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System May Refer To A Nominally Complete

The document discusses the history and components of computers. It describes how computers have evolved from early mechanical devices to modern digital electronic computers. A computer consists of a central processing unit, memory, and peripheral devices that allow input and output of information.

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shivanyaiictcomputerinstitute
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7 views

System May Refer To A Nominally Complete

The document discusses the history and components of computers. It describes how computers have evolved from early mechanical devices to modern digital electronic computers. A computer consists of a central processing unit, memory, and peripheral devices that allow input and output of information.

Uploaded by

shivanyaiictcomputerinstitute
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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A computer is a machine that can

be programmed to automatically carry


out sequences of arithmetic or logical
operations (computation). Modern digital
electronic computers can perform generic sets
of operations known as programs. These
programs enable computers to perform a wide
range of tasks. The term computer
system may refer to a nominally complete
computer that includes
the hardware, operating system, software,
and peripheral equipment needed and used
for full operation; or to a group of computers
that are linked and function together, such as
a computer network or computer cluster.
A broad range of industrial and consumer
products use computers as control systems,
including simple special-purpose devices
like microwave ovens and remote controls,
and factory devices like industrial robots.
Computers are at the core of general-purpose
devices such as personal
computers and mobile devices such
as smartphones. Computers power
the Internet, which links billions of computers
and users.
Early computers were meant to be used only
for calculations. Simple manual instruments
like the abacus have aided people in doing
calculations since ancient times. Early in
the Industrial Revolution, some mechanical
devices were built to automate long, tedious
tasks, such as guiding patterns for looms.
More sophisticated electrical machines did
specialized analog calculations in the early
20th century. The first digital electronic
calculating machines were developed
during World War II,
both electromechanical and using thermionic
valves. The first semiconductor transistors in
the late 1940s were followed by the silicon-
based MOSFET (MOS transistor)
and monolithic integrated circuit chip
technologies in the late 1950s, leading to
the microprocessor and the microcomputer
revolution in the 1970s. The speed, power,
and versatility of computers have been
increasing dramatically ever since then,
with transistor counts increasing at a rapid
pace (Moore's law noted that counts doubled
every two years), leading to the Digital
Revolution during the late 20th to early 21st
centuries.
Conventionally, a modern computer consists
of at least one processing element, typically
a central processing unit (CPU) in the form of
a microprocessor, together with some type
of computer memory, typically semiconductor
memory chips. The processing element
carries out arithmetic and logical operations,
and a sequencing and control unit can change
the order of operations in response to
stored information. Peripheral devices include
input devices (keyboards, mice, joystick, etc.),
output devices (monitor screens, printers,
etc.), and input/output devices that perform
both functions (e.g., the 2000s-
era touchscreen). Peripheral devices allow
information to be retrieved from an external
source and they enable the result of
operations to be saved and retrieved.

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