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History: Pre-20th Century

The document discusses the history of computing from ancient times through the 20th century. It describes early counting devices like tally sticks and abacuses used for thousands of years. In the pre-20th century section, it details early mechanical computing devices from antiquity like the Antikythera mechanism and advances in astronomical instruments and geared mechanisms in the Islamic world.

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8 views

History: Pre-20th Century

The document discusses the history of computing from ancient times through the 20th century. It describes early counting devices like tally sticks and abacuses used for thousands of years. In the pre-20th century section, it details early mechanical computing devices from antiquity like the Antikythera mechanism and advances in astronomical instruments and geared mechanisms in the Islamic world.

Uploaded by

shivanyaiictcomputerinstitute
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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It was not until the mid-20th century that the word acquired its modern definition; according to

the Oxford English Dictionary, the first known use of the word computer was in a different sense,
in a 1613 book called The Yong Mans Gleanings by the English writer Richard Brathwait: "I haue
[sic] read the truest computer of Times, and the best Arithmetician that euer [sic] breathed, and
he reduceth thy dayes into a short number." This usage of the term referred to a human
computer, a person who carried out calculations or computations. The word continued with the
same meaning until the middle of the 20th century. During the latter part of this period women
were often hired as computers because they could be paid less than their male counterparts. [1] By
1943, most human computers were women.[2]
The Online Etymology Dictionary gives the first attested use of computer in the 1640s, meaning
'one who calculates'; this is an "agent noun from compute (v.)". The Online Etymology
Dictionary states that the use of the term to mean "'calculating machine' (of any type) is from
1897." The Online Etymology Dictionary indicates that the "modern use" of the term, to mean
'programmable digital electronic computer' dates from "1945 under this name; [in a] theoretical
[sense] from 1937, as Turing machine".[3] The name has remained, although modern computers
are capable of many higher-level functions.

History
Main articles: History of computing and History of computing hardware
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of computing.

Pre-20th century

The Ishango bone, a bone tool dating back to prehistoric Africa


Devices have been used to aid computation for thousands of years, mostly using one-to-one
correspondence with fingers. The earliest counting device was most likely a form of tally stick.
Later record keeping aids throughout the Fertile Crescent included calculi (clay spheres, cones,
etc.) which represented counts of items, likely livestock or grains, sealed in hollow unbaked clay
containers.[a][4] The use of counting rods is one example.

The Chinese suanpan (算盘). The number represented


on this abacus is 6,302,715,408.
The abacus was initially used for arithmetic tasks. The Roman abacus was developed from
devices used in Babylonia as early as 2400 BCE. Since then, many other forms of reckoning
boards or tables have been invented. In a medieval European counting house, a checkered cloth
would be placed on a table, and markers moved around on it according to certain rules, as an aid
to calculating sums of money.[5]

The Antikythera mechanism, dating back to ancient Greece circa


150–100 BCE, is an early analog computing device.
The Antikythera mechanism is believed to be the earliest known mechanical analog computer,
according to Derek J. de Solla Price.[6] It was designed to calculate astronomical positions. It was
discovered in 1901 in the Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera,
between Kythera and Crete, and has been dated to approximately c. 100 BCE. Devices of
comparable complexity to the Antikythera mechanism would not reappear until the fourteenth
century.[7]
Many mechanical aids to calculation and measurement were constructed for astronomical and
navigation use. The planisphere was a star chart invented by Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī in the early
11th century.[8] The astrolabe was invented in the Hellenistic world in either the 1st or 2nd
centuries BCE and is often attributed to Hipparchus. A combination of the planisphere
and dioptra, the astrolabe was effectively an analog computer capable of working out several
different kinds of problems in spherical astronomy. An astrolabe incorporating a
mechanical calendar computer[9][10] and gear-wheels was invented by Abi Bakr
of Isfahan, Persia in 1235.[11] Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī invented the first mechanical geared lunisolar
calendar astrolabe,[12] an early fixed-wired knowledge processing machine[13] with a gear train and
gear-wheels,[14] c. 1000 AD.

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