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Nace SP0487-2019

This standard provides guidance on selecting and evaluating rust preventives and vapor corrosion inhibitors for temporary corrosion protection of metals. It covers performance criteria, selection, application, evaluation, and other usage requirements to help users properly select and assess these temporary coatings.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
148 views16 pages

Nace SP0487-2019

This standard provides guidance on selecting and evaluating rust preventives and vapor corrosion inhibitors for temporary corrosion protection of metals. It covers performance criteria, selection, application, evaluation, and other usage requirements to help users properly select and assess these temporary coatings.

Uploaded by

ragget.cat
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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NACE SP0487-201 9

Item No. 21 037


Revised 201 9-05-08
Reaff rmed 2007-03-1 5
Revised 2000-01 -1 4
Reaff rmed August 1 993
Approved October 1 987

Considerations in the Selection and


Evaluation of Rust Preventives and Vapor
Corrosion Inhibitors for Interim (Temporary)
Corrosion Protection
This NACE International standard represents a consensus of those individual mem- ABSTRACT
bers who have reviewed this document, its scope, and provisions. Its acceptance Provides guidance and best practices to
does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he or she has adopted the stan- users of interim, or temporary, coatings
dard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, process- for corrosion protection of metals, includ-
es, or procedures not in conformance with this standard. Nothing contained in this ing performance criteria, selection, sur-
NACE standard is to be construed as granting any right, by implication or otherwise, face preparation and application, evalua-
to manufacture, sell, or use in connection with any method, apparatus, or product tion of coatings, and other usage
covered by letters patent, or as indemnifying or protecting anyone against liability for requirements. Quality control criteria are
infringement of letters patent. This standard represents minimum requirements and listed to enable the manufacturer and
should in no way be interpreted as a restriction on the use of better procedures or user to select appropriate test procedures
to maintain prescribed standards. The
materials. Neither is this standard intended to apply in all cases relating to the sub- standard is intended to assist the new
ject. Unpredictable circumstances may negate the usefulness of this standard in buyer or user as well as the experienced
specifc instances. NACE assumes no responsibility for the interpretation or use o f user of interim coatings in the proper se-
this standard by other parties and accepts responsibility for only those o ffcial NACE lection and evaluation of these coatings.
interpretations issued by NACE in accordance with its governing procedures and
policies which preclude the issuance of interpretations by individual volunteers. KEYWORDS
Corrosion control, temporary corrosion
Users of this NACE standard are responsible for reviewing appropriate health, safe- coating (TCC), interim corrosion coating
ty, environmental, and regulatory documents and for determining their applicability in (ICC), vapor corrosion inhibitor (VCI), rust
relation to this standard prior to its use. This NACE standard may not necessarily preventive (RP), volatile organic com-
address all potential health and safety problems or environmental hazards associat- pound (VOC), TG 261.
ed with the use of materials, equipment, and/or operations detailed or referred to
within this standard. Users of this NACE standard are also responsible for establish-
ing appropriate health, safety, and environmental protection practices, in consulta-
tion with appropriate regulatory authorities if necessary, to achieve compliance with
any existing applicable regulatory requirements prior to the use of this standard.
CAUTIONARY NOTICE: NACE standards are subject to periodic review, and may
be revised or withdrawn at any time in accordance with NACE technical committee
procedures. NACE requires that action be taken to rea ffrm, revise, or withdraw this
standard no later than fve years from the date o f initial publication and subsequent-
ly from the date o f each rea ffrmation or revision. The user is cautioned to obtain the
latest edition. Purchasers of NACE standards may receive current information on all
standards and other NACE publications by contacting the NACE FirstService De-
partment, 1 5835 Park Ten Place, Houston, TX 77084-51 45 (tel: +1 281 -228-6200,
email: [email protected]).

©201 9 NACE International, 1 5835 Park Ten Place, Suite 200, Houston TX 77084, USA. All rights reserved. Reproduction,
republication or redistribution of this standard in any form without the express written permission of the publisher is
prohibited. Contact NACE International by means of our website www.nace.org, email [email protected], or
ISBN 1 -57590-097-1
(phone) 281 -228-6223 for reprints of this standard. ©201 9, NACE International
Foreword
Competitive manu facturing operations with metal components, assemblies and fnished goods are driven to continuously reduce
costs and appearance defects from corrosion. The most pervasive corrosion issues are experienced as “rust” of ferrous metal
surfaces, but corrosion is also seen, either as a problem or benefcially, as “tarnish, ” “patina,” or “white rust” on various non-
ferrous metals. Corrosion is pervasive in production of automotive parts and assemblies during metalworking operations, in-
process holding, land and ocean shipments o f intermediate parts and sub-assemblies, and storage and use o f fnal products and
equipment. Corrosion costs also include loss of actual and perceived quality from degraded appearance and performance. Ac-
celerating factors are surface contaminants from various metalworking and washing f uids (whether fresh or recirculated and
reused), from handprints, and from atmospheric temperature and humidity, in addition to contaminants such as sea air chlorides
or industrial and vehicle acidic pollutants.
The drive to continuously reduce the costs of corrosion must consider various process controls, ranging from elimination of sur-
face contaminants by choice and maintenance o f in-process f uids, cleaning and drying processes, control o f storage and ship -
ment conditions, and effective use of corrosion inhibitors for interim (temporary) corrosion protection. The interim nature of these
coatings refers both to the typical periods of their use and to their effectiveness, which ranges from hours to months, rarely more
than a year. “Temporary” refers to the coatings being intended to be removed before a subsequent production process or use,
such as before surfaces are painted or plated.
This NACE standard was originally prepared in 1 987 by NACE Task Group (TG) T-6H-42, a component of Unit Committee T-6H
on Coating Materials for Atmospheric Service. It was rea ffrmed in 1 993 by Unit Committee T-6H, technically revised in 2000 by
TG T-6H-42, and rea ffrmed in 2007 by Specifc Technology Group (STG) 02 on Coatings and Linings, Protective: Atmospheric.
It was revised in 201 9 by TG 261 on Vapor Corrosion Inhibitors and Rust Preventives for Interim (Temporary) Corrosion Protec-
tion, which is administered by STG 61 on Inhibition—Corrosion and Scaling and sponsored by STG 02. It is issued by NACE
International under the auspices of STG 61 .

In NACE standards, the terms shall, must, should, and may are used in accordance with the defnitions o f these terms in
the NACE Publications Style Manual. The terms shall and must are used to state a requirement, and are considered
mandatory. The term should is used to state something good and is recommended, but is not considered mandatory. The
term may is used to state something considered optional.

2 SP0487-201 9 NACE International ©201 9 NACE International, 1 5835 Park Ten Place, Suite 200, Houston TX 77084, USA. All rights reserved.
Reproduction, republication or redistribution of this standard in any form without the express written per-
mission of the publisher is prohibited. Contact NACE International by means of our website www.nace.org,
email [email protected], or (phone) 281 -228-6223 for reprints of this standard.
NACE International Standard Practice (SP0487-201 9)

Considerations in the Selection and


Evaluation of Rust Preventives and Vapor
Corrosion Inhibitors for Interim (Temporary)
Corrosion Protection
1. General .............................................................................................................................................................................. 4
2. Selection Factors for Interim Coatings ............................................................................................................................... 4
3. Types of TCCs ................................................................................................................................................................. 1 0
4. Evaluation Tests for TCCs ................................................................................................................................................ 1 2
References ....................................................................................................................................................................... 1 4
Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................................................... 1 5

©201 9 NACE International, 1 5835 Park Ten Place, Suite 200, Houston TX 77084, USA. All rights reserved.
Reproduction, republication or redistribution of this standard in any form without the express written permis-
NACE International SP0487-201 9 3
sion of the publisher is prohibited. Contact NACE International by means of our website www.nace.org, email
[email protected], or (phone) 281 -228-6223 for reprints of this standard.
Section 1 : General
1 .1 The purpose of this Standard Practice is to provide guidance and best practices to users of interim, or temporary, coat-
ings for corrosion protection of metals, including selection, surface preparation and application, evaluation of coatings,
and other usage requirements.
1 .2 The term “Temporary Corrosion Coating (TCC)” is defned as a material, substance or product that provides protection
of metal surfaces for typical periods of use and effectiveness that range from hours to months, rarely more than a year,
and that is intended to be removed before a subsequent production process or use, such as before surfaces are painted
or plated. The term “Interim Corrosion Coating (ICC)” may be used interchangeably.
1 .3 This standard frst outlines the selection factors for choosing an appropriate interim coating, including coating type re -
quirements, duration of protection needed, metals to be protected, storage environment, and application and removal
requirements. The selection factors are followed by a more detailed overview of types of interim coatings, including but
not limited to rust preventives (RPs), vapor-transported corrosion inhibitors (VCIs), polymers, and greases. The fnal
section gives a comprehensive list of standard test practices for evaluating the physical and performance properties of
interim coatings.

Section 2: Selection Factors for Interim Coatings


2.1 Introduction
2.1 .1 Selection of a TCC depends on such features as time and exposure; conditions of use; cost and control of
application; and removal requirements, such as compatibility with related production processes and materials,
and environmental regulations. The best choice for a particular application depends on all of these factors.
2.1 .2 It is helpful in selecting a TCC to consider some basic questions, and then to work with one or more suppliers
to address more specifc needs and requirements.

• What alloy or alloys must be protected, and which are the higher priority for this protection?
• Is there a willingness or requirement to pay more for “green solutions”?
• Is there a desire for surfaces to remain clean and dry, or are TCCs acceptable and necessary?
• Are the parts wet before being preserved?
• How are the parts likely to be contaminated in the metalworking and assembly process, and with what
types of organic and inorganic contaminants?
• What is the protection period desired?
• What is the environment in which protection is to be maintained? Do conditions of humidity, temperature
and sun exposure change by hour or day or longer cycles? Are other corrosive conditions such as a
marine environment present?
• What methods of TCC application are available or considered, and what is their relative desirability?
• What methods of TCC removal and related disposal are considered?
• What is the expectation of successful corrosion protection and acceptable or required life-cycle cost
compared with alternatives?
2.1 .3 The engineering o f corrosion solutions must be e ffective and economically justifed. Ideally, one begins with a
well cleaned and uncontaminated part that is maintained in dry and in low oxidizing conditions. This may pro-
vide su ffciently low risk o f corrosion for the required time and atmospheric conditions o f storage and use. Cost
of departure from this ideal can establish the practical benchmark against which to consider the use of TCCs
or VCIs.
2.1 .4 A typical example o f practical process f ow in a metal working process might be the following. A part is ma -
chined, possibly in recirculated and reused (contaminated) cutting f uids. The part is then cleaned with an al -
kaline cleaner in deionized water to remove the cutting coolants and various organic and inorganic contami-
nants, and with the intent of removal of chlorides and other corrosion-accelerating contaminants in humid
environments. After cleaning, the parts are dewatered with a warm air blast with the intent of not leaving water
in small crevices and capillaries. A TCC is then applied (water-, solvent- or oil-based), and parts are put into
protective packaging. The packaging material may be augmented with VCI or other additives or with the addi-
tion o f sachets placed into the container. The reality o f a given process will di ffer in signifcant details and
numbers of process steps. Product selection must be considered in combination, not in isolation, and should
be prescribed as individual solutions based on customer needs.

4 SP0487-201 9 NACE International ©201 9 NACE International, 1 5835 Park Ten Place, Suite 200, Houston TX 77084, USA. All rights reserved.
Reproduction, republication or redistribution of this standard in any form without the express written per-
mission of the publisher is prohibited. Contact NACE International by means of our website www.nace.org,
email [email protected], or (phone) 281 -228-6223 for reprints of this standard.
2.2 Coating Type Requirements
2.2.1 Selection o f a TCC depends on flm characteristics exhibited by the TCC. The flms can range in physical state
from an oily flm to a dry, frm flm. It is important that the end user chooses a flm that is ft for the purpose and
that will meet the necessary storage or shipping conditions.
2.2.1 .1 In general, flms that are resistant to damage and are not removed by touching the coating with one’s
hand are characterized as “dry to touch.” This class o f flm type can range in flm thicknesses and
appearances. This type o f flm is less easily damaged by abrasion and is less prone to dust or debris
pick up. This type of coating can be used for stacked or coiled metals.
2.2.1 .2 Films that are formed by TCC products that leave an oily flm on the surface are characterized as
“oily.” Oily flms never dry and remain oily for the coating’s li fetime. An oily flm is easily damaged by
abrasion, and this type o f flm should be chosen when the coated metal pieces will not require exces -
sive handling and dust or dirt pick up is not concern. In most, but not all cases, oily flms can be used
when metal stock is coiled or stacked.
2.2.1 .3 Films that are formed by a TCC product that leave a frm but lubricious flm are termed as “waxy.”
Waxy flm types are abrasion-resistant and are typically thicker than either oily or dry-to-touch flms
le ft by TCC products. Waxy flms are typically not used for stacked or coiled stock, as it would be
di ffcult to separate the stock at a later time.

2.2.1 .4 Films that are formed by a TCC product that are referred to as “tacky” are somewhere between an
oily or a waxy flm. The flm will feel sticky when touched. This is typically a thicker flm type and will
be more resistant to abrasion than an oily coating. Tacky flms will be very susceptible to dirt and
debris pick up. TCC products that leave a tacky flm are not typically used when metal stock is coiled
or stacked, as it would be di ffcult to separate the stock at a later time.

2.2.2 Film appearance


2.2.2.1 TCCs can range in appearance from completely transparent to opaque. The appearance of the coat-
ing is frequently dictated by the type o f chemistry used, and selection o f a coating based on flm ap -
pearance must consider the attendant trade-offs of the chemistry involved.
2.2.2.2 Transparent coatings are typically dry-to-touch polymer-based coatings. The thickness, level of pro-
tection, and removability of these coatings can vary widely. VCIs can also form coatings that are
imperceptible.
2.2.2.3 Translucent flms are o ften formed by thin-flm solvent- or oil-based TCCs. These flms tend to be
thinner, oily to touch, and easily removable. Water- or emulsion-based coatings also leave translu-
cent flms.

2.2.2.4 Opaque TCCs are typically formed by heavy-duty oily or waxy RPs or greases. These flms can be
thicker and o ften o ffer a higher level o f protection, but can also be more di ffcult to remove. Pig -
mented or dyed polymer-based coatings can also have an opaque appearance.
2.2.3 TCCs typically range in thickness from about 1 to as much as about 1 00 μm (0.04 to 4 mils). Some heavy-duty
coatings, wrappers, and wax-petrolatum tapes may be up to 2,000 µm (80 mils) thick. VCIs are typically a few
molecular layers thick (see Paragraph 3.3).
2.3 Duration of Protection
2.3.1 It is a challenge to accurately defne duration o f protection in a meaning ful and universal manner. Many fac-
tors, including the substrate and environment that the TCC will experience, will greatly in f uence the li fetime o f
the protective flm. Though there are many concerns around the variability, relevance, and reproducibility o f
salt spray testing via ASTM (1 ) B11 7, 1 there are advantages to using this method to categorize the duration of
protection provided by the TCC. For more details on the ASTM B11 7 method, see Paragraph 4.3.1 .1 . There is
not a direct correlation between salt spray testing results and real world performance, and as such, the criteria
below should be considered only a guideline; a coating should always be tested under exact exposure condi-
tions when possible to confrm the material’s ftness for purpose.

2.3.2 Light duty TCCs generally provide between 0 and 48 hours o f salt spray protection. Many coatings that have
been designed for very short term temporary protection fall in this category. These coatings are used primarily
for indoor storage.

(1 )
ASTM I n te rn a ti on a l (ASTM ), 1 00 Ba rr H a rbo r D r. , West Con sh oh o cke n , PA 1 9 42 8-2 9 5 9 .

©201 9 NACE International, 1 5835 Park Ten Place, Suite 200, Houston TX 77084, USA. All rights reserved.
Reproduction, republication or redistribution of this standard in any form without the express written permis-
NACE International SP0487-201 9 5
sion of the publisher is prohibited. Contact NACE International by means of our website www.nace.org, email
[email protected], or (phone) 281 -228-6223 for reprints of this standard.
2.3.3 Medium duty TCCs generally will provide 48-1 76 hours of salt spray protection. Coatings in this category pro-
vide more protection and can be utilized in indoor or outdoor (covered) applications for periods of weeks.
2.3.4 Heavy duty TCCs are expected to provide a minimum of 500 hours, but often provide over 1 ,000 hours of salt
spray protection. Coatings that fall in this category typically rely on a thicker, more tenacious flm to provide
protection in extreme environments, including usage outdoors for several months and possibly including sea
air or industrial acid air or smog exposure.
2.4 Compatibility with the Subassembly
2.4.1 Each metal or alloy in the subassembly may require specifc corrosion inhibitor additives. There may be trade-
offs and formulations of different inhibitor additives to provide compatibility when metal assemblies include
different metal components (multimetal). The general consideration of compatibility of corrosion inhibitors and
TCCs must also consider related polymers and elastomers in the subassembly.
2.4.2 When metal assemblies include different metal components, care must be taken to ensure that the additives
for protection of one type of metal are fully compatible with the other type of metal. For example, in mixed
ferrous/yellow metal systems, some yellow metal inhibitors may reduce protection of ferrous metals in the
assembly. TCCs intended for a mixed metal system should be evaluated for corrosion protection for all metals
in the system. If additional additives are required to protect one type of metal in the system, these additives
should frst be evaluated to determine whether they harm the other metal components o f the system.

2.4.3 Non-metal components in a subassembly can include polymer and elastomer seals, gaskets, and other parts.
Polymer- and elastomer-based materials can be susceptible to attack by additives or solvents used in interim
coating formulations. Finished coating formulations should be evaluated for compatibility with all non-metal
components of a sub-assembly prior to use.
2.4.4 Evaluation of a coating formulation for compatibility with metal and non-metal components should also con-
sider any surface preparation and removal requirements o f the coating. Additional f uids such as cleaning
f uids should be fully tested for compatibility with all components o f the sub-assembly be fore a TCC is se -
lected.
2.5 Storage Environment
2.5.1 Indoor storage is typically the least severe environment for TCCs, as coated parts are fully protected from the
elements and are sometimes stored in temperature- and humidity-controlled environments. Light-duty coat-
ings which form a thin flm are generally appropriate for the requirements o f indoor storage conditions, al -
though environments without temperature and humidity control, or with unusually low or high temperatures,
may require the use of a medium-duty product.
2.5.2 Outdoor storage environments tend to be more variable than indoor storage environments. For this reason, it
is highly recommended to test the coating in the specifc environment in which it will be used, especially i f
unusual conditions are present. In general, medium-duty coatings offer greater protection in an outdoor stor-
age environment, and a heavy-duty or even permanent coating may be recommended if the environment is
particularly severe.
2.5.2.1 Selection of a TCC for outdoor storage should consider the range of temperatures which the parts to
be coated are likely to encounter during application and storage. Drying times for some coatings can
vary based on ambient temperature (see Paragraph 2.6.5 for more information on drying times for
coatings), and some coatings may not be recommended for use under extreme temperatures.
2.5.2.2 The level of humidity present can also affect the performance of a TCC. High-humidity environments
will affect the drying times of waterborne coatings (see Paragraph 2.6.5) and could also damage the
coating itself.
2.5.2.3 Fluctuations in ambient temperature and/or humidity can lead to conditions in which moisture con-
denses on items in storage. Corrosion is often initiated at these sites of condensation. With more
excessive amounts o f condensation, the individual drops can coalesce, f ow, and pool, further creat-
ing sites favorable to corrosion. This scenario should be considered when selecting an appropriate
TCC.
2.5.2.4 Parts stored near the ocean or in another environment with unusually high salt content will require a
higher level of protection from corrosion than parts stored in a milder environment. The ASTM B11 7 1
salt spray test can provide some insight into coating performance in environments with high salt
content (see Paragraphs 2.3.1 and 4.3.1 .1 ).

6 SP0487-201 9 NACE International ©201 9 NACE International, 1 5835 Park Ten Place, Suite 200, Houston TX 77084, USA. All rights reserved.
Reproduction, republication or redistribution of this standard in any form without the express written per-
mission of the publisher is prohibited. Contact NACE International by means of our website www.nace.org,
email [email protected], or (phone) 281 -228-6223 for reprints of this standard.
2.5.3 Special situations
2.5.3.1 Some TCCs are formulated specifcally to give high performance in an acidic environment. Several
test methods are available which evaluate performance of TCCs in acidic environments and which
can be used in selecting a coating (see Paragraph 4.4.2).
2.5.3.2 Selection o f TCCs to be used in a f ammable area should consider the f ash point o f the coating as
well as the solvent or oil which acts as a carrier for the coating. Waterborne coatings or coatings
compatible with high- f ash solvents are recommended for f ammable areas.

2.6 Application Requirements


2.6.1 TCCs are typically applied in the shop or on site by dipping, wiping, brushing, rolling, or spraying the compo-
nent, and are later removed by a water- or solvent-based process. The method of application may dictate the
type of coating selected. For example, dipping the product in an interim coating may offer more complete
protection, but i f the component is large or o f intricate confguration, dipping may be impractical. The process
on how to use a TCC is not as easy as just applying the material to the component. To successfully protect a
part or component, the part must be cleaned and often dewatered after machining. This process is followed
by application of interim protective coating, drying of the coating, and storage.
2.6.2 Surface preparation is an important factor in the selection of an appropriate interim coating. Most TCCs typi-
cally require the metal surface to be clean from any contaminants, such as oil or residue from a machining
f uid, prior to the application o f the coating. Improper surface preparation can lead to poor coating performance
from corrosion that continues under the coating layer.
2.6.2.1 For best practices, parts need to be free of surface contaminants. Some of the more common con-
taminants include machine f uids, corrosive ions, and water. Parts and components must o ften be
cleaned using alkaline cleaners or solvents to remove machining f uids and corrosive ions.

2.6.2.2 Dewatering solutions can also be used to remove water and solvents prior to applying the TCC. The
use o f dewatering f uids prior to coating application can minimize the workload on the coating f uid
and maximize the coating f uid’s e ffectiveness and longevity. Some TCCs have dewatering proper-
ties, while some are best applied after use of a separate dewatering solution.
2.6.3 Type of application
2.6.3.1 As the name implies, application of coatings by immersion uses a bath or reservoir to dip or sub-
merge parts/components into the TCC. The size of the bath is determined by the size of the parts that
need to be dipped. The immersion dwell-time is often determined by the complexity of the parts and
performance requirements for the coating. When good f uid maintenance is being followed, such as
dewatering the parts prior to coating application, the immersion dwell-time can often be shortened.
The best practice design o f the immersion bath should not be f at bottomed. Instead, it should have
a slanted bottom so that non-miscible f uids and contaminants can be collected and drained out o f
the immersion f uid. The better practice is to employ a fltration method to collect particulates. When
solvent or water-based f uids are used in the immersion bath, the f uid quality needs to be maintained
against evaporation. Coating concentration must be accounted for, with solvent added back to the
bath to maintain the working f uid at the correct concentration. Monitoring TCCs can be very complex,
and should be addressed with the manu facturer’s representative.

2.6.3.2 Spraying and fogging techniques are often used when parts cannot be successfully used in an im-
mersion bath. There are several reasons that a part may not be able to be immersed. The part may
be too large or may have air space or pockets that would not be coated via immersion. Immersion
may also be unsuitable when the application of the interim coating is an inline process for building a
larger component where most of the component does not require coating application. A spraying or
fogging method may also be used for large void spaces, such as ballast tanks and ship voids. Such
void spaces often use “blown-in” VCI powder for primary or extra protection (Paragraph 3.3). The
equipment used for spraying and fogging methods can range from a hand-pumped trigger sprayer or
air-pressurized hand sprayer to industrial airless sprayers.
2.6.3.3 Some TCC solutions cannot be applied by immersion and/or spraying, and must be brushed or rolled
onto the surface of the metal part. These materials are generally very viscous coatings intended for
heavy-duty protection. They often dry to a hard-shelled material or contain larger particles that would
clog a sprayer. These materials are often heavy wax-based materials that are suspended in solvents
and behave more like temporary paints.

©201 9 NACE International, 1 5835 Park Ten Place, Suite 200, Houston TX 77084, USA. All rights reserved.
Reproduction, republication or redistribution of this standard in any form without the express written permis-
NACE International SP0487-201 9 7
sion of the publisher is prohibited. Contact NACE International by means of our website www.nace.org, email
[email protected], or (phone) 281 -228-6223 for reprints of this standard.
2.6.3.4 Float-based materials are often used in situations where there will be a headspace issue, and where
the headspace should be separated from the bulk liquid phase. A less dense material is f oated on
top of a denser material. Float materials can be used in two different ways. One use is as a sort of
barrier that f oats on top o f the denser material and raises and lowers with the volume o f the con -
tainer. Such f oat materials o ften contain anti-oxidants, and when the container is full they coat and
protect the sides o f the headspace. Another method for a f oat system is to use a water insoluble VCI
material that f oats in the top layer o f the container, and the vapor-transported VCI component then
flls the void space and its surfaces with a corrosion inhibitor.

2.6.4 Drying time can vary widely based on the carrier f uid used. Water-based TCCs will typically have signifcantly
longer drying times than solvent-based coatings. In addition, the drying times of water-based coatings will be
more sensitive to environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity. Some oil- or water-based coat-
ings may never dry completely, leaving an oily or greasy flm on the metal surface. Drying time should always
be considered carefully before selecting a coating.
2.7 Removal Requirements
2.7.1 Because most TCCs are eventually removed, ease of removal is of critical importance in coating selection.
The ability to remove the flm, the cost o f removal, and the handling required for removal o f the flm must be
determined.
2.7.2 Some TCCs require no removal. These include VCIs, which form a molecular coating that tends to dissipate
within several hours without leaving residue on the surface of the metal.
2.7.3 Alkaline cleaners are used widely for the removal of many types of TCCs. They are often preferred for coating
removal over solvent-based methods due to their lower amounts of volatile organic compounds, or VOCs.
Coated metal parts can be submerged in the cleaner for a static soak, or a pressure-washer can be used to
facilitate coating removal.
2.7.4 Solvent or vapor degreasing methods can be used to remove solvent-soluble TCCs, including greases. For
solvent degreasing, coated parts are sprayed with solvent or immersed in a solvent bath. For vapor degreas-
ing, the parts are sealed in a closed container with a hot solvent bath. The solvent evaporates and then con-
denses on the metal part, dissolving the coating. Degreasing methods are especially useful in situations where
water-based cleaning methods cannot be used. One disadvantage to degreasing methods is the use of low
f ash, high VOC solvents, although care ful solvent selection can remove some o f these hazards.

2.7.5 Some TCCs are not intended for removal. If the coating type on a metal part is compatible with the chemicals
used in the fnal part or assembly, removal prior to assembly may not be necessary. This is especially relevant
for heavy-duty coatings that may be expected to provide long-term protection to a metal part even a fter fnal
assembly.
2.8 Disposal Requirements
2.8.1 All TCCs require disposal in some form, whether of packaging material, the contents of dip tanks, or alkaline
cleaner solutions used for coating removal. The frst step in determining disposal requirements for a coating
should be a discussion with the coating manufacturer regarding any hazardous substances present in the
Resource
coating itsel f or during coating application. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)’s (2)
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)2 regulations or other relevant government regulations should be
consulted throughout the disposal process.
2.8.2 Some common components o f TCCs can have implications for coating disposal. These can include: low- f ash
solvents used in solvent-borne coatings or in degreasing methods; some high-VOC oils; corrosive cleaner
solutions; metal cations; and other specialty components. The presence of one or more of these components
and the implications for coating disposal should be considered when choosing a coating.
2.9 “Green” Considerations
2.9.1 A trend toward so-called “green” or “eco-friendly” considerations has driven use away from TCCs containing
solvents and oils and toward the use of water and chemicals that are less damaging to the environment. One
consequence o f this trend is that the use o f water-based cutting f uids and cleaners demands that the manu -
facturer have greater knowledge and control o f these f uids. The use o f tap water and the reclamation and
reuse o f the f uids as a source o f corrosive bacterial action, as well as other issues o f reagent selection and
maintenance, allow for the introduction of soluble corrosive anions, such as chlorides, sulfates and more.

(2 )
U.S. En vi ron m en ta l Protecti on Ag en cy (EPA), Ari e l Ri os Bl d g . , 1 2 00 Pen n syl va n i a Ave. N W, Wa sh i n g to n , D C 2 046 0.

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These corrosive anions in water-based f uids are orders o f magnitude greater in corrosive e ffect than in the
solvent and oil based f uids that are falling out o f favor. There fore, the user needs to have a greater knowledge
o f the f uid chemistry and attention to maintenance o f f uid quality. Additional “green” considerations are dis -
cussed in the subsections below.
2.9.2 The terms “bio-based” or “renewable” indicate that the material is derived at least in part from a renewable
feedstock such as agricultural, fermentation, or forestry products. The percent bio-based content is usually
calculated on a carbon basis (not total weight basis), as net carbon release (in the form of carbon dioxide) is
the main environmental concern. Testing to determine percent bio-based carbon is done by analysis of the
ratio of 1 3C to 1 2C (technology originally developed for carbon dating of archaeological artifacts) according to
ASTM D6866 3 and related methods. Products meeting a certain minimum percent of bio-based carbon can be
registered with the USDA(3) BioPreferred Program. Bio-based materials are not necessarily biodegradable.
For example, bio-based polyethylene can be made from bio-based ethanol, but it is no more biodegradable
than petroleum derived polyethylene. Likewise, there are many biodegradable materials that are not bio-
based. When evaluating the environmental attributes o f a product, one should pay attention to the specifc
wording used (and supporting data) and not assume any correlation between the attributes.
2.9.3 The term “biodegradable” means that the material can be ingested and metabolized by an organism. Many
different standards and test methods have been developed to quantify and categorize biodegradability, to
accommodate a wide range of products and uses (e.g. how applied, where applied, how much likely to enter
the environment, physical characteristics of the product, etc.). One common standard is OECD (4) 302B. 4 A
similar method is ISO(5) 1 4593. 5 The method measures biodegradation of a test material to carbon dioxide in
a dilute (e.g. 2-1 00 mg/L) aerobic water solution. The standard test is conducted for 28 days. The material is
deemed “Readily Biodegradable” if >60% of the carbon is metabolized to carbon dioxide in a 1 0 day span. The
material is deemed “Inherently Biodegradable” if it achieves the >60% level over a longer period (including
testing continued past 28 days). Depending on physical properties (e.g. melting point, solubility, volatility) of
the material, modifed protocols may be needed. Protocols for marine (OECD 306 6) and anaerobic (OECD
311 7) environments have also been established. Additional detail is outside the scope of this document. One
should consult the appropriate regulatory authority as well as testing labs (specializing in these tests) to deter-
mine appropriate test methods to use for your specifc situation. Note that the U.S. Federal Trade Commis -
sion (6) has recently been cracking down on products claiming to be “biodegradable” without having supporting
data obtained by credible test methods.
2.9.4 The term “compostable” refers to an article or material that will biodegrade in a compost environment. The
standard test methods for compostable packaging are ASTM D6400 8 and EN (7) 1 3432. 9 Test conditions simu-
late an industrial compost environment (constant moisture content and high temperature). To pass, a material
must physically degrade (fragment) within 84 days and biodegrade (>90%) within 1 80 days of test initiation.
Materials certifed per the above methods are deemed to be acceptable for commercial and municipal com -
post, but would not necessarily biodegrade in a home compost pile. Further, such materials may show very
slow or negligible rates of fragmentation and biodegradation when present in the environment as litter. Some
organizations (e.g. Vinçotte(8) in Belgium) have developed test standards and certifcation programs for bio -
degradation of packaging materials in different environments, such as home compost, soil, water, and marine
environments. Municipalities and individual commercial composters often have their own standards/require-
ments for materials that they will accept; it is always good to check.
2.9.5 VOCs have been deemed to be a very signifcant contribution to air pollution and are regulated by the U.S.
EPA as well as state EPAs. They can also be a signifcant health and sa fety concern in a workplace. Many
industrial solvents and cleaners are listed as VOCs or contain high levels of VOCs. As noted above, there has
been a signifcant and ongoing transition from solvent-based to water-based TCCs. Reduction o f VOCs has
been a primary driver for that. Products containing VOCs generally must list the amount. Facilities using prod-
ucts containing VOCs may need environmental discharge permits, depending on local and national environ-
mental laws and quantities used.

(3 )
U.S. De p a rtm en t of Ag ri cu l tu re (U SDA), 1 400 I n d ep en d e n ce Ave. SW, Wa sh i n g ton , DC 2 02 5 0 .
(4 )
O rg a n i za ti on for Econ om i c Coope ra ti on a n d D eve l op m en t (O ECD), 2 , ru e An d ré Pa sc a l , 7 5 7 7 5 Pa ri s, Fra n ce.
(5 )
I n te rn a ti on a l O rg a n i za ti on for Sta n d a rd i za ti on (I SO), Ch e m i n d e Bl a n d on n e t 8, CP 401 , 1 2 1 4 Ve rn i er, G en eva , Swi tzerl a n d .
(6 )
Fe d e ra l Tra d e Com m i ssi on (F TC), 6 00 Pen n syl va n i a Aven u e, N W, Wa sh i n g ton , DC 2 05 80.
(7 )
Eu rop ea n Com m i ttee for Sta n d a rd i za ti on (CEN ), Ave n u e M a rn i x 1 7 , B -1 000 Bru ssel s, Be l g i u m .
(8)
Vi n çotte, J a n O l i esl a g ersl a a n 3 5 , Vi l voord e, 1 800 Bru sse l s, Bel g i u m .

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[email protected], or (phone) 281 -228-6223 for reprints of this standard.
Section 3: Types of TCCs
3.1 Section 3 of this standard provides a more detailed examination of three types of TCCs: RPs, greases, and VCIs. While
these types of coatings do not cover all possible interim coatings, they are among the most commonly used in industrial
applications. This section will detail the physical and performance characteristics of each type of coating, as well as
their application and removal.
3.2 Rust Preventives (RPs)
3.2.1 An RP is a coating used to provide temporary protection for parts and equipment made of ferrous metal. Fin-
ished RP f uids are typically liquids or pastes which, when applied to the metal surface, will form a coating that
acts as a physical barrier to the atmosphere. RPs can be water-, oil-, or solvent-based, and can vary in pro-
tection time from weeks to months o f protection depending on flm type, carrier f uid, flm thickness, product
characteristics, and service environment.
3.2.2 Appearance and physical characteristics of RPs
3.2.2.1 Water-emulsifable RP concentrates can vary from waxy solids to oily liquids which, when blended in
water, will form an oil-in-water emulsion. Metal parts can then be dipped in this emulsion, and the oil
phase will coalesce on the surface and form a thin protective flm. The flms formed by water-emulsi -
fable RPs can range from oily to dry to touch. Water-emulsifable products typically require longer
drying times than solvent-based f uids (see Paragraph 3.2.4.2 for further details). Two signifcant
advantages o f water-emulsifable RPs over solvent- or oil-based RPs are their typically lower levels
o f VOCs and their higher f ash points. Water-emulsifable RPs typically o ffer short-term indoor pro -
tection, although some heavy duty RPs can also be water-based.
3.2.2.2 Solvent-based RP f uids are typically solutions o f active chemistries in a carrier solvent such as a
mineral spirit. Once a part has been dipped in a solvent-based f uid, the solvent will evaporate, leav-
ing behind a hard protective flm that is dry to touch. Solvent-based RPs are o ften formulated to
separate water, an advantage in reducing preparation of parts prior to dipping. These RPs tend to
require little f uid maintenance and can be applied in a wide range o f environments and tempera -
tures. However, both high VOC content and low f ash points are potential concerns with solvent-based
RPs, although lower VOC and high f ash point solvents are available.

3.2.2.3 A third type of RP is a mineral oil-based solution of active corrosion-preventing chemistries. Oil-
based f uids form protective flms on metal surfaces which are oily or greasy to touch and do not dry
completely. Since these flms do not dry, oil-based RP flms are more easily damaged than other RP
flms, and they frequently provide a lower level o f protection. However, oil-based RPs are attractive
due to their lack o f f uid maintenance, their wide application temperature range, and their low levels
of VOCs.
3.2.3 Performance characteristics of RPs
3.2.3.1 Light duty RPs are typically expected to provide short-term protection o f metal parts for indoor stor-
age, and typically last between 0 and 48 hours in the ASTM B11 7 salt spray test (see Paragraphs
2.3.1 and 4.3.1 .1 for further details). These RPs form thin, almost imperceptible flms.

3.2.3.2 Medium duty RPs provide longer-term protection of metal parts for up to weeks in both indoor and
covered outdoor environments. These RPs typically form thicker flms on the metal surface and pro -
vide 48 to 1 76 hours of salt spray protection.
3.2.3.3 Heavy duty RPs are generally used for long-term outdoor protection, as well as for protection in ex-
treme environments. They can provide up to and over 1 ,000 hours of salt spray protection. Heavy
duty RP flms are considerably thicker than those flms formed by light and medium duty RPs.

3.2.3.4 Some RPs also provide protection in specialty situations such as highly acidic environments. These
RPs can vary widely in flm appearance and thickness.

3.2.3.5 In addition to corrosion performance as measured by accelerated testing (see Paragraph 4.3.1 ),
other important performance criteria for RPs can include the ability to separate water, the ability to
displace water from a metal surface, and the ability to prevent staining on stacked or coiled metal.

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mission of the publisher is prohibited. Contact NACE International by means of our website www.nace.org,
email [email protected], or (phone) 281 -228-6223 for reprints of this standard.
3.2.4 Application and removal of RPs
3.2.4.1 RPs are typically applied by dipping, spraying, or brushing. Light- and medium-duty RPs are typically
liquids which can be applied by dipping or spraying, while some heavy-duty RP f uids are more vis -
cous and must be brushed onto the surface of the metal. Good surface preparation (see Paragraph
2.6.2) is important be fore applying an RP to remove contaminants that could prevent flm formation
and accelerate corrosion. Using RPs with water-displacing properties can decrease the need for
some surface preparation.
3.2.4.2 Drying time considerations are very important in selecting an RP. Water-emulsifable RPs typically
have the longest drying times and can be highly sensitive to the surrounding temperature, humidity,
and air f ow. Drying times for water-emulsifable RPs can be up to 20 times longer than those o f
solvent-based f uids. Solvent-based RPs o ffer fast drying times, while drying times may not be a
concern for oil-based RP flms, which do not dry completely.

3.2.4.3 Removing an RP flm is o ften necessary i f the metal part in question is to be painted or manu factured
further.Any remaining residue o f the RP flm can prevent other coatings from adhering to the metal
surface. Removability o f RPs can be highly dependent on the formulation. Oily flms are typically the
easiest to remove, while dry to touch flms can be more di ffcult to remove. Solvent baths or alkaline
cleaners are often used to remove RP coatings.
3.3 VCIs
3.3.1 VCI is variously used as an acronym for Volatile Corrosion Inhibitor, Vapor Corrosion Inhibitor, or, more cor-
rectly, Vapor-transported Corrosion Inhibitor. Older practice also uses VPI for Vapor-Phase Inhibitor.
3.3.2 VCIs are chemicals whose molecules are transported by diffusion in a gas or vapor state from a VCI source
by a combination of their own evaporation and/or by their solubility and mutual transport in the presence of
water vapor. Some of the VCI material is randomly transported to other surfaces within an enclosed space.
The VCI is adsorbed on metal surfaces in a thin layer with water molecules, ranging in total thickness from
monomolecular thickness to several molecules thick, or even more wetness when there is noticeable conden-
sation. The specifc adsorption/binding mechanism may vary with type o f metal and chemical structure o f the
corrosion inhibitor, generally described by transition-metal chemistry. Corrosion inhibition effects become ef-
fective after a “conditioning time” which varies from a few minutes to a few hours, after which the VCI must
compete with various corrosion reactions.
3.3.3 When using a VCI, one should pay attention under some special usage conditions. When relative humidity
(RH) is below about 40%, and when temperatures are near or below freezing, corrosion processes are sub-
stantially slowed, and VCI transport and inhibition reactions are also slowed. Both types of processes become
dormant. In contrast, warmer and more humid conditions speed up corrosion processes. The presence of
contaminants in the air (salts, acids) and on the metal surfaces also substantially speed the corrosion pro-
cesses. There is, therefore, a contest between the rate of corrosive reactions and those of the inhibitors. Best
practices mentioned above for surface cleanliness (Paragraph 2.6.2) must be considered for use of any inhib-
itor, whether VCI or surface coated.
3.3.4 VCI materials and products are used in various forms including: crystals and powders, pressed tablets and
other diffuse emitters such as canisters, capsules, sachets and tubing. Other forms include VCI-impregnated
polymer flms and certain types o f paper and corrugated materials, either impregnated with VCIs or fused with
a VCI-impregnated polymer sheet or glue layer on one or both sides. Some higher performing VCIs are highly
water soluble and are smaller molecules. Larger and less soluble molecules have less or no transport aug -
mented by the water effect, and they therefore must have higher inherent vapor pressures to function as VCIs.
VCI formulations di ffer among manu facturers. Claims o f VCI properties should be confrmed by relevant tests
of VCI transport and inhibition at a distance from the source. Some proprietary trademark terms similar to
“VCI” or “VPI” may represent VCI products as well as broader product families of temporary coatings with no
VCI properties.
3.3.5 VCIs are most needed when metal components are and must remain clean without secondary solvent or
water-system cleaning, as would be needed after the use of other temporary coatings as described in Para-
graphs 2.7 and 3.2. Typical uses of VCIs include protective packaging of millions of automotive components
in VCI-impregnated polymer sheeting or closed polymer bags during shipment, especially ocean transport.
Also, diffuse emitter and encapsulated sources containing VCI particles in porous pouches or capsules or
open-cell foam are attached inside electrical and electronic equipment boxes and cabinets to inhibit corrosion
o f connectors, joints, and screw attachments. “Line sources” o f VCI impregnated plastic tubing or impregnated
paper may also be used to protect the inside of metal tubing, pipes or weapons barrels. These VCI diffuser
sources are also used to augment external VCI packaging flms when they are attached inside packaged
contents.
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3.3.6 Factors that may in f uence selection o f VCI include all those mentioned above for temporary coatings [see
Section 2], including storage time and temperature, relative humidity (especially if high and highly variable),
type of metal or alloy to be protected, surface area and total enclosed volume in which protection is to be
provided, surface preparation or contamination of the metal to be protected, whether there is time for initial
diffuse transport and surface activation, and compatibility with nearby materials and no toxic exposure for
workers and users. VCIs are also rated as: (1 ) “ferrous,” the protection from rusting of iron and steel, (2)
“non-ferrous,” broadly applicable to copper, aluminum and their alloys, and (3) multimetal, offering some de-
gree of combined protection, such as for composite assemblies, e.g., electrical, electronic and electromechan-
ical equipment, galvanized steel, and some other alloys.
3.3.7 Ratings of effectiveness and life of VCI protection varies by manufacturer and product. There are no standards
for ratings for shelf life and performance life of VCI products, and manufacture ratings must also consider a
wide range of unknown storage and usage conditions, degree of sealing or enclosure, severity of atmospheric
conditions, and heat. Therefore, life ratings are generally relatively conservative, ranging from a year to 5
years or more. There may be specifc manu facture guidance and testing to support recommended use under
various conditions and practical experiences.
3.4 Greases
3.4.1 The term “grease” generally refers to a thickened lubricant product. The lubricant can be petroleum-based oil,
bio-based oil, or synthetic oil. Common thickeners include soaps and clays. Greases may have a variety of
additives to improve specifc performance attributes.

3.4.2 Greases are used primarily for their lubricant properties, but typically also provide some intrinsic protection
from corrosion. The main ingredients in a grease will tend to exclude/displace moisture from a metal surface,
thus limiting the potential for corrosion. Additional corrosion inhibitors can easily be added to grease composi-
tions if increased protection is needed.
3.4.3 Greases are typically applied via brushing or smearing onto the surface. Softer greases can also be pumped.
Greases can be removed with mechanical wiping or washing with liquid cleaners.
3.4.4 The performance standards and classifcations o f greases are covered extensively by other standards organi -
zations and will not be repeated here, as they are outside the scope of this document.
3.5 Polymers
3.5.1 Polymer-based coatings are more commonly used for permanent protection of a metal surface, but some can
also be used for long-term temporary protection.
3.5.2 Polymer coatings can be water-borne, solvent-borne, or neat, and are typically applied via spraying or brush-
ing. They dry to a hard flm. While many polymer coatings are permanent, some are peelable or strippable
using alkaline cleaners.
3.5.3 The classifcation and physical and performance standards o f polymer coatings are outside the scope o f this
document.

Section 4: Evaluation Tests for TCCs


4.1 Introduction
4.1 .1 When choosing a TCC, physical and performance testing can be used to determine the suitability of the coat-
ing for the specifc application, as well as to confrm that the chosen coating is in compliance with all specif -
cations provided by the manufacturer.
4.1 .2 This section provides an overview of standard test practices to be used in the evaluation of TCCs. It includes
a summary of testing for evaluating physical properties of coatings, followed by standard as well as special-
ized test methods for evaluating coating performance.
4.2 Physical Testing
4.2.1 TCCs can be evaluated for typical physical properties to ensure that the coating is in accordance with manu-
facturer specifcation (e.g., viscosity, acid or base number, percent solids) or to determine key properties re -
lated to sa fe use o f the coating (e.g., f ash point).

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mission of the publisher is prohibited. Contact NACE International by means of our website www.nace.org,
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4.3 Standard Performance Testing
4.3.1 Corrosion performance. Test methods mentioned in this section are useful for comparison of TCCs in standard
laboratory conditions to screen for likely e ffectiveness. None are perfect predictors o f performance in the feld.
Therefore, if practical, is it best to also validate coating protection under real-life conditions before full commer-
cial implementation.
4.3.1 .1 Salt spray, ASTM B11 7, is a widely adopted and simplistic test for one measure of performance of
coatings that has evolved from the frst ASTM version from 1 939. It is based on an artifcial and ac-
celerating corrosive atmosphere of dense saline fog at a moderately warm constant temperature of
35 °C. These test conditions generally allow for direct comparison of corrosion protection between
different TCCs under reasonably comparable conditions. However, there is not a direct correlation
between salt spray testing and real-world performance except as guidance for performance of coat-
ings in sea air or sea water exposure. The degree of acceleration is generally not determined or es-
timated, and other longer-term tests with atmospheric conditions more representative of actual usage
are recommended to be used in tandem with salt spray testing.
4.3.1 .2 Artifcial accelerating conditions o f warm constant humidity, ASTM D1 748, 1 0 use a “humidity cham-
ber” apparatus similar to that used for salt spray testing (above). This test method is similarly limited
to the methods of obtaining, measuring, and controlling the conditions and procedures of 98% RH
steady water fog and related air and sample movement. Such tests typically maintain the test cham-
ber at a temperature o f 1 20 ± 2 °F (48.9 ± 1 .1 °C), but the exposure period must be specifed for a
given test, and other temperatures may be used i f reported. This method also specifes metal speci -
men preparation and evaluation of results.
4.3.1 .3 Artifcial accelerating conditions o f warm constant humidity, ASTM D1 735, 11 use a “humidity cham-
ber” apparatus similar to that used in the above procedures. It is similarly limited to the methods of
obtaining, measuring, and controlling the conditions and procedures of forced mist-fog at 1 00% RH.
Such tests typically maintain the test chamber at a temperature of 1 00 ± 2 °F (38 ± 1 °C), but the
exposure period is not specifed and other temperatures may be used i f reported. This method does
not specify specimen preparation or evaluation of results.
4.3.1 .4 Cyclic warm humidity, IEC(9) 60068-2-30, 1 2 uses a “humidity chamber” apparatus with cyclic variation
of temperature, typically from a baseline of 77 ± 5 °F (25 ± 3 °C), maintained for most of a 1 2 hour
interval, followed by a programmed ramp-up to an upper level temperature of either 1 04 °F (40 °C)
or a higher level of 1 31 °F (55 °C) for most of a 1 2 hour interval, then followed by a programmed
ramp-down to the baseline, the total cycle being 24 hours. Humidity is also controlled to high levels,
typically above 75% RH or more in various parts of the cycle. This 24-hour program is repeated for
various numbers of cycles depending on the severity of relative comparison being made among
sample inhibitor materials and metal test specimens. Specimen preparation and evaluation of results
are not specifed.

4.3.1 .5 Exterior exposure testing, ASTM D1 01 4, 1 3 provides for coatings to be exposed directly to the environ-
ment for a direct measurement of coating performance. However, results vary considerably in differ-
ent localities and at different times of year. It is recommended to run the test in the locality where the
coating is likely to be used, as well as to track climate information while the test is being conducted.
This method is recommended only for coatings that will be used for outdoor storage. The method
specifes specimen preparation, but re ferences are provided to other ASTM methods for evaluation
of results.
4.3.2 Water displacement and separation
4.3.2.1 Water displacement testing measures the ability of the coating to displace water from a metal sur-
face. A coating which displaces water can be applied to parts that are wet from rinsing, eliminating
the need for a drying step. Several methods are available to test water displacement, including FED-
STD-791 Method 3007.2 1 4 and MIL-PRF-1 61 73, 1 5 section 4.6.1 4; in addition, some manufacturers
test water displacement via in-house methods.
4.3.2.2 Water separation is often tested by manufacturers of solvent- and oil-based coatings that are applied
via dip tank. As wet metal parts are submerged in the dip tank, it is important for the coating solution
to separate excess water so that it can be drained from the tank without necessitating changing the
test f uid. Methods available to test water separation include ASTM D1 401 ; 1 6 in addition, some man-
ufacturers test water separation via in-house methods.

(9 )
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4.3.3 Stain tests measure the propensity of the coating to stain metal surfaces when coiled or stacked.
4.3.4 Removability o f a coating can be assessed using the methods described in MIL-PRF-1 61 73.

4.4 Other/Specialized Performance Testing


4.4.1 Lubricity testing may be appropriate for TCCs intended for specifc applications. ASTM D2266, 1 7 “Standard
Test Method for Wear Preventive Characteristics o f Lubricating Grease (Four-Ball Method),” and ASTM
D2670, 1 8 “Standard Test Method for Measuring Wear Properties of Fluid Lubricants (Falex Pin and Vee Block
Method),” are two standard methods that can be applied to some interim coatings.
4.4.2 Corrosion testing in a controlled acid atmosphere is used to assess the performance of specialty coatings in-
tended for use in acidic environments. This is typically tested by manufacturers using in-house methods.
4.5 VCI Testing
4.5.1 A basic standard measurement of “vapor inhibiting ability” (VIA) is also called simply the “jar test,” NACE
TM0208. 1 9 Other similar or related standards worldwide, cited in NACE TM0208, describe similar methods,
particularly MIL-STD-301 0, Test Method 4031 . 20 This is the latest version of a precursor standard that is incor-
porated as one option in NACE TM0208, specifcally used for U.S. military qualifcation o f VCI materials. The
VIA test provides moderately repeatable determination that the material functions as a VCI, demonstrating
minimal transport and corrosion inhibition in the presence of warm condensing humidity. Test results are
achieved relatively quickly, within about 24 hours, by established standard conditions of high humidity and
condensation. A physical separation between the metal test specimen and a sample of VCI provides a test of
the combined effects of vapor transport across the moist air gap in a sealed enclosure and corrosion inhibition
on a standard clean polished steel surface. The surface of the steel specimen will exhibit rust spots or even
more complete rust coverage if the test sample of VCI material has inadequate or no VCI properties. In con-
trast, only several or no rust spots will be visible when a sample of an effective VCI material is in the “jar.” The
VIA test is most commonly run with carbon steel. At present, there is no similar simple “jar test” of VCI protec-
tion effects for protection of non-ferrous metal surfaces such as copper, aluminum or their alloys.
4.5.2 In addition to the basic VIA test, various accelerated tests in “humidity chamber” conditions are used for spe-
cialized and custom evaluations with specifed metal specimens, generally being variations o f conditions de -
scribed in standards mentioned in Paragraph 4.3.1 . These can provide perspective of relative performance
among specifc inhibitor materials and customer applications. These chamber-based tests may be designed
to try to estimate relative performance among VCI materials for specifc types o f metal samples and parts in
comparison to “control” materials that do not contain the VCI components.
4.5.3 Some VCI products that provide protection for ferrous metals may cause staining of certain non -ferrous metal
surfaces, particularly copper, if put into direct contact with the metal surface, particularly when higher concen-
trations of VCI are used. For this reason, contact corrosion tests, sometimes called tests of “compatibility,”
may be added for selecting an appropriate VCI for specifc multimetal applications, such as in Paragraph 4.6.4
in already cited MIL-STD-301 0, Test Method 4031 .

References
1. ASTM B11 7 (latest revision), “Standard Practice for Operating Salt Spray (Fog) Apparatus” (West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM).
2. U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 42, “The Public Health and Welfare,” Section 6901 et seq, Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act (RCRA), (Washington, DC: O ffce o f the Federal Register, 1 976).
3. ASTM D6866 (latest revision), “Biobased Content Measurement in Plastic, Resin and Polymer” (West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM).
4. OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals (latest revision) Section 3: Degradation and Accumulation, 302B “Inherent
Biodegradability: Zahn-Wellens/EVPA Test” (Paris, France: OECD).
5. ISO 1 4593 (latest revision), “Water quality – Evaluation of ultimate aerobic biodegradability of organic compounds in aqueous medium
– Method by analysis of inorganic carbon in sealed vessels (CO 2 headspace test)” (Geneva, Switzerland: ISO).
6. OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals (latest revision) Section 3: Degradation and Accumulation, 306 “Biodegradability in
Seawater” (Paris, France: OECD).
7. OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals (latest revision) Section 3: Degradation and Accumulation, 311 “Anaerobic
Biodegradability of Organic Compounds in Digested Sludge by Measurement of Gas Production” (Paris, France: OECD).
8. ASTM D6400 (latest revision), “Standard Specifcation for Labeling o f Plastics Designed to be Aerobically Composted in Municipal or
Industrial Facilities” (West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM).
9. EN 1 3432 (latest revision), “Packaging: requirements for packaging recoverable through composting and biodegradation” (Brussels,
Belgium: CEN).

14 SP0487-201 9 NACE International ©201 9 NACE International, 1 5835 Park Ten Place, Suite 200, Houston TX 77084, USA. All rights reserved.
Reproduction, republication or redistribution of this standard in any form without the express written per-
mission of the publisher is prohibited. Contact NACE International by means of our website www.nace.org,
email [email protected], or (phone) 281 -228-6223 for reprints of this standard.
1 0. ASTM D1 748 (latest revision), “Standard Test Method for Rust Protection by Metal Preservatives in the Humidity Cabinet” (West
Conshohocken, PA: ASTM).
11 . ASTM D1 735 (latest revision), “Standard Practice for Testing Water Resistance of Coatings Using Water Fog Apparatus” (West
Conshohocken, PA: ASTM).
1 2. IEC 60068-2-30, “Basic Environmental Testing Procedures, Part 2, Test Db and Guidance, Damp Heat, Cyclic (1 2 + 1 2 hour cycle)”
(Geneva, Switzerland: IEC).
1 3. ASTM D1 01 4 (latest revision), “Standard Practice for Conducting Exterior Exposure Tests of Paints and Coatings on Metal Substrates”
(West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM).
1 4. FED-STD-791 (latest revision), “Lubricants, Liquid Fuels, and Related Products, Testing Method o f,” Method 3007.2, “Water
Displacement and Water Stability” (Washington, DC: Government Printing O ffce).
1 5. MIL-PRF-1 61 73 (latest revision), “Corrosion Preventive Compound, Solvent Cutback, Cold-Applied” (Philadelphia, PA: DODSSP). (1 0)
1 6. ASTM D1 401 (latest revision), “Standard Test Method for Water Separability of Petroleum Oils and Synthetic Fluids” (West
Conshohocken, PA: ASTM).
1 7. ASTM D2266 (latest revision), “Standard Test Method for Wear Preventive Characteristics o f Lubricating Grease (Four-Ball Method)”
(West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM).
1 8. ASTM D2670 (latest revision), “Standard Test Method for Measuring Wear Properties o f Fluid Lubricants (Falex Pin and Vee Block
Method)” (West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM).
1 9. NACE Standard TM0208 (latest revision), “Laboratory Test to Evaluate the Vapor-I nhibiting Ability o f Volatile Corrosion Inhibitor
Materials for Temporary Protection of Ferrous Metal Surfaces” (Houston, TX: NACE).
20. MIL-STD-301 0 (latest revision), “Test Procedures for Packaging Materials and Containers,” Test Method 4031 , “Vapor I nhibiting Ability
(VIA) of Volatile Corrosion Inhibitor (VCI) Materials” (Philadelphia, PA: DODSSP).

Bibliography
Nathan, C.C., ed. Corrosion Inhibitors. Houston, TX: NACE, 1 973. D.F. Knaack and D. Brooks. “Inhibitors for Temporary Protection, Part 2—
Vapor Phase Corrosion Inhibitors,” pp. 224–227.
Revie, R.W., ed. Uhlig’s Corrosion Handbook. 2nd ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2000. Chapter 59, “Corrosion Inhibitors.”
Roberge, P.R., ed. Handbook of Corrosion Engineering. New York, NY: The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2000. Chapter 1 0, “Corrosion Inhibitors.”

(1 0)
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