Soft Computing (2023) 27:6151–6158

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-023-07976-6 (0123456789().,-volV)(0123456789().
,- volV)

FUZZY SYSTEMS AND THEIR MATHEMATICS

Fuzzy-based cluster routing in wireless sensor network

AliReza Naderloo1,2 • Seyed Ali Fatemi Aghda3,4 • Mahdi Mirfakhraei4,5

Accepted: 25 February 2023 / Published online: 20 March 2023

 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2023

Abstract
The wireless sensor network is of great interest due to its special features and applications. Due to the computational
limitation and power supply of these networks, hierarchical cluster routing is mentioned as a solution to improve the
problem of energy consumption and network lifetime. In our study, a fuzzy-based clustering routing protocol was proposed
that uses network zoning and node residual energy parameters, node distance to the center of each zone, and node-to-base
station angle as fuzzy input for cluster head selection. In the proposed method with the aim of reducing network energy
consumption, the responsibility of choosing CHs in each area, determining the area of each node, calculating the distance
of each node to the center and calculating the angle of each node was assigned to the BS. The proposed method was carried
out with Farahzadi, LEACH, MSCR protocols in terms of network lifetime evaluation criteria, stability period, selection
and number of CH and average residual energy in MATLAB environment. The comparison of the results showed that the
proposed method has performed better in terms of criteria, so that the network lifetime as one of the important indicators,
the proposed method has improved by 50%, 40% and 20%, respectively, compared to LEACH, Farahzadi and MSCR
methods.

Keywords Clustering  Network lifetime  Wireless sensor network (WSN)  Fuzzy logic  Routing  Selection of cluster
head (CH)

1 Introduction In these networks, the sensors based on their special

conditions and capabilities, transfer the data obtained from
Each WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) includes a number the workplace to the BS by the transmitter antenna after
of sensor nodes and BS (Base Station). Main parts of processing. In some WSNs where the nodes are constantly
sensors consist of communication unit, processing unit and sending data to the BS, the nodes energy is consumed
a sensing unit, which have their limitations (Kaur and quickly and the so-called nodes die. One of the most
Kumar 2018). common solutions to delay this process is to use routing,
such as cluster routing protocols. In these protocols, the
network is divided into a number of clusters, each of which
has a node called CH (Cluster Head). CHs are generally
& Mahdi Mirfakhraei responsible for sending data to the BS (Kiran et al. 2020;
[email protected] Sah and Amgoth 2020; Arulmurugan et al. 2021).
1
Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran The use of fuzzy logic in various fields and issues, such
2 as WSN is increasing. This method introduced by Lotfi A.
Department of Computer Engineering, Islamic Azad
University, Tehran, Iran Zadeh, without the need for complete information about
3 the problem (uncertainty) and by using human experience
Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical
Sciences, Tehran, Iran and intuition, instead of numerical data based on fuzzy set,
4 reaches the appropriate answer. In fuzzy logic, unlike the
Research Center for Health Technology Assessment and
Medical Informatics, School of Public Health, Shahid classical method, a value between 0 and 1 is defined for
Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran each variable, indicating its correctness and incorrectness
5
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of (Sood 2018; Tartavulea et al. 2020; Aghda and Mirfakhraei
Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran 2020).

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WSNs designed under specific conditions and purposes, least one CH in each region. Also, a new threshold equa-
can be classified in various topics. Homogeneous networks tion in the CH selection process was introduced based on
have the same nodes; while in heterogeneous networks, the two criteria of ‘‘residual energy of the node’’ and ‘‘node
nodes are dynamic and generally mobile. In homogeneous distance to the center of each region’’, which shows the
networks, fuzzy-based clustering has a good performance. simulation study and the results indicating a reduction in
Applications of the proposed algorithm, these networks energy consumption compared to another method.
are used in different fields and each field has its own dif- LEACH-ERE method, which is one of the developed
ferent design method. They are most commonly used to LEACH protocols that uses a system based on fuzzy logic
monitor the desired parameters in places where humans are to improve energy consumption. In this method, two
limited or harmful, such as (monitoring of inaccessible parameters, including the expected residual energy after
areas, control of dams, volcanic eruptions, etc.). the end of the current round and the current residual energy
One of its applications is in the field of health, which in as the fuzzy input are used to select CH. Energy con-
the last few years, due to the epidemic of the corona virus sumption improvement of has been achieved according to
and the need for social distancing, the large number of the energy criterion compared to the LEACH protocol (Lee
patients, and the lack of healthcare personnel, these net- and Cheng 2012).
works have received more attention. These networks are Fuzzy-based Hyper Round Policy (FHRP) method is a
used in the use of therapeutic robots, also due to the feature fuzzy-based algorithm for efficient and flexible cluster
of accurate and continuous monitoring of vital signs, it is scheduling with the aim of reducing energy overhead. This
effective in dealing with patients with covid-19 with min- method dynamically manages making cluster using fuzzy
imal contact and high data quality. logic. In this method, clustering takes place at the begin-
ning of each hyper round (HR) instead of each round. HR
length is dynamically obtained according to the two criteria
2 Background of ‘‘residual energy of the node’’ and ‘‘node distance to the
center of each region’’ with the help of fuzzy logic.
In this section, some examples of cluster routing protocols Therefore, re-clustering is done only in emergencies. The
are introduced focusing on the CH selection process. Given simulation results show the FHRP effectiveness in reducing
that the proposed method is related to the fuzzy subject and the energy of clusters, increasing the network lifetime, and
it is used in routing process, some clustering protocols saving energy of the network nodes (Neamatollahi et al.
related to fuzzy logic were also expressed. 2017).
One of the most popular hierarchical cluster routing In their study, Abualigah et al. presented a new opti-
protocols is the Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy mization method derived from Aquila’s prey hunting
(LEACH), which selects clusters based on the probability behavior in nature, called the Aquila Optimizer (AO)
model and initially assumes that each node has an equal method, which is suitable for real-world applications
chance of becoming CH. This protocol is implemented in related to the optimization of binary objectives, global
two phases, including setup phase and steady state phase. search methods, local search, as well as industrial appli-
In the setup phase, CH selection and create clusters are cations and It is used in engineering, smart home appli-
performed and in the steady state phase, the data are cations, image processing, resource management program,
transferred. In the setup phase a threshold equation is etc. This meta-heuristic algorithm works in four ways:
defined, each node selects a random number between 0 and selecting the search space, exploring the divergent search
1. If the random number is less than the threshold value, the space, using the convergent search space, and moving by
node has a chance to be CH in the current round. walking and catching prey. In order to validate this method,
According to the threshold equation, nodes that are not it was evaluated with different optimization problems and
selected as CH have more chance of being selected as CH the results showing better or equal performance of the
in later rounds. Data collection and processing are done in proposed method compared to other well-known tech-
the steady state phase. For each sensor, the data are niques were obtained (Abualigah et al. 2021a).
transferred to CH at the allotted time. After receiving the Based on the nature of optimization methods and the
data from its cluster members, CH aggregates and com- behavior of arithmetic operators in mathematics, Abuali-
presses them and finally transfers them to the BS gaha et al. proposed the algorithm of arithmetic optimiza-
(Heinzelman et al. 2000; Akyildiz et al. 2002). tion (AOA), in which, according to the mathematical
The authors in Farahzadi et al. (2021) developed the presentation, it has a simple implementation and except for
LEACH protocol and considered the CH selection prob- the stopping criterion and the population size., there is no
lem. In this method, dividing the network into several need to set many parameters and the convergence and
regions leads to better CH distribution, so that there is at divergence parameters make search solutions easy. Various

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performance measures were used to verify the perfor- consumption, various routes between the node and BS are
mance, including the quality performance of the AOA. And examined and a route with the shortest distance and step is
according to the application of the proposed method in 5 used to transfer information. The simulation results indi-
engineering design problems, its performance was con- cated an increase in the network lifetime (Fang et al. 2021).
firmed and a solution with good quality and performance In proposed method is better distributed by dividing the
was obtained for various problems (Abualigah et al. network and determining the number of cluster heads in
2021b). each region. Also, 5-mode input function is used in fuzzy
The improved particle swarm optimization-based fuzzy logic, whose 3 input parameters are based on past studies
clustering (IPSOFC) method is one of the developed par- and expert panel. In addition, a new threshold formula
ticle swarm optimization (PSO). This method uses c-mean (Relation 2) for the number of cluster heads in each area
for fuzzy clustering to solve the problems of Early death has been considered, which guarantees at least one cluster
and to reduce the efficiency of hot spot problem as well as head for each area. Due to the lack of energy limitation of
the energy hole due to changes in the location of the nodes. the base station, the cluster head is selected by it.
Fuzzy inputs include parameters, such as residual energy,
node density, and distance to the BS. The simulation results
shown a large number of live nodes in IPSOFC compared 3 Proposed method
to other methods (Bhowmik et al. 2019).
Fuzzy-based secure data gathering (FSDGA) is a The essential role of the CH node in data transmission and
method based on slot-based scheduling and asymmetric high workload lead to more energy consumption compared
key encryption scheme. In this method, fuzzy logic is used to other nodes; therefore, in the proposed method, FBCR
to select CH to reduce energy consumption and network (Fuzzy-Based Cluster Routing), for better distribution of
overhead. Moreover, due to the importance of choosing the CH node, the network is divided into several regions and
appropriate route leading to reduction of latency and packet the CH selection process takes place in each region. In this
loss rate, two types of CH have been introduced called method, CH is selected based on the three parameters,
stable and dynamic. Stable CH is used to review and including the ‘‘Residual Energy of the Node’’, ‘‘Node
analyze route history, while dynamic CH focuses on rout- Distance to the Center of each Region’’, and ‘‘Node Angle
ing and data gathering. After clustering and creating a to the BS’’. Fuzzy logic was used to maintain energy bal-
secure route, the dynamic CH starts gathering data based ance and better CH selection and rotation.
on the allotted time, selects the CH fuzzy inference engine One of the most important reasons for using fuzzy logic
based on residual energy, node flexibility, connection ratio, in various fields is modeling human decision-making and
and node stability. The simulation results shown that the human experiences, which is more accurate than the
proposed method provides more data collection, less probability model. Fuzzy logic consists of three basic steps
latency and less control overhead compared to other as follows.
methods (Samydurai et al. 2020).
• Fuzzifier: In this step, the crisp inputs are converted to
Abualigah et al. introduced a new nature-inspired meta-
fuzzy linguistic variables.
heuristic optimizer called the Reptilian Search Algorithm
• Inference Engine: Analysis and inference are done
(RSA), which is a population-based, gradient-free dynamic
according to the table of rules, and fuzzy output is
algorithm inspired by the social and hunting behavior of
obtained.
crocodiles in nature. It takes place in two stages, encircling
• Defuzzifier: In this step, the obtained fuzzy output is
and hunting with (hunting coordination or hunting coop-
converted to crisp output using the appropriate method
eration). A special feature of this is to obtain robust search
(Sood 2018; Taheri et al. 2012).
methods and to update the position of solutions using four
new techniques. The proposed RSA method was evaluated In FBCR, the nodes are randomly distributed in the
with different algorithms and real-world engineering network and the network is divided into 4 regions (Fig. 1).
problems, and the results of the benchmark functions tested CH was selected based on fuzzy logic by the BS. In this
and Friedman’s ranking test showed better results of RSA method, like most clustering protocols, the network life-
compared to the different methods mentioned (Abualigah time is defined in the form of a number of rounds, each
et al. 2022). round consists of two phases, including setup phase and the
The multidimensional secure clustered routing (MSCR) steady state phase.
method proposed by Kiran et al. is a combined method of In this study, 70% of the data was used for train training,
fuzzy clustering and multidirectional routing. In this and 30% of the remaining data was used for test evaluation
method, residual energy and distance are used for cluster- with the fivefold method.
ing and selecting CH. Furthermore, to reduce energy

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6154 A. Naderloo et al.

After calculating K value, the BS determines the CHs in

each region based on fuzzy logic. The steps are shown in
Fig. 2.

3.1.1 Fuzzification

The defined linguistic variable in the fuzzy system is three-

variable (low, medium, high) for the inputs of ‘‘node dis-
tance to the center of each region’’ and ‘‘node angle to the
BS’’ and five-variable (very low, low, medium, high, and
very high) for ‘‘residual energy of the node’’ (Fig. 3).

3.1.2 Table of rules and inference engine

The rules used by the inference engine are defined as IF–

THEN based on Mamdani method. The results are sent to
the defuzzification section. The fuzzy rules are shown in
Table 1 determine the chance of each node being selected
as CH, based on the maximum residual energy, the shortest
distance to the center, and the lowest angle to the BS.

3.1.3 Defuzzification
Fig. 1 Dividing WSN into several regions

To use inference engine results, they must be converted to

In addition, because the data and results were obtained
the crisp values. At this stage, the CoA method was used as
from the simulation environment, there was no need for
one of the Centroid methods. Figure 4 represents that the
pre-processing because the data used was obtained by
output membership function is five-variable (very low,
repeating the simulation several times and there was no lost
Low, medium, high, and very high).
data and it was obtained validly.
After selecting CH in the first round, the BS informs
each node of the region where the node is located and the
3.1 Setup phase
characteristics of the CHs in that region. Each node selects
the closest CH using the received signal power then
In FBCR method, the BS responsibilities include selecting
informs it; thus clusters are formed.
CHs in each region, determining the region of each node,
calculating the distance of each node to the center of its
3.2 Steady state phase
region, calculating the angle of each node to the BS, and
sending information to all nodes. After randomly dis-
In this phase, which begins after clustering, each CH
tributing the nodes in the network and dividing the network
dedicates time to each node according to the number of
into several regions, the BS determines the region of each
members by TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
node. The distance of each node from the center of its
method to send its data to the CH during the allocated time.
region is calculated and stored based on the Euclidean
Each node is only active at a specific time slot and inactive
distance given in Eq. (1).
at others to prevent energy consumption.
  qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
 2 2
ffi
Since the BS needs the residual energy of each node to
d i; CAj ¼ Xi  XCAj þðYi  YCAJ Þ ð1Þ
select CH in subsequent rounds, each node sends its
CAj = coordinate of each region center in the network, residual energy to CH at its last time slot. The received
i = coordinate of each node, j = region number information from the members is sent to the BS by the CHs
The number of CH, as an important topic in each region, after aggregation and compression, and at the last time slot,
was calculated based on Eq. (2). CH also transfers its own residual energy.
pffiffiffiffi  Given the importance of the energy consumption model
K ¼ floor N  randn ð2Þ
in WSNs and it is clear that information transfer consumes
considerable energy compared to other sensor tasks, Far-
K = number of CH (if K = 0 then repeat the equation).
ahzadi et al.’s model was used.
N = number of live nodes in each region.

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Fuzzy-based cluster routing in wireless sensor network 6155

Fig. 2 Fuzzy logic steps in CH

selection

Fig. 3 Membership functions for Fuzzy input variable. a ‘‘Node distance to the center of each region’’ and ‘‘Node angle to the BS’’. b ‘‘Residual
energy of the node’’

4 Simulation sensors in each execution, after 2000 executions, complete

data simulation has been obtained.
In this section, the proposed method (FBCR), Farahzadi,
MSCR and LEACH were simulated with MATLAB soft- 5.1 Network lifetime
ware to compare and evaluate their strengths and weak-
nesses. All nodes that are the same in processing and Network lifetime is defined as a number of rounds, and the
communicating, do not have GPS and are randomly dis- higher number, the longer lifetime. The simulation results
tributed. The parameters of the simulation environment are of the mentioned methods in terms of network lifetime are
given in Table 2. shown in Fig. 5.
Figure 5 indicates that the nodes run out of energy very
quickly in the LEACH protocol due to inattention to the
5 Discussion issue of energy and the lack of a specified system in CH
selection. Farahzadi method, which considers ‘‘residual
Due to the large number of different algorithms and energy of the node’’ and ‘‘node distance to the center of
methods in this field, newer algorithms similar to the each region’’, has improved by 100% compared to the
proposed algorithm are used in the MATLAB environment LEACH protocol. The MSCR method has a longer lifetime
for simulation and according to the considered evaluation than the previous two methods because the combination of
parameters (network lifetime, stability period, selection fuzzy logic with the shortest route selection. By choosing
and number of CH and average energy remaining) algo- better CH in FBCR method, the number of round has
rithms were checked. It should be noted that the panel of increased by 136%, 18%, and 8% compared to LEACH,
experts (mentioned earlier) was used in selecting the Farahzadi, and MSCR methods, respectively.
evaluation parameters.
The implementation method (simulation), features and 5.2 Network stability period
parameters of the sensor were done with the same condi-
tions and based on the table of simulation parameters Network stability is one of the important parameters of
(Table 2). Due to the randomness of the location of the WSNs, indicating the efficiency of the networks. Before
the first node dies (FND index), the network is operating in

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Table 1 Fuzzy rules and output priority its best possible condition without the slightest disruption.
Input variables Output
Figure 6 shows that the stability Period in the proposed
method is higher than others, and FND is 835, 710, 692,
Residual Node distance to the Node angle Priority of and 390, respectively, in FBCR, MSCR, Farahzadi, and
energy of the center of region to the BS selecting CH
node LEACH. This figure also shows first node dies (FND), half
node dead (HND), and last node dead (LND) for each
VL L L L method.
VL L M VL
VL L H VL 5.3 Selection and number of CHs
VL M L L
VL M M VL Because CH is responsible for transferring information to
VL M H VL the BS, consumes more energy than other nodes, so the
VL H L L number of CHs and their selection are important.
VL H M VL LEACH protocol uses a threshold equation for change
VL H H VL CHs; therefore, CH selection has a vague and random
L L L H mechanism. After zoning the network, Farahzadi et al.
L L M L selected CH in each region based on ‘‘residual energy of
L L H VL the node’’ and ‘‘node distance to the center of each region’’
L M L H using a threshold equation. MSCR method uses ‘‘residual
L M M M energy of the node’’ and ‘‘node distance to the BS’’ as two
L M H M input criteria to fuzzy logic in CH selection. In FBCR
L H L H method, after dividing the network into several regions,
L H M L CHs are selected using fuzzy logic of the three inputs lead
L H H L to a better distribution of CH throughout the network.
M L L H
M L M M 5.4 Mean network residual energy
M L H M
M M L M The mean residual energy per round, indicating the energy
M M M L consumption trend in WSNs, is shown in Fig. 7. As men-
M M H L
tioned in Table 1, the nodes mean energy was initially 0.5 J
M H L L
and the network activity process continues until remaining
M H M L
of 5 alive nodes. According to HND, which is obtained
from Fig. 6, the mean residual energy of the network for
M H H VL
FBCR, MSCR, Farahzadi, and LEACH, is 0.136 J, 0.152 J,
H L L VH
0.119 J, and 0.112 J, respectively.
H L M H
Generally, in the LEACH algorithm, the issue of nodes’
H L H H
energy is not considered in selecting the cluster head, it has
H M L H
more limitations in large networks and faces a challenge.
H M M M
In Farahzadi’s method: it uses the hierarchical method
H M H M
and the number of cluster heads is not based on the number
H H L H
of live nodes in each period.
H H M M
In the LEACH-ERE algorithm, it is only compared with
H H H L
the algorithm and it has the problem of the lack of scala-
VH L L VH
bility of the LEACH algorithm.
VH L M VH FHRP, according to the structure and design of this
VH L H H algorithm, the need to determine the HR period dynami-
VH M L H cally, which increases the load of control data, and quality
VH M M H assurance parameters are not considered.
VH M H M In the FSDGA algorithm, due to the selection of 2
VH H L M cluster heads and its steps and conditions, the computa-
VH H M L tional load of nodes and the number of control packets
VH H H L increases, which affects the performance of the network.

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Fuzzy-based cluster routing in wireless sensor network 6157

Fig. 6 Comparison of stability period

Fig. 4 Membership functions for Fuzzy output variable (Sood 2018;

Tartavulea et al. 2020; Aghda and Mirfakhraei 2020)

Table 2 Simulation parameters

Parameter Value

The size of the simulation environment (xm, yn) 100 9 100 m2

The number of nodes (N) 100
Base station location (BS) (50,175)
Initial energy 0.5 J
Energy data aggregation (EDA) 5 nJ/bit
Data packet length 6400 bit
Control packet length 200 bit
Round time (T) 20 s
Free space (efs) 10 pJ/bit/m2
Multi-path (emp) 0.0013 pJ/bit/m4

Fig. 7 Comparison of mean residual energy

fragmentation of the network and sending data to distant

areas by other nodes and increase energy consumption.

5.5 Limitations

Limitations of this study: 1- According to the conditions

and characteristics of these networks, the cost of sensors
and the conditions of sanctions of this technology, the
simulator has been used. 2- Considering several parameters
in choosing the cluster head 3- Network evaluation.
As you know, in most of the studies in these networks,
due to the expensiveness of sensors and other equipment,
the methods are first designed as simulations and compared
with similar algorithms until the advantages and disad-
vantages of the methods are obtained and the methods with
Fig. 5 Comparison of network lifetime
the lowest cost are improved and developed. Then be
MSCR algorithm, due to the selection of the path with analyzed in the real environment and its conditions. This is
the shortest number of hops, the points that exist in this one of the limitations of the study, which becomes more
path and are near the base station cause the creation of hot acute due to Iran sanctions conditions.
spots, which, if their energy is depleted, will lead to

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administration. wireless sensor networks: a survey. Inf Fusion 63:223–247
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Funding We have not received any funding support. data gathering approach for Ad hoc sensor networks. J Sci Ind
Res (JSIR) 79(05):391–394
Data availability Enquiries about data availability should be directed Sood P (2018) A fuzzy logic based clustering algorithm for WSN to
to the authors. extend the network lifetime. J Global Res Comput Sci
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Declarations in wireless sensor networks using fuzzy logic. Ad Hoc Netw
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Conflict of interest There is no conflict of interest related to the Tartavulea CV et al (2020) Online teaching practices and the
publication of this manuscript. effectiveness of the educational process in the wake of the
COVID-19 pandemic. Amfiteatru Econ 22(55):920–936
Ethical approval This study was supported by Shahid Sadoughi
University of Medical Sciences (Ethics Code: Publisher’s Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to
IR.SSU.SPH.REC.1399.146). jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds

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