
<body>
<form action = "<?php $_PHP_SELF ?>" method = "GET">
Name: <input type = "text" name = "name" />
Age: <input type = "text" name = "age" />
<input type = "submit" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
The POST Method
The POST method transfers information via HTTP headers. The
information is encoded as described in case of GET method and
put into a header called QUERY_STRING.
<?php
if( $_POST["name"] || $_POST["age"] )
{
if (preg_match("/[^A-Za-z'-]/",$_POST['name'] ))
{
die ("invalid name and name should be alpha");
}
echo "Welcome ". $_POST['name']. "<br />";
echo "You are ". $_POST['age']. " years old.";
exit();
}
?>
<html>
<body>
<form action = "<?php $_PHP_SELF ?>" method = "POST">
Name: <input type = "text" name = "name" />
Age: <input type = "text" name = "age" />
<input type = "submit" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
The $_REQUEST variable
The PHP $_REQUEST variable contains the contents of both
$_GET, $_POST, and $_COOKIE.
The PHP $_REQUEST variable can be used to get the result from
form data sent with both the GET and POST methods.
Try out following example by putting the source code in test.php
script.
<?php
if( $_REQUEST["name"] || $_REQUEST["age"] )
{
echo "Welcome ". $_REQUEST['name']. "<br />";
echo "You are ". $_REQUEST['age']. " years old.";
exit();
}
?>
<html>
<body>
<form action = "<?php $_PHP_SELF ?>" method = "POST"> Name:
<input type = "text" name = "name" />
Age: <input type = "text" name = "age" />
<input type = "submit" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
FILE INCLUSION AND
FILES & I/O
PHP - File Inclusion
You can include the content of a PHP file into another PHP file
before the server executes it. There are two PHP functions which
can be used to included one PHP file into another PHP file.
The include() Function
The require() Function
The include() Function
The include() function takes all the text in a specified file and
copies it into the file that uses the include function. If there is any
problem in loading a file then the include() function generates a
warning but the script will continue execution.
Assume you want to create a common menu for your website.
Then create a file menu.php with the following content.
<a href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/index.htm">Home</a>
- <a href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/ebxml">ebXML</a> -
<a href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/ajax">AJAX</a> - <a
href="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/perl">PERL</a> <br />
Now create as many pages as you like and include this file to
create header. For example now your test.php file can have
following content.
<html>
<body>
<?php
include("menu.php");
?>
<p>This is an example to show how to include PHP file!</p>
</body>
</html>
The require() Function
The require() function takes all the text in a specified file and
copies it into the file that uses the include function. If there is any
problem in loading a file then the require() function generates a
fatal error and halt the execution of the script.
You can try using above example with require() function and it will
generate same result. But if you will try following two examples where
file does not exist then you will get different results.
<html>
<body>
<?php
include("xxmenu.php");
?>
<p>This is an example to show how to include wrong PHP
file!</p>
</body>
</html>
Now lets try same example with require() function.
<html>
<body>
<?php
require("xxmenu.php");
?>
<p>This is an example to show how to include wrong PHP
file!</p>
</body>
</html>
PHP - FILES & I/O
following functions related to files −
Opening a file
Reading a file
Writing a file
Closing a file
Opening and Closing Files
The PHP fopen() function is used to open a file. It requires two
arguments stating first the file name and then mode in which to
operate.
Files modes can be specified as one of the six options in this
table.
Reading a file
Once a file is opened using fopen() function it can be read with a
function called fread(). This function requires two arguments. These
must be the file pointer and the length of the file expressed in bytes.
So here are the steps required to read a file with PHP.
Open a file using fopen() function.
Get the file's length using filesize() function.
Read the file's content using fread() function.
Close the file with fclose() function.
The following example assigns the content of a text file to a variable
then displays those contents on the web page.
html>
<head>
<title>Reading a file using PHP</title> </head>
<body>
<?php
$filename = "tmp.txt";
$file = fopen( $filename, "r" );
if( $file == false )
{
echo ( "Error in opening file" );
exit();
}
$filesize = filesize( $filename );
$filetext = fread( $file, $filesize );
fclose( $file );
echo ( "File size : $filesize bytes" );
echo ( "<pre>$filetext</pre>" );
?>
</body>
</html>
Writing a file
A new file can be written or text can be appended to an existing
file using the PHP fwrite() function.
The following example creates a new text file then writes a short
text heading inside it. After closing this file its existence is
confirmed using file_exist() function which takes file name as an
argument
<?php
$filename = "/home/user/guest/newfile.txt";
$file = fopen( $filename, "w" );
if( $file == false )
{
echo ( "Error in opening new file" );
exit();
}
fwrite( $file, "This is a simple test\n" );
fclose( $file );
?>
<html>
<head>
<title>Writing a file using PHP</title> </head>
<body>
<?php
$filename = "newfile.txt";
$file = fopen( $filename, "r" );
if( $file == false )
{
echo ( "Error in opening file" );
exit();
}
$filesize = filesize( $filename );
$filetext = fread( $file, $filesize );
fclose( $file );
echo ( "File size : $filesize bytes" );
echo ( "$filetext" );
echo("file name: $filename");
?>
</body>
</html>
FUNCTIONS
A function is a piece of code which takes one more input in the
form of parameter and does some processing and returns a value.
PHP provides us with two major types of functions:
Built-in functions : PHP provides us with huge collection of built-
in library functions. These functions are already coded and stored
in form of functions. To use those we just need to call them as per
our requirement like, var_dump, fopen(), print_r(), gettype() and
so on.
User Defined Functions : Apart from the built-in functions, PHP
allows us to create our own customised functions called the user-
defined functions.
Using this we can create our own packages of code and use it
wherever necessary by simply calling it.
Creating a Function
While creating a user defined function we need to keep few things in
mind:
Any name ending with an open and closed parenthesis is a function.
A function name always begins with the keyword function.
To call a function we just need to write its name followed by the
parenthesis
A function name cannot start with a number. It can start with an
alphabet or underscore.
A function name is not case-sensitive.
Syntax:
function function_name()
{
executable code;
}
<?php
function funcGeek()
{
echo "This is Geeks for Geeks";
}
// Calling the function
funcGeek();
?>
PHP Function Arguments
Information can be passed to functions through arguments. An
argument is just like a variable.
Arguments are specified after the function name, inside the
parentheses. You can add as many arguments as you want, just
separate them with a comma.
The following example has a function with one argument
($fname). When the familyName() function is called, we also pass
along a name (e.g. Jani), and the name is used inside the
function, which outputs several different first names, but an equal
last name:
<?php
function familyName($fname) {
echo "$fname Refsnes.<br>";
}
familyName("Jani");
familyName("Hege");
familyName("Stale");
familyName("Kai Jim");
familyName("Borge");
?>
<?php
function familyName($fname, $year) {
echo "$fname Refsnes. Born in $year <br>";
}
familyName("Hege", "1975");
familyName("Stale", "1978");
familyName("Kai Jim", "1983");
?>
USER DEFINED
FUNCTIONS
A function is a block of statements that can be used repeatedly in
a program.
A function will not execute immediately when a page loads. A
function will be executed by a call to the function.
Function names are NOT case-sensitive.
Syntax
function functionName() {
code to be executed;
}
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EXAMPLE OF USER DEFINED FUNCTIONS
<html>
<body>
<?php
function writeMsg() {
echo "Hello Nabraj!";
}
writeMsg();
?>
</body>
</html>
Output:
Hello Nabraj!
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FUNCTION ARGUMENTS
Information can be passed to functions through arguments. An
argument is just like a variable.
Arguments are specified after the function name, inside the
parentheses. You can add as many arguments as you want, just
separate them with a comma.
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FUNCTION ARGUMENTS
<html>
<body>
<?php
function familyName($fname) {
echo "$fname<br>";
}
familyName("Nabraj"); Output:
familyName("Ramesh"); Nabraj
Ramesh
familyName("Pawan"); Pawan
familyName("Nabin"); Nabin
familyName("Khim"); Khim
?>
</body>
</html>
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FUNCTIONS - RETURNING VALUES
To let a function return a value, use the return statement:
<html>
<body>
<?php
function sum(int $x, int $y) {
$z = $x + $y;
return $z;
}
echo sum(5,10);
echo "<br>";
echo sum(7,13);
?>
</body>
</html>
Output:
15
20
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FUNCTION TO FIND AREA OF RECTANGLE
AND RETURN THE VALUE
<html>
<body>
<?php
function sum( int $l, int $b) {
$a = $l * $b;
return $a;
}
$b= sum(15,200);
echo $b;
?>
</body>
</html>
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FUNCTION TO ADD TWO NUMBER
<html>
<body>
<?php
function sum(int $x, int $y) {
$z = $x + $y;
echo $z;
}
echo sum(5,10);
?>
</body>
</html>
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COOKIE
What is a cookie
Cookies are used to store the information of a web page in a
remote browser, so that when the same user comes back to that
page, that information can be retrieved from the browser itself.
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USES OF COOKIE
Cookies are often used to perform
following tasks:
Session management: Cookies are widely used to manage user sessions. For
example, when you use an online shopping cart, you keep adding items in the
cart and finally when you checkout, all of those items are added to the list of
items you have purchased. This can be achieved using cookies.
User identification: Once a user visits a webpage, using cookies, that user
can be remembered. And later on, depending upon the search/visit pattern of
the user, content which the user likely to be visited are served. A good
example of this is 'Retargetting'. A concept used in online marketing, where
depending upon the user's choice of content, advertisements of the relevant
product, which the user may buy, are served.
Tracking / Analytics: Cookies are used to track the user. Which, in turn, is
used to analyze and serve various kind of data of great value, like location,
technologies (e.g. browser, OS) form where the user visited, how long (s)he
stayed on various pages etc.
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HOW TO CREATE A
COOKIE IN PHP
PHP has a setcookie() function to send a cookie. We will discuss
this function in detail now.
Syntax:
setcookie(name, value, expire)
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Example to Create/Retrieve a Cookie:
<html>
<?php
$cookie_name = "user";
$cookie_value = "Nabraj Koirala";
setcookie($cookie_name, $cookie_value, time() + 10);
?>
<html>
<body>
<?php
if(!isset($_COOKIE[$cookie_name])) {
echo "Cookie named " . $cookie_name . "'is not set!";
} else {
echo "Cookie " . $cookie_name . "' is set!<br>";
echo "Value is: " . $_COOKIE[$cookie_name];
}
?>
</body>
</html>
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PHP SESSIONS
A session is a way to store information (in variables) to be used
across multiple pages.
Unlike a cookie, the information is not stored on the users
computer.
When you work with an application, you open it, do some
changes, and then you close it. This is much like a Session. The
computer knows who you are. It knows when you start the
application and when you end. But on the internet there is one
problem: the web server does not know who you are or what you
do, because the HTTP address doesn't maintain state.
Session variables solve this problem by storing user information
to be used across multiple pages (e.g. username, favorite color,
etc). By default, session variables last until the user closes the
browser.
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Start a PHP Session:
A session is started with the session_start() function.
Session variables are set with the PHP global variable: $_SESSION.
<?php
// Start the session
session_start();
?>
<html>
<body>
<?php
// Set session variables
$_SESSION["favcolor"] = "green";
$_SESSION["favanimal"] = "cat";
echo "Session variables are set.";
?>
</body>
</html>
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Get PHP Session Variable Values:
<?php
session_start();
?>
<html>
<body>
<?php
// Echo session variables that were set on previous page
echo "Favorite color is " . $_SESSION["favcolor"] . ".<br>";
echo "Favorite animal is " . $_SESSION["favanimal"] . ".";
?>
</body>
</html>
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DESTROY A PHP SESSION
To remove all global session variables and destroy the session, use session_unset() and
session_destroy():
Example
<?php
session_start();
?>
<html>
<body>
<?php
// remove all session variables
session_unset();
// destroy the session
session_destroy();
echo "All session variables are now removed, and the session is destroyed."
?>
</body>
</html>
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SENDING EMAILS
What is PHP mail?
PHP mail is the built in PHP function that is used to send emails
from PHP scripts.
The mail function accepts the following parameters;
Email address
Subject
Message
CC or BC email addresses
Sending mail using PHP
The PHP mail function has the following basic syntax
<?php
mail($to_email_address,$subject,$message,[$headers],[$par
ameters]);
?>
HERE,
“$to_email_address” is the email address of the mail recipient
“$subject” is the email subject
“$message” is the message to be sent.
“[$headers]” is optional, it can be used to include information such as
CC, BCC
• CC is the acronym for carbon copy. It’s used when you want to
send a copy to an interested person i.e. a complaint email sent
to a company can also be sent as CC to the complaints board.
• BCC is the acronym for blind carbon copy. It is similar to CC. The
email addresses included in the BCC section will not be shown
to the other recipients.
Simple Mail Transmission Protocol (SMTP)
PHP mailer uses Simple Mail Transmission Protocol (SMTP) to
send mail.
On a hosted server, the SMTP settings would have already been
set.
The SMTP mail settings can be configured from “php.ini” file in the
PHP installation folder.
Configuring SMTP settings on your localhost Assuming you are
using xampp on windows, locate the “php.ini” in the directory
“C:\xampp\php”.
Open it using notepad or any text editor. We will use notepad in
this example. Click on the edit menu
ocate the entries[mail function]
; XAMPP: Don’t remove the semi column if you want to work with an SMTP
Server like Mercury
; SMTP = localhost
; smtp_port = 25
Remove the semi colons before SMTP and smtp_port and set the SMTP to
your smtp server and the port to your smtp port. Your settings should look as
follows
• SMTP = smtp.example.com
• smtp_port = 25
• Note the SMTP settings can be gotten from your web hosting providers.
• If the server requires authentication, then add the following lines.
• auth_username = [email protected]
• auth_password = example_password
• Save the new changes.
• Restart Apache server.
Let’s now look at an example that sends a simple mail.
<?php
$to_email = 'name @ company . com';
$subject = 'Testing PHP Mail';
$message = 'This mail is sent using the PHP mail function';
$headers = 'From: noreply @ company . com';
mail($to_email,$subject,$message,$headers);
?>
FILE UPLOADING
ERROR HANDLING
PHP and Database Connection
Basic database concepts
How to Create a MySQL Database with
phpMyAdmin
⚫ Make sure you have phpMyAdmin Installed. This
guide assumes you have phpMyAdmin installed and ready to
use.
⚫ Go to your phpMyAdmin homepage. For this guide
you need to navigate to the phpMyAdmin homepage. It can
usually be found under these directories, depending on your
server setup.http://localhost:8888/phpMyAdmin/
⚫ http://localhost/phpmyadmin
⚫ http://{your-ip-address}/phpmyadmin/
⚫ Login to your phpMyAdmin Page. Make sure you are
logged in to phpMyAdmin.
⚫ Enter your database name. Enter the name you want to
call your new database, here we have named it
"my_new_database".
⚫ Click "Create" and then you're done!
MySQL Database
⚫ With PHP, you can connect to and manipulate databases.
⚫ MySQL is the most popular database system used with PHP.
⚫ The data in a MySQL database are stored in tables. A table is a
collection of related data, and it consists of columns and rows.
⚫ MySQL is a database system used on the web
⚫ MySQL is a database system that runs on a server
⚫ MySQL is ideal for both small and large applications MySQL is very
fast, reliable, and easy to use
⚫ MySQL uses standard SQL
⚫ MySQL compiles on a number of platforms
⚫ MySQL is free to download and use
⚫ MySQL is developed, distributed, and supported by Oracle
Corporation
Connecting to MySQL Server
⚫ Before we can access data in the MySQL database, we need to be able to connect to
the server:
⚫ The process to connect MySQL server is given below:
<?php
$user = 'root';
$pass = '';
// Create connection
$conn = mysqli_connect('localhost', $user, $pass);
// Check connection
if (!$conn) {
die("Connection failed: " . mysqli_connect_error());
}
else
{
echo "Connected successfully";
}
?>
Create a MySQL Database
⚫ The CREATE DATABASE statement is used to create a database in MySQL.
⚫ The following examples create a database named “nawaraj":
<?php
$user = 'root';
$pass = '';
$conn = mysqli_connect('localhost', $user, $pass);
// Check connection
//Create database
$sql = "CREATE DATABASE cct1";
if (mysqli_query($conn, $sql)) {
echo "Database created successfullyyy";
} else {
echo "Error creating database: " . mysqli_error($conn);
}
?>
Create MySQL Tables
⚫ A database table has its own unique name and consists of columns
and rows.
⚫ The CREATE TABLE statement is used to create a table in
MySQL.
⚫ We will create a table named “contacts", with five columns: "id",
"firstName", "lastName", "email" :
⚫ CREATE TABLE contacts (
id INT(6) UNSIGNED AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY
KEY,
firstname VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
lastname VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
email VARCHAR(50),
)
Create table
<?php
$server = "localhost";
$dbuser = "root";
$dbpass = "";
$dbname = "n1";
$conn = mysqli_connect($server, $dbuser, $dbpass,$dbname);
$sqlQuery = "CREATE TABLE contacts (
id INT(6) UNSIGNED AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
firstName VARCHAR(35) NOT NULL,
lastName VARCHAR(35) NOT NULL,
email VARCHAR(55)
)";
?>
Insert Data Into MySQL
⚫ After a database and a table have been created, we can start
adding data in them.
⚫ The INSERT INTO statement is used to add new records to a
MySQL table:
⚫ INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3,...)
VALUES (value1, value2, value3,...)
Here are some syntax rules to follow:
⚫ The SQL query must be quoted in PHP
⚫ String values inside the SQL query must be quoted
⚫ Numeric values must not be quoted
⚫ The word NULL must not be quoted
⚫ Example to insert single record into a table
<?php
$user = 'root';
$pass = '';
$dbname = "n1";
// Create connection
$conn = mysqli_connect('localhost', $user, $pass, $dbname);
$sql = "INSERT INTO contacts (id,firstName, lastName, email)
VALUES (' ', 'John', 'Doe', '[email protected]')";
?>
⚫ Example to insert multiple record into a
table
<?php
$user = 'root';
$pass = '';
$dbname = "nabraj";
// Create connection
$conn = mysqli_connect('localhost', $user, $pass, $dbname);
$sql = "INSERT INTO MyGuests (firstname, lastname, email)
VALUES ('Nabraj', 'Koirala', '[email protected]'),
('Apil', 'Koirala', '[email protected]'),
('Ram', 'Pandey', '[email protected]')";
?>
Select Data From a MySQL Database
⚫ The SELECT statement is used to select data from one or more
tables:
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name
⚫ or we can use the * character to select ALL columns from a
table:
SELECT * FROM table_name
⚫ Example of Select Data From a MySQL Database
<?php
$user = 'root';
$pass = '';
$dbname = "n1";
// Create connection
$conn = mysqli_connect('localhost', $user, $pass, $dbname);
$sql = "SELECT * FROM contacts";
$result = mysqli_query($conn, $sql);
// output data of each row
while($row = $result->fetch_assoc()) {
echo "<br> id: ". $row["id"]. " - Name: ". $row["firstName"]. " " . $row["lastName"]
." Email:".$row["email"]."<br>";
}
?>
</body>
</html>
⚫ Select particular data from table
<?php
$user = 'root';
$pass = '';
$dbname = "n1";
// Create connection
$conn = mysqli_connect('localhost', $user, $pass, $dbname);
$sql = "SELECT id, firstName, lastName FROM contacts";
$result = $conn->query($sql);
// output data of each row
while($row = $result->fetch_assoc()) {
echo "<br> id: ". $row["id"]. " - Name: ". $row["firstName"]. " " .
$row["lastName"] ."<br>";
}
?>
</body>
</html>
Delete Data From MySQL
⚫ The DELETE statement is used to delete records from a
table:
⚫ DELETE FROM table_name
WHERE some_column = some_value
Example of Delete Data From MySQL
<?php
$user = 'root';
$pass = '';
$dbname = "n1";
// Create connection
$conn = mysqli_connect('localhost', $user, $pass, $dbname);
// sql to delete a record
$sql = "DELETE FROM contacts WHERE id=5";
?>
Update Data in MySQL
⚫ The UPDATE statement is used to update existing records in
a table:
⚫ UPDATE table_name
SET column1=value, column2=value2,...
WHERE some_column=some_value
⚫ Example of Update Data in MySQL
<?php
$user = 'root';
$pass = '';
$dbname = "n1";
// Create connection
$conn = mysqli_connect('localhost', $user, $pass, $dbname);
// sql to update a record
$sql = "UPDATE contacts SET lastname='Koirala' WHERE id=4";
?>
⚫ Close the Connection
⚫ The connection will be closed automatically when the script ends.
To close the connection before, use the following:
⚫ MySQLi Object-Oriented:
⚫ $conn->close();
⚫ MySQLi Procedural:
⚫ mysqli_close($conn);
⚫ PDO:
⚫ $conn = null;
⚫ Opening Database Connection
⚫ PHP provides mysql_connect function to open a database
connection.This function takes five parameters and returns a
MySQL link identifier on success, or FALSE on failure.
⚫ Syntax
⚫ connection
mysql_connect(server,user,passwd,new_link,client_flag);
⚫ Closing Database Connection
⚫ Its simplest function mysql_close PHP provides to close a
database connection.This function takes connection resource
returned by mysql_connect function. It returns TRUE on
success or FALSE on failure.
⚫ Syntax
⚫ bool mysql_close ( resource $link_identifier );
Example
⚫ <?php
$dbhost = 'localhost:3036';
$dbuser = 'guest';
$dbpass = 'guest123';
$conn = mysql_connect($dbhost, $dbuser, $dbpass);
if(! $conn ) {
die('Could not connect: ' .mysql_error()); }
echo 'Connected successfully';
mysql_close($conn);
?>
Create MySQL Database Using PHP
⚫ Creating a Database
⚫ To create and delete a database you should have admin
privilege. Its very easy to create a new MySQL database. PHP
uses mysql_query function to create a MySQL database.
This function takes two parameters and returns TRUE on
success or FALSE on failure.
⚫ Syntax
⚫ bool mysql_query( sql, connection );
⚫ Selecting a Database
⚫ Once you establish a connection with a database server then
it is required to select a particular database where your all
the tables are associated.
⚫ PHP provides function mysql_select_db to select a
database.It returns TRUE on success or FALSE on failure.
⚫ Syntax
⚫ bool mysql_select_db( db_name, connection );
⚫ Creating Database Tables
⚫ To create tables in the new database you need to do the same
thing as creating the database. First create the SQL query to
create the tables then execute the query using mysql_query()
function.
⚫ n case you need to create many tables then its better to create
a text file first and put all the SQL commands in that text file
and then load that file into $sql variable and excute those
commands.
⚫ Consider the following content in sql_query.txt file
⚫ CREATE TABLE employee( emp_id INT NOT NULL
AUTO_INCREMENT, emp_name VARCHAR(20) NOT
NULL, emp_address VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
emp_salary INT NOT NULL, join_date timestamp(14) NOT
NULL, primary key ( emp_id ));
Deleting MySQL Database Using
PHP
⚫ Deleting a Database
⚫ If a database is no longer required then it can be deleted
forever.You can use pass an SQL command
to mysql_query to delete a database.
⚫ Example
⚫ Try out following example to drop a database.
⚫ Deleting a Table
⚫ Its again a matter of issuing one SQL command
through mysql_query function to delete any database table.
But be very careful while using this command because by
doing so you can delete some important information you
have in your table.
⚫ Example
⚫ Try out following example to drop a table −
Insert Data into MySQL Database
⚫ Data can be entered into MySQL tables by executing SQL
INSERT statement through PHP function mysql_query.
Below a simple example to insert a record
into employee table.
⚫ Example
⚫ Try out following example to insert record into employee
table.
Getting Data From MySQL
Database
⚫ Data can be fetched from MySQL tables by executing SQL
SELECT statement through PHP function mysql_query.You
have several options to fetch data from MySQL.
⚫ The most frequently used option is to use
function mysql_fetch_array().This function returns row
as an associative array, a numeric array, or both.This function
returns FALSE if there are no more rows.
⚫ Below is a simple example to fetch records
from employee table.
⚫ Example
⚫ Try out following example to display all the records from
employee table using mysql_fetch_assoc() function.
⚫ You can also use the constant MYSQL_NUM, as the second
argument to mysql_fetch_array().This will cause the
function to return an array with numeric index.
⚫ Example
⚫ Try out following example to display all the records from
employee table using MYSQL_NUM argument.
Releasing Memory
⚫ Its a good practice to release cursor memory at the end of
each SELECT statement.This can be done by using PHP
function mysql_free_result(). Below is the example to
show how it has to be used.
⚫ Example
⚫ Try out following example
Using Paging through PHP
⚫ Paging means showing your query result in multiple pages
instead of just put them all in one long page.
⚫ MySQL helps to generate paging by using LIMIT clause
which will take two arguments. First argument as OFFSET
and second argument how many records should be returned
from the database.
⚫ Below is a simple example to fetch records
using LIMIT clause to generate paging.
⚫ Example
⚫ Try out following example to display 10 records per page.
Updating Data into MySQL
Database
⚫ Data can be updated into MySQL tables by executing SQL
UPDATE statement through PHP function mysql_query.
⚫ Example
⚫ Try out following example to understand update operation.
You need to provide an employee ID to update an employee
salary.
Deleting Data from MySQL
Database
⚫ Data can be deleted from MySQL tables by executing SQL
DELETE statement through PHP function mysql_query.
⚫ Example
⚫ Try out following example to understand delete operation.
You need to provide an employee ID to delete an employee
record from employee table.
Perform MySQL backup using PHP
⚫ It is always good practice to take a regular backup of your
database.There are three ways you can use to take backup of
your MySQL database.
⚫ Using SQL Command through PHP.
⚫ Using MySQL binary mysqldump through PHP.
⚫ Using phpMyAdmin user interface.
⚫ Using SQL Command through PHP
⚫ You can execute SQL SELECT command to take a backup of
any table. To take a complete database dump you will need to
write separate query for separate table. Each table will be
stored into separate text file.
⚫ Example
⚫ Try out following example of using SELECT INTO
OUTFILE query for creating table backup −
⚫ There may be instances when you would need to restore data
which you have backed up some time ago.To restore the
backup you just need to run LOAD DATA INFILE query like
this −
⚫ Using MySQL binary mysqldump through PHP
⚫ MySQL provides one utility mysqldump to perform
database backup. Using this binary you can take complete
database dump in a single command.
⚫ Example
⚫ Try out following example to take your complete database
dump −
⚫ <?php $dbhost = 'localhost:3036';
$dbuser = 'root';
$dbpass = 'rootpassword';
$backup_file = $dbname . date("Y-m-d-H-i-s") . '.gz';
$command = "mysqldump --opt -h $dbhost -u $dbuser
-p $dbpass ". "test_db | gzip > $backup_file";
system($command);
?>
⚫ Using phpMyAdmin user interface
⚫ If you have phpMyAdmin user interface available then its
very easy for your to take backup of your database.
⚫ To backup your MySQL database using phpMyAdmin click
on the "export" link on phpMyAdmin main page. Choose the
database you wish to backup, check the appropriate SQL
options and enter the name for the backup file.
⚫ https://www.tutorialspoint.com/php/connect_to_mysql_u
sing_php.htm
PHP
FRAMEWORK
LARAVEL
PHP Frameworks
🞂 A PHP Framework is a basic platform that allows us to
develop web applications. PHP Framework, helps for
stopping the need to produce repetitive code, and you’ll
be able to build applications rapidly (RAD). Without a
PHP Framework in place, it gets much more difficult to
produce applications since you’ll have to repeatedly code
a lot of PHP.
🞂PHP operates on the Model View Controller (MVC)
fundamentals.
🞂 Model View Controller or MVC as it is popularly called,
is a software design pattern for developing web
applications.A Model View Controller pattern is made up
of the following three parts −
🞂 Model − The lowest level of the pattern which is
responsible for maintaining data.
🞂 View − This is responsible for displaying all or a portion
of the data to the user.
🞂 Controller − Software Code that controls the
interactions between the Model and View.
🞂 What to Look for When ChoosingYour Frameworks?
a) Database Support
🞂 Database support is very important. For example, CodeIgniter
framework supports MySQL, Oracle, and SQLite, while the
Kohana framework doesn’t support Oracle or SQLite.
Depending on which database you prefer to use or choose for
your project at hand.
b) Community Support
🞂 Your framework should have a strong community, not just in
terms of size but also in activity and helpfulness. Even if it’s a
small community, as long as you’re able to find support, then
that’s a plus point.
c) Documentation Support
🞂 You should also be tired of frameworks that don’t have any
documentation and absolutely no user guide. Make sure that
your PHP Framework has good documentation that’s kept up-
to-date, and that the user guide its relatively easy to follow.
PHP framework:
1) Laravel
2) Symfony
Laravel
🞂 Laravel is an open-source PHP framework, which is robust and
easy to understand. It follows a model-view-controller design
pattern. Laravel reuses the existing components of different
frameworks which helps in creating a web application.The web
application thus designed is more structured and pragmatic.
🞂 Laravel offers a rich set of functionalities which incorporates
the basic features of PHP frameworks. Laravel has a very rich
set of features which will boost the speed of web
development.
🞂 If you are familiar with Core PHP and Advanced PHP, Laravel
will make your task easier. It saves a lot time if you are planning
to develop a website from scratch. Moreover, a website built in
Laravel is secure and prevents several web attacks.
Advantages of Laravel
Laravel offers you the following advantages, when you are
designing a web application based on it −
🞂 The web application becomes more scalable, owing to the
Laravel framework.
🞂 Considerable time is saved in designing the web
application, since Laravel reuses the components from
other framework in developing web application.
🞂 It includes namespaces and interfaces, thus helps to
organize and manage resources.
🞂 Composer
🞂 Composer is a tool which includes all the dependencies
and libraries. It allows a user to create a project with
respect to the mentioned framework (for example, those
used in Laravel installation).Third party libraries can be
installed easily with help of composer.
🞂 All the dependencies are noted in composer.json file
which is placed in the source folder.
🞂 Artisan
🞂 Command line interface used in Laravel is called Artisan.
It includes a set of commands which assists in building a
web application.These commands are incorporated from
Symphony framework, resulting in add-on features in
Laravel 5.1 (latest version of Laravel).
Features of Laravel
Laravel offers the following key features which makes it
an ideal choice for designing web applications −
🞂 Modularity:
Laravel provides 20 built in libraries and modules which
helps in enhancement of the application. Every module is
integrated with Composer dependency manager which
eases updates.
🞂 Testability:
Laravel helps in testing through various test cases. This
feature helps in maintaining the code as per the
requirements.
🞂 Routing
Laravel provides a flexible approach to the user to define
routes in the web application. Routing helps to scale the
application in a better way and increases its performance.
🞂 Configuration Management
A web application designed in Laravel will be running on
different environments. Laravel provides a consistent
approach to handle the configuration in an efficient way.
🞂 Query Builder and ORM
Laravel incorporates a query builder which helps in
querying databases using various simple methods. It
provides ORM (Object Relational Mapper) and
ActiveRecord implementation called Eloquent.
🞂 Schema Builder
Schema Builder maintains the database definitions and schema
in PHP code.
• Template Engine
Laravel uses the Blade Template engine, a lightweight
template language used to design hierarchical blocks and
layouts that include dynamic content.
Laravel includes a mail class which helps in sending mail with
rich content and attachments from the web application.
🞂 Authentication
User authentication is a common feature in web applications.
Laravel eases designing authentication as it includes features
such as register, forgot password.
🞂 Redis
Laravel uses Redis to connect to an existing session.
Redis interacts with session directly.
🞂 Queues
Laravel includes queue services like emailing large number
of users.These queues help in completing tasks in an
easier manner without waiting for the previous task to be
completed.
🞂 Event and Command Bus
Laravel includes Command Bus which helps in
executing commands and dispatch events in a simple way.
Laravel - Installation
🞂 For managing dependencies, Laravel uses composer.
Make sure you have a Composer installed on your system
before you install Laravel.
🞂 You will have to follow the steps given below for installing
Laravel onto your system −
🞂 Step 1 − Visit the following URL and download
composer to install it on your system.
🞂 https://getcomposer.org/download/
🞂 Step 2 − After the Composer is installed, check the
installation by typing the Composer command in the
command prompt as shown in the following screenshot.
🞂 Step 3 − Create a new directory anywhere in your
system for your new Laravel project.After that, move to
path where you have created the new directory and type
the following command there to install Laravel.
🞂 composer create-project laravel/laravel –-prefer-dist
🞂 Now, we will focus on installation of version 5.7. In
Laravel version 5.7, you can install the complete
framework by typing the following command −
🞂 composer create-project laravel/laravel test dev-develop
🞂 The output of the command is as shown below −
🞂 The Laravel framework can be directly installed with
develop branch which includes the latest framework.
🞂 Step 4 − The above command will install Laravel in the
current directory. Start the Laravel service by executing
the following command.
🞂 php artisan serve
🞂 Step 5 − After executing the above command, you will
see a screen as shown below −
🞂 Step 6 − Copy the URL underlined in gray in the above
screenshot and open that URL in the browser. If you see
the following screen, it implies Laravel has been installed
successfully.
Laravel - Configuration
🞂 configuration files of Laravel are included in
the config directory
Maintenance
🞂 Maintenance Mode
🞂 Sometimes you may need to update some configuration
values or perform maintenance on your website. In such
cases, keeping it in maintenance mode, makes it easier
for you. Such web applications which are kept in
maintenance mode, throw an exception
namely MaintenanceModeException with a status
code of 503.
🞂 You can enable the maintenance mode on your Laravel
web application using the following command −
🞂 php artisan down
🞂 Once you finish working on updates and other
maintenance, you can disable the maintenance mode on
your web application using following command −
🞂 php artisan up p
Laravel - Routing
🞂 In Laravel, all requests are mapped with the help of
routes. Basic routing routes the request to the associated
controllers.
🞂 Routing in Laravel includes the following categories −
1. Basic Routing
2. Route parameters
3. Named Routes
1. Basic Routing
🞂 All the application routes are registered within
the app/routes.php file.This file tells Laravel for the
URIs it should respond to and the associated controller
will give it a particular call.The sample route for the
welcome page can be seen as shown in the screenshot
given below −
🞂 Route::get ('/', function ()
🞂 {
🞂 return view('welcome');
🞂 }
🞂 );
🞂 Example
🞂 Observe the following example to understand more
about Routing −
🞂 app/Http/routes.php
🞂 <?phpRoute::get('/', function () {
🞂 return view('welcome');
🞂 });
resources/view/welcome.blade.php
🞂 Let us now understand the steps involved in routing
mechanism in detail −
🞂 Step 1 − Initially, we should execute the root URL of the
application.
🞂 Step 2 − Now, the executed URL should match with the
appropriate method in the route.php file. In the present case,
it should match the method and the root (‘/’) URL.This will
execute the related function.
🞂 Step 3 − The function calls the template
file resources/views/welcome.blade.php. Next, the
function calls the view() function with
argument ‘welcome’ without using the blade.php.
🞂 This will produce the HTML output as shown in the image
below −
2. Route Parameters
🞂 Sometimes in the web application, you may need to capture
the parameters passed with the URL. For this, you should
modify the code in routes.php file.
🞂 You can capture the parameters in routes.php file in two
ways as discussed here −
🞂 Required Parameters
🞂 These parameters are those which should be mandatorily
captured for routing the web application. For example, it is
important to capture the user’s identification number from the
URL.This can be possible by defining route parameters as
shown below −
🞂 Route::get('ID/{id}',function($id) {
🞂 echo 'ID: '.$id;
🞂 });
🞂 Optional Parameters
🞂 Sometimes developers can produce parameters as optional
and it is possible with the inclusion of ? after the parameter
name in URL. It is important to keep the default value
mentioned as a parameter name. Look at the following
example that shows how to define an optional parameter −
🞂 Route::get('user/{name?}', function ($name = 'TutorialsPoint')
{
🞂 return $name;
🞂 }
🞂 The example above checks if the value matches
to TutorialsPoint and accordingly routes to the defined URL.
3. Named Routes
🞂 Named routes allow a convenient way of creating routes.
The chaining of routes can be specified using name
method onto the route definition.The following code
shows an example for creating named routes with
controller −
🞂 Route::get('user/profile', 'UserController@showProfile')-
>name('profile');
🞂 The user controller will call for the
function showProfile with parameter as profile.The
parameters use name method onto the route definition.
Laravel - Controllers
🞂 In the MVC framework, the letter ‘C’ stands for Controller. It acts as a
directing traffic between Views and Models
🞂 Creating a Controller
🞂 Open the command prompt or terminal based on the operating system
you are using and type the following command to create controller using
the Artisan CLI (Command Line Interface).
🞂 php artisan make:controller <controller-name> --plain Replace the
<controller-name> with the name of your controller.This will create a plain
constructor as we are passing the argument — plain. If you don’t want to
create a plain constructor, you can simply ignore the argument.The created
constructor can be seen at app/Http/Controllers.
🞂 You will see that some basic coding has already been done for you and you
can add your custom coding.The created controller can be called from
routes.php by the following syntax.
🞂 Syntax
🞂 Route::get(‘base URI’,’controller@method’);
🞂 Example
🞂 Step 1 − Execute the following command to
create UserController.
🞂 php artisan make:controller UserController --plainStep
2 − After successful execution, you will receive the
following output.
🞂 Step 3 − You can see the created controller
at app/Http/Controller/UserController.php with
some basic coding already written for you and you can
add your own coding based on your need.
Laravel - Views
🞂 In MVC framework, the letter “V” stands for Views. It
separates the application logic and the presentation logic.
Views are stored in resources/views directory.
Generally, the view contains the HTML which will be
served by the application.
🞂 Example
🞂 Observe the following example to understand more
about Views −
🞂 Step 1 − Copy the following code and save it
at resources/views/test.php
🞂 <html>
🞂 <body> <h1>Hello,World</h1>
🞂 </body> </html>
🞂 Step 2 − Add the following line
in app/Http/routes.php file to set the route for the
above view.
🞂 app/Http/routes.php
🞂 Route::get('/test', function() {
return view('test');
});
🞂 Step 3 − Visit the following URL to see the output of the
view.
🞂 http://localhost:8000/test Step 4 − The output will appear
as shown in the following image.
🞂 Passing Data to Views
🞂 While building application it may be required to pass data to
the views. Pass an array to view helper function.After
passing an array, we can use the key to get the value of that
key in the HTML file.
🞂 Example
🞂 Observe the following example to understand more about
passing data to views −
🞂 Step 1 − Copy the following code and save it
at resources/views/test.php
🞂 <html>
🞂 <body>
🞂 <h1><?php echo $name; ?></h1>
🞂 </body>
🞂 </html>
🞂 Step 2 − Add the following line
in app/Http/routes.php file to set the route for the above
view.
🞂 app/Http/routes.php
🞂 Route::get('/test', function() {
return view('test',[‘name’=>’Virat Gandhi’]);
});
🞂 Step 3 − The value of the key name will be passed to
test.php file and $name will be replaced by that value.
🞂 Step 4 − Visit the following URL to see the output of the
view.
🞂 http://localhost:8000/test Step 5 − The output will appear
as shown in the following image.
🞂 Sharing Data with all Views
🞂 We have seen how we can pass data to views but at
times, there is a need to pass data to all the views. Laravel
makes this simpler.There is a method
called share() which can be used for this purpose.
The share() method will take two arguments, key and
value.Typically share() method can be called from boot
method of service provider.We can use any service
provider, AppServiceProvider or our own service
provider.
🞂 Example
🞂 Observe the following example to understand more
about sharing data with all views −
🞂 Step 1 − Add the following line
in app/Http/routes.php file.
🞂 app/Http/routes.php
🞂 Route::get('/test', function() {
return view('test');
});
Route::get('/test2', function() {
return view('test2');
});
🞂 Step 2 − Create two view files —
test.php and test2.php with the same code.These are
the two files which will share data. Copy the following
code in both the files. resources/views/test.php &
resources/views/test2.php
🞂 <html>
🞂 <body>
🞂 <h1><?php echo $name; ?></h1>
🞂 </body>
🞂 </html>
🞂 Step 3 − Change the code of boot method in the
file app/Providers/AppServiceProvider.php as shown
below. (Here, we have used share method and the data
that we have passed will be shared with all the
views.) app/Providers/AppServiceProvider.php
🞂 Step 4 − Visit the following URLs.
🞂 http://localhost:8000/test http://localhost:8000/test2
🞂 Step 5 − The output will appear as shown in the
following image.
Laravel - Request
🞂 Retrieving the Request URI
🞂 The “path” method is used to retrieve the requested
URI.The is method is used to retrieve the requested URI
which matches the particular pattern specified in the
argument of the method.To get the full URL, we can use
the url method.
🞂 Example
🞂 Step 1 − Execute the below command to create a new
controller called UriController.
🞂 php artisan make:controller UriController –plain
🞂 Step 2 − After successful execution of the URL, you will
receive the following output −
🞂 Step 3 − After creating a controller, add the following
code in that file.
🞂 app/Http/Controllers/UriController.php
🞂 Step 4 − Add the following line in
the app/Http/route.php file.
🞂 app/Http/route.php
🞂 Route::get('/foo/bar','UriController@index');
🞂 Step 5 − Visit the following URL.
🞂 http://localhost:8000/foo/bar
🞂 Step 6 − The output will appear as shown in the
following image.
Retrieving Input
🞂 The input values can be easily retrieved in Laravel. No
matter what method was used “get” or “post”, the
Laravel method will retrieve input values for both the
methods the same way. There are two ways we can
retrieve the input values.
🞂 Using the input() method
🞂 Using the properties of Request instance
🞂 Using the input() method
🞂 The input() method takes one argument, the name of
the field in form. For example, if the form contains
username field then we can access it by the following way.
🞂 $name = $request->input('username');
🞂 Using the properties of Request instance
🞂 Like the input() method, we can get the username
property directly from the request instance.
🞂 $request->username
🞂 Example
🞂 Observe the following example to understand more
about Requests −
🞂 Step 1 − Create a Registration form, where user can
register himself and store the form
at resources/views/register.php
🞂 Step 2 − Execute the below command to create
a UserRegistration controller.
🞂 php artisan make:controller UserRegistration --plain
🞂 Step 3 − After successful execution of the above step,
you will receive the following output −
🞂 Step 4 − Copy the following code in
🞂 app/Http/Controllers/UserRegistration.php controll
er.
🞂 app/Http/Controllers/UserRegistration.php
🞂 Step 5 − Add the following line
in app/Http/routes.php file.
🞂 app/Http/routes.php
🞂 Route::get('/register',function() {
return view('register');
});
🞂 Route::post('/user/register',array('uses'=>'UserRegistratio
n@postRegister'));
🞂 Step 6 − Visit the following URL and you will see the
registration form as shown in the below figure.Type the
registration details and click Register and you will see on
the second page that we have retrieved and displayed the
user registration details.
🞂 http://localhost:8000/register
🞂 Step 7 − The output will look something like as shown in
below the following images.
Laravel - Response
🞂 A web application responds to a user’s request in many
ways depending on many parameters.This chapter
explains you in detail about responses in Laravel web
applications.
🞂 Basic Response
🞂 Laravel provides several different ways to return
response. Response can be sent either from route or
from controller.The basic response that can be sent is
simple string as shown in the below sample code.This
string will be automatically converted to appropriate
HTTP response.
🞂 Example
🞂 Step 1 − Add the following code
to app/Http/routes.php file.
🞂 app/Http/routes.php
🞂 Route::get('/basic_response', function () {
return 'Hello World';
});
🞂 Step 2 − Visit the following URL to test the basic
response.
🞂 http://localhost:8000/basic_response
🞂 Step 3 − The output will appear as shown in the
following image.
🞂 Attaching Cookies
🞂 The withcookie() helper method is used to attach
cookies.The cookie generated with this method can be
attached by calling withcookie() method with response
instance. By default, all cookies generated by Laravel are
encrypted and signed so that they can't be modified or
read by the client.
🞂 Example
🞂 Observe the following example to understand more
about attaching cookies −
🞂 Step 1 − Add the following code
to app/Http/routes.php file.
🞂 app/Http/routes.php
🞂
🞂 Route::get('/cookie',function() {
return response("Hello", 200)->header('Content-Type',
'text/html')
->withcookie('name','Virat Gandhi');
});
🞂 Step 2 − Visit the following URL to test the basic
response.
🞂 http://localhost:8000/cookieStep 3 − The output will
appear as shown in the following image
🞂 JSON Response
🞂 JSON response can be sent using the json method.This
method will automatically set the Content-Type header
to application/json.The json method will automatically
convert the array into appropriate json response.
🞂 Example
🞂 Observe the following example to understand more
about JSON Response −
🞂 Step 1 − Add the following line
in app/Http/routes.php file.
🞂 app/Http/routes.php
🞂 Route::get('json',function() {
🞂 return response()->json(['name' => 'Virat Gandhi',
'state' => 'Gujarat']);
🞂 });
🞂 Step 2 − Visit the following URL to test the json
response.
🞂 http://localhost:8000/json
🞂 Step 3 − The output will appear as shown in the
following image.
Laravel - Blade Templates
🞂 Laravel 5.1 introduces the concept of using Blade, a
templating engine to design a unique layout.The layout
thus designed can be used by other views, and includes a
consistent design and structure.
🞂 When compared to other templating engines, Blade is
unique in the following ways −
🞂 It does not restrict the developer from using plain PHP
code in views.
🞂 The blade views thus designed, are compiled and cached
until they are modified.
🞂 The complete directory structure of Laravel is shown in
the screenshot given here.
🞂 You can observe that all views are stored in
the resources/views directory and the default view for
Laravel framework is welcome.blade.php.
🞂 Please note that other blade templates are also created
similarly.
🞂 Steps for Creating a Blade Template Layout
🞂 You will have to use the following steps to create a blade
template layout −
🞂 Step 1
🞂 Create a layout folder inside the resources/views folder.
We are going to use this folder to store all layouts
together.
🞂 Create a file name master.blade.php which will have
the following code associated with it −
🞂
🞂 <html>
<head>
<title>DemoLaravel - @yield('title')</title>
</head>
<body>
@yield('content')
</body>
</html>
🞂 Step 2
🞂 In this step, you should extend the layout. Extending a layout
involves defining the child elements. Laravel uses the Blade
@extends directive for defining the child elements.
🞂 When you are extending a layout, please note the following
points −
🞂 Views defined in the Blade Layout injects the container in a
unique way.
🞂 Various sections of view are created as child elements.
🞂 Child elements are stored in layouts folder
as child.blade.php
🞂 An example that shows extending the layout created above
is shown here −
🞂 Step 3
🞂 To implement the child elements in views, you should
define the layout in the way it is needed.
Laravel - Session
🞂 Sessions are used to store information about the user
across the requests. Laravel provides various drivers
like file, cookie, apc, array, Memcached,
Redis, and database to handle session data. By default,
file driver is used because it is lightweight. Session can be
configured in the file stored at config/session.php.
🞂 Accessing Session Data
🞂 To access the session data, we need an instance of session
which can be accessed via HTTP request.After getting
the instance, we can use the get() method, which will
take one argument, “key”, to get the session data.
🞂 $value = $request->session()->get('key');
🞂 You can use all() method to get all session data instead
of get() method.
🞂 Storing Session Data
🞂 Data can be stored in session using the put() method.
The put() method will take two arguments,
the “key” and the “value”.
🞂 $request->session()->put('key', 'value');
🞂 Deleting Session Data
🞂 The forget() method is used to delete an item from the
session.This method will take “key” as the argument.
🞂 $request->session()->forget('key'); Use flush() method
instead of forget() method to delete all session data. Use
the pull() method to retrieve data from session and
delete it afterwards.The pull() method will also
take key as the argument.The difference between
the forget() and the pull() method is
that forget() method will not return the value of the
session and pull() method will return it and delete that
value from session.
🞂 Example
🞂 Step 1 − Create a controller
called SessionController by executing the following
command.
🞂 php artisan make:controller SessionController --plain
Step 2 − After successful execution, you will receive the
following output −
🞂 Step 3 − Copy the following code in a file at
🞂 app/Http/Controllers/SessionController.php.
🞂 app/Http/Controllers/SessionController.php
🞂 Step 4 − Add the following lines
at app/Http/routes.php file.
🞂 app/Http/routes.php
🞂 Route::get('session/get','SessionController@accessSessionD
ata');
Route::get('session/set','SessionController@storeSessionDa
ta');
Route::get('session/remove','SessionController@deleteSessi
onData'); Step 5 − Visit the following URL to set data in
session.
🞂 http://localhost:8000/session/set Step 6 − The output will
appear as shown in the following image.
🞂 Step 7 − Visit the following URL to get data from
session.
🞂 http://localhost:8000/session/get Step 8 − The output will
appear as shown in the following image.
🞂 Step 9 − Visit the following URL to remove session
data.
🞂 http://localhost:8000/session/remove Step 10 − You will
see a message as shown in the following image.
Laravel - Authentication
🞂 Authentication is the process of identifying the user
credentials. In web applications, authentication is managed
by sessions which take the input parameters such as email
or username and password, for user identification. If these
parameters match, the user is said to be authenticated.
🞂 Command
🞂 Laravel uses the following command to create forms and
the associated controllers to perform authentication −
🞂
php artisan make:auth
🞂 Controller
🞂 The controller which is used for the authentication
process is HomeController.
🞂 As a result, the scaffold application generated creates the
login page and the registration page for performing
authentication.They are as shown below −
🞂 Manually Authenticating Users
🞂 Laravel uses the Auth façade which helps in manually
authenticating the users. It includes the attempt method
to verify their email and password.
🞂 Consider the following lines of code
for LoginController which includes all the functions for
authentication −
Laravel - Authorization
🞂 Difference between Authentication and Authorization
🞂 Before proceeding further into learning about the authorization
process in Laravel, let us understand the difference between
authentication and authorization.
🞂 In authentication, the system or the web application identifies
its users through the credentials they provide. If it finds that the
credentials are valid, they are authenticated, or else they are not.
🞂 In authorization, the system or the web application checks if
the authenticated users can access the resources that they are
trying to access or make a request for. In other words, it checks
their rights and permissions over the requested resources. If it
finds that they can access the resources, it means that they are
authorized.
🞂 Thus, authentication involves checking the validity of the user
credentials, and authorization involves checking the rights and
permissions over the resources that an authenticated user has.
🞂 Authorization Mechanism in Laravel
🞂 Laravel provides a simple mechanism for authorization
that contains two primary ways,
namely Gates and Policies.
🞂 Writing Gates and Policies
🞂 Gates are used to determine if a user is authorized to
perform a specified action.They are typically defined
in App/Providers/AuthServiceProvider.php using
Gate facade. Gates are also functions which are declared
for performing authorization mechanism.
🞂 Policies are declared within an array and are used within
classes and methods which use authorization mechanism.
🞂 The following lines of code explain you how to use Gates
and Policies for authorizing a user in a Laravel web
application. Note that in this example, the boot function
is used for authorizing the users.
Laravel - Pagination Customizations
🞂 Laravel includes a feature of pagination which helps a user
or a developer to include a pagination feature. Laravel
paginator is integrated with the query builder and
Eloquent ORM.The paginate method automatically takes
care of setting the required limit and the defined offset. It
accepts only one parameter to paginate i.e. the number of
items to be displayed in one page.
🞂 Laravel 5.7 includes a new pagination method to
customize the number of pages on each side of the
paginator.The new method no longer needs a custom
pagination view.
🞂 The custom pagination view code demonstration is
mentioned below −
🞂 The new pagination customization as per Laravel
standards is mentioned below −
🞂 <?php User::paginate(10)->onEachSide(5);
🞂 Note that onEachSide refers to the subdivision of each
pagination records with 10 and subdivision of 5.
Laravel-Migration
🞂 Laravel Migrations
🞂 Creation of table in database in laravel is an easy task
with laravel. Database schema can be easily modified and
shared. Modification can be addition of new column or
deleltion of existing columns.
🞂 Laravel migrations can add new column or delete records
in DB without deleting actual records.This is helpful in
projects having different teams working on different
modules. No need to pass on the SQL file to the different
systems. It act like version control of the database.
🞂 Make Migratoins
🞂 To make migrations
🞂 make:migrations
🞂 command is used. The general syntax of making
migrations is:
🞂 php artisan make:migration
message_you_want_to_remember
🞂 php artisan make:migration create_blogs_table --
create=blogs //php artisan make:migration
add_votes_to_blogs_table --table=blogs
🞂 Migration Structure
🞂 Migrations includes two methods inside the
file: up and down. Up method helps to add the new
updates to the database i.e. creating new tables or
coulmns whereas down reverse the operation performed
by up.To create and modify tables laravel schema builder
is used, below shown the structure of a migration file:
🞂 Migrations can be run by the command
🞂 php artisan make:migraion
🞂 For some destructive migrations --force flag is used to
run without prompt of confirmation like so:
🞂 php artisan migrate --force
🞂 After Doing Migration Check Your database Blogs
Table created
Laravel database
🞂 Laravel Databases
🞂 Database interaction in laravel is easy among all other
server side scripting framework with variery of database
backends either SQL, query builder or eloquent ORM.
🞂 Various DB supported by laravel are:
🞂 MySQL 5.6+
🞂 PostgreSQL 9.4+
🞂 SQLite 3.8.8+
🞂 SQL Server 2017+
🞂 Configuration of DB in Laravel
🞂 The directory having database connections are located
inside config folder.
🞂 config/database.php
🞂 All DB connections are defined and default connections
can be set. Laravel uses Laravel Homestead virtual
machine for development on localmachine which can be
modified according to local database.
🞂 SQLite Configuration:
🞂 A SQLite DB can be created with the command touch
🞂 database/database.sqlite
🞂 And can be configured by setting up by using database
absolute path:
🞂 DB_CONNECTION=sqlite
DB_DATABASE=/absolute/path/to/database.sqlite
🞂 Multiple DB Connections:
🞂 Laravel supports multiple database connections and
handle easily with connection() method on DB facade.
Connections can be accessed in such a way as shown
below:
🞂 $users = DB::connection('DIFF_DB')->select(...);
🞂 Make sure the name passed in connection method should
correspond to connection listed
in config/database.php file. PDO instance can also be
used on the connection instance by syntax shown below
by using getPdo() method:
🞂 $pdo = DB::connection()->getPdo();
🞂 Running RAW SQL Queries
🞂 After DB configuration you may simply run queries as
used in php using DB facade which provides method for
each type of query: select, insert, update, delete and other
statements. Below shown example and screenshot of
the select query and other queries will work in the same
manner.
Make UserController.php file and paste the
following code:
🞂 n web.php file add code metioned below:
🞂 Route::get('/database','UserController@index');
🞂 You must create a users DB in
your phpmyadminpannel.
🞂 Above query the select() method consist of two
parameters: select query and other is parameter binding
that is to be bound with query. Instead of using ? in above
query named binding can be used as shown below:
🞂 $results = DB::select('select * from users where id = :id',
['id' => 1]);
🞂 Insert Query:
🞂 DB::insert('insert into users (id, name) values (?, ?)', [2,
'Believ Master']);
🞂 Update Query:
🞂 $update = DB::update("update users set name =
'PHPTPOINT' where id = ?", [1]);
🞂 Delete Query:
🞂 $delete = DB::delete('delete from users');
🞂 Drop Query:
🞂 DB::statement('drop table users');
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