20 Hydrocarbons

ENCOUNTER THE PHENOMENON

Write the Encounter the Phenomenon question for this module.
-

Use the “What I Know” column to list the things you know about the Encounter the Phenomenon
question. Then list the questions you have about the Encounter the Phenomenon question in the
“What I Want to Find Out” column. As you read the module, fill in the “What I Learned” column.

K W L
What I Know What I Want to Find Out What I Learned
1- Carbon nearly always shares 1- What are Hydrocarbons? 1- Hydrocarbons contain only the
its electrons and forms four elements carbon and hydrogen
covalent bonds. 2- How Petroleum formed ?
2- Carbon atoms bond to each
other by single, double, and triple
2- In organic compounds, carbon bonds.
atoms are bonded to hydrogen
atoms or atoms of other 3- fractional distillation, or
elements near carbon in the fractionation.
periodic table
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Science Notebook • Hydrocarbons

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Hydrocarbons
1 Introduction to Hydrocarbons
REVIEW Recall the definition of the Review Vocabulary term.
VOCABULARY a tiny organism, such as a bacterium or a protozoan,
microorganism
microorganism that cannot be seen without a microscope

NEW VOCABULARY Define each New Vocabulary term.

organic compound
organic compound carbon-containing compounds with the primary
exceptions of carbon oxides, carbides, and
hydrocarbon carbonates, which are considered inorganic.
saturated hydrocarbon
unsaturated hydrocarbon
hydrocarbon The simplest organic compounds (contain only the
elements carbon and hydrogen. )

fractional distillation
cracking saturated hydrocarbon A saturated hydrocarbon contains only single
bonds.

unsaturated hydrocarbon An unsaturated hydrocarbon contains at

least one double or triple bond.

fractional distillation process involves boiling the petroleum and

collecting components or fractions as they
condense at different temperatures.

cracking Heavier fractions are converted to lighter fractions like

gasoline by breaking their large molecules into smaller ones

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Science Notebook • Hydrocarbons

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 1 Introduction to Hydrocarbons (continued)
Explain the evolution of the contemporary understanding of the term
organic compound.

In the early nineteenth century, chemists referred to the variety of

carbon compounds produced by living things as organic compounds.

Using Dalton's theory, chemists were able to prepare many compounds;

But it is non-carbonaceous.

As for Wöhler’s experience in preparing urea, it was the spark that

launched a series of experiments, and urged other chemists to carry out a
series of similar experiments.

Today the term organic compound is applied to all carbon-

containing compounds with the primary exceptions of carbon
oxides, carbides, and carbonates, which are considered inorganic.

Get It? Explain why carbon forms many compounds.

Becuase it can form four covalent bonds ( it can bond to four other
elements ) which help it producing many compounds.

Label the web below with the correct name for each model of
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methane.

1. 2.
Models of Methane Structural formula
Molecular formula
H
—

CH4 H—C —H
CH4
—

Models H
of
3. Molecular Methane
formula 4.formula
Structural Ball-and-stick m
Space-filling model Ball-and-stick model
H Models of Methane
H
—

—C—H
—

CH4 H—C —H
—

H C22-105C-828378-08
H

Molecular formula Structural formula Ball-and-stick model Space-filling model

ural formula Ball-and-stick model Space-filling model
Science Notebook • Hydrocarbons
347
C22-105C-828378-08
1 Introduction to Hydrocarbons (continued)
Get It? Name two uses of methane or natural gas in your home or
community.

heating and cooking

Organize the outline below.

I. Ways that carbon atoms bond to each other

A. Single covalent bond

1. share one pair
One shared pair
2. also called saturated hydrocarbon
C C
B. Double covalent bond
1. share two pairs C C
2. also called Unsaturated hydrocarbon
Single covalent bond
C. Triple covalent bond
One shared pair
1. share three pairs Two shared pairs
C
UnsaturatedChydrocarbon
2. also called C C
C C
C C
Draw models of each carbon-carbon bond and label them appropriately.
Single covalent bond
Double covalent bond
Single Covalent Double Covalent
One shared pair Triple Covalent Bond
Bond Two Bond
shared pairs
Three shared pairs
C C C C
C C
C C C C C C

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Single covalent bond Double covalent bond Triple covalent bond

and = carbon electrons

Two shared pairs Three shared pairs = electron from another atom
Get It? CExplain
C the origin of the terms saturated hydrocarbons and
C C
unsaturated hydrocarbons.
C C
C C century, chemists experimented with hydrocarbons
In the nineteenth
Triple covalent
derived from animal fats and plant bond understanding of their
oils, lacking
Double covalent
structure. Through bond C22-119C-828378-08-A
a simple bromine test, they classified hydrocarbons:
some reacted minimally, some extensively, and others not at all. Those
and = carbon
reacting were termed unsaturated, whileelectrons
non-reactive ones were termed
Three shared pairs = electron from another atom
saturated.

C C
C C
Triple covalent bond C22-119C-828378-08-A

and = carbon electrons

Science
= electron fromNotebook • Hydrocarbons
another atom
348
 1 Introduction to Hydrocarbons (continued)
Identify natural sources of hydrocarbons by completing the following
statements.
fossil fuel
The main natural source of hydrocarbons is (petroleum) ,a
complex mixture containing more than a thousand different compounds .
Petroleum is more useful to humans when spreated into simpler
components , called fractions Separation is carried out by
fractional distillation

, a process called fractional distillation.

Sequence the process of fractional distillation.

3 Vapors travel up through the column.
1 Temperature is controlled to remain near 400° at the bottom of
the fractionating tower.
5 Hydrocarbons with fewer carbon atoms remain in the vapor
phase until they reach regions of cooler temperatures farther
up the column.
4 Hydrocarbons with more carbon atoms condense closer to the
bottom of the tower and are drawn off.
2 Petroleum boils and gradually moves toward the top.

Match the names of these two processes with their definitions.

1. fractional distillation 2. cracking
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Cracking is done to break the larger molecules of petroleum

components into smaller molecules.
Fractional distillation separates petroleum into simpler
components.

Get It? Infer What types of emissions must be controlled to protect

the environment?
We need to control emissions of two main types: volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) and greenhouse gases (GHGs).

Science Notebook • Hydrocarbons

349
1 Introduction to Hydrocarbons (continued)

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS

1. Identify three applications of hydrocarbons as a source of energy
and raw materials.
heating
cooking
fuel for cars

2. Name an organic compound and explain what an organic chemist studies.

1- Organic compound : Methane
2- Organic chemist studies the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds and organic
materials.

3. Identify what each of the four molecular models highlights about a molecule.

Molecular formula , Structural formula , Space-filling model , Ball-and-stick model , Dash-wedge

structure

4. Compare and contrast saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.

A saturated hydrocarbon contains only single bonds.

An unsaturated hydrocarbon contains at least one double or triple bond.

Both are hydrocarbons.

5. Describethe process of fractional distillation.

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This process involves boiling the petroleum and collecting components or fractions as they condense at
different temperatures.

6. InferSome shortening products are described as “hydrogenated vegetable oil,”

which are oils that reacted with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst. Form a
hypothesis to explain why hydrogen reacted with the oils.
Hydrogenation of vegetable oils involves adding hydrogen to unsaturated fats, creating a more stable
and solid product. This process aims to improve the oil's shelf life, prevent oxidation, and customize its
physical properties for various culinary uses, such as baking.

7. Interpret Data Refer to Figure 6. What property of hydrocarbon molecules

correlates to the viscosity of a particular fraction when it is cooled to room
temperature?
The viscosity of a hydrocarbon fraction at room temperature depends on the length and branching of its
hydrocarbon chains. Longer and less branched chains lead to higher viscosity, while shorter and more
Science Notebook • Hydrocarbons
branched chains result in lower viscosity.
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