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Lecture 01B NS

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Lecture 01B NS

Uploaded by

accntforsale112233
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Encapsulation and De

Encapsulation
Encapsulation and De Encapsulation
• Encapsulation
• Pertains on the process of adding headers and trailers
• De Encapsulation
• Process of removing headers and trailers

As data process through a layer they may have undergo the process of
encapsulation per layer basis
Package Model
Building Ethernet LANs
Ethernet Components
• Physical Component
• Ethernet was originally deployed with multiple cables and computer are
connected to the same physical wire or cable.
Ethernet Components
• Network Segment
• Group of network devices that compete with each other for access to the
wire (bus)
• Question 1: How do end-user devices connect to the network
segment?
• Question 2: How do devices know when it is their turn to send data?
• Question 3: How do devices know which data is from them?
Types of MAC Addresses
• Broadcast
• If a device needs to send the data to every device on the network
• Has a default MAC of FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF
• Multicast
• Unicast
Types of MAC Addresses
• Broadcast
• Multicast
• is a network communication method where a single sender can transmit data
to multiple recipients simultaneously
• Unicast
Types of MAC Addresses
• Broadcast
• Multicast
• Unicast
• a one-to-one transmission from one point in the network to another point
Distance Limitation
• There is another problem arises that pertains to distance limitation
• Solution is to use Repeater
• Cable runs are limited
• In LAN that uses shared ethernet access. Only data sent over the wire must
reach every part of the network or collision domain within certain amount of
time
• Another problem when we use repeater is that only the affected area
will increase
• As your network increases, your collision domain will increase as well
• Collisions are still manageable, but the use of conventional cables are bulk
and costly
Hub
• Repeater that uses bus technology
• Uses star configuration; not intelligent but a junction that joins
several network devices
• This device can still suffer from Collision domain
Bridge
• Connects two or more segment to create one larger network
• Separates collision domains; has a feature for network segmentation
• Isolates collision in one domain

• Basic functions
• Forwarding Frames
• Learning MAC Addresses (MAC Table)
• Controlling Traffic
Switch
• Multiport bridge
• Each port has its own collision domain
• This solves the collision domain problem of back in the day
Types of MAC Addresses
• Broadcast
• If a device needs to send the data to every device on the network
• Has a default MAC of FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF
• Multicast
• Unicast
Broadcast Storm
Network Speeds
• Network Bandwidth
• Theoretical capacity
• Data transfer rate or bit rate
• Amount of data over a period of time
• Expressed in bps (bits per second)
• Maximum capacity of network connection
• Network Throughput
• Latency
Network Speeds
• Network Bandwidth
• Network Throughput
• Actual capacity
• The actual amount of data that can be sent over a network in a given period
of time
• Due to network overhead and HW and SW bottlenecks
• Latency
Switch vs Bridge
Bridge Switch
Layer 2 Device Layer 2 Device
Each port creates separate collision domain Each port creates separate collision domain
Forwards traffic and has build MAC table Forwards traffic and builds MAC table
Commonly has 2 or 4 ports Can have a few ports or hundred ports
Half duplex Full Duplex
End user device share BW on each port Each port has dedicated BW to one device
Virtual LANs are not possible Virtual LANs are possible

• Segmenting does not mean it fixes the broadcast communication problem


• VLANs can limit broadcast messages and can be grouped
Limitations of Switches
• Susceptible to network loops
• Uses STP to prevent network loops
• Might not be able to interconnect geographically dispersed networks
Counting Collision Domain
Counting Collision Domain
Counting Collision Domain
ARP Encapsulation and
Process

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