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Compounds, Formulae, and Equations & Amount of Substance Notes

This document discusses key concepts in chemistry including balancing chemical equations, writing chemical equations, the four state symbols, ionic equations, the mole concept, empirical and molecular formulas, moles and gases, reacting amount calculations involving volumes and masses, hydrated salts and water of crystallization, and the ideal gas equation.

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yanny280906
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17 views

Compounds, Formulae, and Equations & Amount of Substance Notes

This document discusses key concepts in chemistry including balancing chemical equations, writing chemical equations, the four state symbols, ionic equations, the mole concept, empirical and molecular formulas, moles and gases, reacting amount calculations involving volumes and masses, hydrated salts and water of crystallization, and the ideal gas equation.

Uploaded by

yanny280906
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Balancing chemical equations

● The fact that we have to balance chemical equations comes from the law of
conservation of mass
● Visualising the atoms can help you to balance
● At a-level, fractions can be used as well as whole numbers, as this conveys the ratio of
moles needed

Writing chemical equations from supplied formula


● These sorts of questions test your knowledge of chemical formulae, ability to balance
equations, and understanding of state symbols

The four state symbols are:


★ Solids (s)
★ Liquids (l)
★ Gas (g)
★ Aqueous (aq)

Ionic equations
● When aqueous, elements are in their separate ion forms
● As solids, liquids, and gases, they are compounds, as in these forms they are insoluble
● Ions that appear on both sides of the equation are spectator ions and so can be
removed, as they have not changed
● If an equation shows only the non-spectator ions (only the species or particles actually
involved in the reaction, and so have changed), it is called an ionic equation

★ Substances that exist in the aqueous form are soluble ionic compounds (e.g NaCl,
KNO3 ..etc), and strong acids and bases (e.g: HCl, H2SO4, NaOH ..etc)
★ Substances that don’t exist as aqueous ions are insoluble ionic compounds (e.g:
CaCO3), transition metal hydroxide precipitates, and covalent compounds such as CO2

The Mole
The mole- the amount of any substance that contains the same
number of particles as there are carbon atoms in 12g of carbon-12

●
We use moles because the masses for atoms are very very big
numbers, so using the mole makes calculations less
complicated as it scales the numbers up to much shorter, easier numbers
● Avogadro’s number (NA)- number of atoms in a mole (6.02 x 10^23)
● So the number we see on the periodic table are the mass of 6.02 x 10^23
atoms of each element

The equation for moles is: Moles= Mass (g)/Relative mass


★ To work out the number of particles/atoms in a substance, times the number of moles by
avogadro’s number
★ To know avogadro’s number of a compound simply times the result by the sum of the
smallest ratio of atoms in the compound (i.e: for water, this number would be three)

Amount of a substance
Empirical and molecular formula
Empirical formula- the simplest whole number ratio for atoms of each
element in a compound
Molecular formula- the actual number of atoms of each element in a
compound

● The ratios refer to moles (i.e: CH2 consists of one mole of


carbon to 2 moles of hydrogen)

For an empirical formula calculation:


1. Put the elements into a columned table
2. Divide the masses by their Mr (giving you the number of moles present) or percentages
by 100
3. Divide all by the smallest answer
4. Round the answers you get where necessary, thus telling you the ratio of the elements
5. Write the compound based on the ratio

★ To go from the empirical to the molecular, divide the correct Mr


of the compound by the mass you have empirically, then times
all elements in the empirical compound by the number
produced.

● With empirical formula, until the ratio point, moles should be kept at least as long as 3sf

Moles and gases


● One mole of any gas at 100 KPa of pressure and 25 degrees celsius occupies a volume
of 24 dm3 (24 dm3 = 24000 cm3)
● 24 dm3 is known as molar gas volume

Volume (dm3)= number of moles x 24 dm3

Reacting Amount Calculations- Volumes of Gases


When working out the volume of gas produced:
● Identify the known (value given in question) and unknown (what they want you to find
out) in the balanced equation
● Calculate the moles of the known using the mole equation
● Deduce the moles of the unknown from the mole ratio (answer for the known adjusted
for the amount of moles in the unknown)
● Calculate the volume of the unknown using the molar gas volume equation
● Remember to adjust units for equations and what is asked for in the question (i.e: mass
should always be in grams)

Reacting amount calculations- Masses


● These calculations ask how much mass of a solid could be made from something and
vice versa
For these questions:
★ We identify the known and unknown substances in the balanced equation
★ We calculate the moles of the known (using the mole equation)
★ We deduce the moles of the unknown from the mole ratio
★ We calculate the mass of the unknown (using the rotated mole equation)

Hydrated salts and water of crystallisation


● When salt crystals form, you sometimes get loosely bonded water
molecules attached to them
● Salts in this condition are known as hydrated salts
● Because these water molecules are formed when the salt crystals
form, they are known as water of crystallization

Hydrated – a compound that contains water molecules


Anhydrous – a substance that contains no water molecules
Waters of crystallisation – water molecules that form an
essential part of the crystalline structure of a compound.

The empirical formula of the compound is separated from the


waters of crystallisation by a dot.

● At a level, the number in front of the water molecules is


always a whole number (if you get a decimal for them in
practicals, round up or down)
● To work out the amount of waters of crystallization based
on mass data, work out the difference in mass between
the reactant and the product (thus
giving you the mass of the water)then treat like empirical
formula

★ The second way of working out waters of crystallisation is


based on percentage composition data, so treat it like an
empirical formula question

To identify an unknown metal in a hydrated salt:


● Look at the charge of the non-metal part of the salt in order to
work out which group the metal is in
● Work out the difference in mass between the reactant and the product you are interested
in (this gives you the mass of the water)
● Then work out the moles of the other product
● Use your answer (adjust for mole difference between products) to work out the moles of
the salt containing the metal you are looking for
● Use the mass and moles for the metal salt to work out the Mr
● Then remove the Mr of the non-metal bit to get the Mr of the metal

To work out the number of water of crystallisation experimentally:


Heat a hydrated salt to remove the water
- Record mass of hydrated salt
- Record mass of anhydrous salt
- Record the difference in mass (water)

Ideal gas equation


● The ideal gas equation is used over the other as it is more accurate
● The equation is: pV= nRT

★ p= pressure in pascals (kPa= 1000 Pa, 1 atmosphere= 101 kPa, or in Nm^-2 (Newton
metres), with Nm^-2 = Pa)
★ v= volume in m^3 (a decimetre is 1/1000th of a cubic metre, and a centimetre is one
millionth of a cubic decimetre)
★ n= the number of moles
★ R= gas constant (8.314 Jk^-1 mol^-1)
★ T= temperature in kelvin (basically celsius plus 273)

An ideal gas:
● Has a random motion of particles
● Has completely elastic collisions between particles
● Has particles of a negligible size
● Has no intermolecular forces between particles

★ You can tell if a question is an ideal gas question if two or more of the factors in the gas
equation from one side are present

% Composition by mass
% by mass= (mass of element in 1 mole/ (Mr/Rfm)) x 100

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