VN Power Sector Reform Program

Thac Mo – July 2020 Site Visit Mission

Report
Asian Development Bank
Solicitation Number: ECC1266144

Report Version: DRAFT 0.2

Suntrace GmbH Vietnam Applied Technical Solar Energy Research

Co. Ltd (VATEC) Institute of Singapore (SERIS)
Grosse Elbstrasse 145c
60A Cau Be Street, Nha Trang National University of Singapore
22767 Hamburg City, 6 (NUS)
www.suntrace.de Khanh Hoa Province, Vietnam Block E3A, #06-01, 7 Engineering
Drive 1, Singapore 117574
www.vatec.vn
http://www.seris.nus.edu.sg/
 VN Power Sector Reform Program
Thac Mo – July 2020 Site Visit Mission Report
Report Version: DRAFT 0.2

Disclaimer
The Consultant has elaborated this report in good faith and in order to provide a comprehensive
documentation of the assessed data at its current status, based on the information available at the time of
the report.
The Consultant makes no warranty – implied or expressive – with respect to the accuracy, correctness,
completeness or appropriateness of any underlying third-party data used in this report nor (if applicable) to
any conclusions based on inaccurate, incorrect, incomplete or inappropriate data. Further, the Consultant
undertakes no duty to or accepts no responsibility vis-à-vis any third party (other than the lenders (including
any loan participants) of the winning bidder that may provide financing for the Project) who may rely on this
report.
All rights reserved. No section or element of this report may be removed, reproduced electronically stored
or transmitted in any form without written permission of the Consultant.
© Suntrace GmbH / Vietnam Applied Technical Co. Ltd (jointly the “Consultant”), 2020

V0.2 29.07.2020 Suntrace, 29.07.2020 RG, RS, MS DD/MM/JJJJ ADB

VATEC,
SERIS
V0.1 24.07.2020 Suntrace, 24.07.2020 RG, RS, MS DD/MM/JJJJ
VATEC,
SERIS
Version Date Authored Checked Approved

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Thac Mo – July 2020 Site Visit Mission Report
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Content
List of Tables ...................................................................................................................................... 5
List of Figures .................................................................................................................................... 6
1 Site visit conclusions on Fatal Flaw Analysis .................................................................. 7
1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 7
1.2 Updated Fatal Flaw Analysis ........................................................................................................ 8
1.3 Next Steps .................................................................................................................................. 10
2 Thac Mo Reservoir, 200 MW – Binh Phuoc Province ..................................................... 12
2.1 Project Location .......................................................................................................................... 12
2.2 General Information on Project Area .......................................................................................... 14
2.3 Natural Conditions of Project Area ............................................................................................. 16
2.4 Geological Conditions of Project Site ......................................................................................... 17
2.5 Hydrological Conditions of Project Site....................................................................................... 17
2.5.1 Other Site Conditions.................................................................................................................. 19
2.6 Solar Radiation, Climate and Energy Yield................................................................................. 19
2.7 Project Site ................................................................................................................................. 23
2.8 Power Grid .................................................................................................................................. 24
2.8.1 FPV Power Plant ........................................................................................................................ 24
2.8.2 Details of Hydropower Plant ....................................................................................................... 25
2.8.3 Grid Access, Substation Location, Power Availability................................................................. 27
2.8.4 Transmission Line Route ............................................................................................................ 30
2.9 Substation ................................................................................................................................... 32
2.10 Initial Environment Impact Assessment ...................................................................................... 33
2.10.1 Project Area of Influence ............................................................................................................ 33
2.10.2 Baseline Receptor Information ................................................................................................... 34
2.10.3 Site Assessment ......................................................................................................................... 34
2.11 Initial Social Impact Assessment ................................................................................................ 39
2.11.1 Administrative area and population ............................................................................................ 39
2.11.2 Settlement structure.................................................................................................................... 39
2.11.3 Land use and land availability..................................................................................................... 39
2.11.4 Livelihoods .................................................................................................................................. 39
2.11.5 Reservoir lake use ...................................................................................................................... 39
2.11.6 Cultural heritage ......................................................................................................................... 39
2.12 Cost Estimate and Economic & Financial Initial Analysis ........................................................... 41
2.12.1 Capex ......................................................................................................................................... 41

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2.12.2 Opex ........................................................................................................................................... 43

2.12.3 Financial assumptions ................................................................................................................ 44
3 References ......................................................................................................................... 45
Annex 1: Meeting Schedule and Minutes of Meeting ................................................................... 46
A1.1 Mission Schedule .............................................................................................................................. 46
A1.2 Meetings with relevant authorities Binh Phuoc Authorities – Thac Mo Reservoir ............................. 48
Annex 2: Methodology .................................................................................................................... 49
A2.1 Field Survey ...................................................................................................................................... 49
A2.2 Fatal Flaw Analysis ........................................................................................................................... 50
Annex 3: Technical Site Visit Checklist ......................................................................................... 51
Annex 4: E&S Site Visit Checklist .................................................................................................. 52
Annex 5: Fatal Flaw Analysis Matrix .............................................................................................. 53
Annex 6: PV syst report of Thac Mo FPV system ......................................................................... 54
Annex 7: Water Level Measurement provided by Thac Mo HPP ................................................. 55
Annex 8: Design details of the transmission line ......................................................................... 56
Annex 9: Illustrations of similar FPV projects .............................................................................. 59

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List of Tables
Table 1: Fatal Flaw findings for Thac Mo reservoir ...................................................................................... 8
Table 2. Coordinates of the proposed site ................................................................................................. 12
Table 3: Main features of the reservoir ...................................................................................................... 17
Table 4: Annual average GHI at Thac Mo ................................................................................................. 19
Table 5: PVsyst input parameters used in ADB’s initial site selection study and in SERIS simulation, as well
as key output parameters .......................................................................................................................... 22
Table 6: PV syst simulation results for 167 MWp AC FPV system located at Thac-Mo reservoir ............. 23
Table 7: Hydropower Plant Facilities ......................................................................................................... 25
Table 8. General geographical reservoir details considered in environmental analysis ............................ 35
Table 9: Sensitive Natural and Human Receptors - Thac Mo ................................................................... 37
Table 10: CAPEX assumptions and resulting Tariffs ................................................................................. 41
Table 11: Detailed CAPEX assumptions in USD/Wp ................................................................................ 42
Table 12: Cost Ranges for anchoring and mooring ................................................................................... 42
Table 13: Financial Assumptions ............................................................................................................... 44
Table 14: Mission Schedule (meeting with authorities and field surveys) ................................................. 46

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List of Figures
Figure 1. Thac Mo FPV location in comparison with reservoir extension .................................................. 12
Figure 2. Region extension showing location of proposed FPV, reservoir extension and nearby operative
substations ................................................................................................................................................. 13
Figure 3: Surrounding Terrain .................................................................................................................... 16
Figure 4: Reservoir surface for expected FPV ........................................................................................... 18
Figure 5: Correlation between water levels and surface area F=f(Z) of Thac Mo Reservoir (ADB, 2020) 18
Figure 6: TMY for GHI and Air Temperature at Thac Mo .......................................................................... 20
Figure 7: Near Dam Area (photo 1) ........................................................................................................... 26
Figure 8: Near Dam Area (photo 2) ........................................................................................................... 26
Figure 9: Proposed location for 220 kV substation .................................................................................... 27
Figure 10. Proposed location to be revised and assessed in further studies ............................................ 28
Figure 11: Proposed location for 220 kV substation .................................................................................. 29
Figure 12: Area around proposed substation showing settlements ........................................................... 29
Figure 13: Area around expected substation II .......................................................................................... 30
Figure 14: Security and sanitary protection zone of transmission line....................................................... 31
Figure 15. Overview of new transmission line proposed to connect the FPV SS with Phuoc Long SS .... 31
Figure 16: 110 kV Phuoc Long Substation ................................................................................................ 33
Figure 17: IBAT Screening ........................................................................................................................ 36
Figure 18: Sensitivity analysis for tariffs regarding different anchoring and mooring assumptions ........... 43
Figure 19. Overview of selection process via Fatal Flaw Analysis ............................................................ 50
Figure 20.Example of typical tension tower required by national regulation .............................................. 56
Figure 21. Example of typical suspension tower required by national regulation ...................................... 57
Figure 22. Example of foundation distribution and requirements as per national regulation ..................... 58
Figure 23. Typical FPV island disposition .................................................................................................. 59
Figure 24.Cable coming to shore in a typical FPV system (using floats)................................................... 59
Figure 25. Typical O&M walkways from shore to FPV .............................................................................. 60

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1 Site visit conclusions on Fatal Flaw Analysis

1.1 Introduction
MOIT and ADB have concluded to focus the site selection on three candidate sites for the pilot auction at
EVN operated Hydro Power reservoirs, namely Tri An, Dai Ninh and Thac Mo reservoirs.
Following this conclusion, a mission to visit the three reservoirs, validate the pre-selected locations for the
Floating PV plants was scheduled to obtain further data and information. The objective was to update the
Fatal Flaw Analysis and evaluate the suitability of the three sites and allow and informed decision to select
the preferred site for the FPV pilot auction project.
ADB has organized this mission to meet the different PPC Provincial Peoples Committees in each province
responsible for each of the reservoirs and obtain the interest by the PPC to support the FPV project. Further
to the political agenda, the team of national technical experts (International experts could not travel due to
Covid-19 travel restrictions in force at that time) was mobilized in parallel to conduct site visits and obtain
data and information on the ground to improve the analysis of the suitability of the reservoir and the site
related aspects. This should include to verify if the pre-selected location for the FPV project and the grid
connection is also feasible from the PPC and HPP perspective.
The mission was conducted in two parallel groups (please see section 2 for the mission schedule):
• The main group conducted the mission from July 15-17, 2020, with participants from EREA, EVN,
ADB and Technical Consultant, focusing on meeting the PPC of each related Province for the
proposed FPV location and obtain the political support for the project. This team was accompanied
by Mr. Sy from the Technical Team
• The technical team conducted the mission from July 15-22, comprising of the Technical and E&S
national experts, was focusing on visiting the reservoir, the local commune and the respective HPP
company to obtain their views and guidance on the FPV location and capacity.
This report is dedicated to the results of the site visit related to Thac Mo reservoir only. The information and
conclusions obtained are described in more detail in this report in the following sections. The main
conclusions are included in the updated Fatal Flaw analysis shown in the subsequent section.
It is has been unresolved since 2019 which authority is responsible for the rights of water use: before Binh
Phuoc PPC gives the right of use to FPV project, MOIT shall provide a clear guidance in legal
documentation.
Furthermore, the Thac Mo HPP has also plans to develop up to 1,200 MWp FPV, therefore the viability of
the right of use of the water surface and shoreline need to be discussed with Thac Mo HPP company and
EVN.
Confirmation of EVN is required on the suitability of connecting the FPVPP, the guarantee of timely
implementation of the 220kV Phuoc Long substation and the matter of capacity.

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1.2 Updated Fatal Flaw Analysis

Table 1: Fatal Flaw findings for Thac Mo reservoir

Main Findings of Fatal Flaw Analysis

Site Area and Layout The terrain and water surface show no red flags. The available surrounding
area and water surface area are sufficient to accommodate 50 – 200 MW
FPV, substation and TL.
Reservoir Surface
The consultant allocates two conglomerates of 100 MW each for further
analysis. Once bathymetry and topography studies are made available, and
all stakeholders are consulted, the placement of the FPV platform need to
be reviewed to ensure the level changes of the reservoir, as well as the
potential emergence of islets are considered, and other uses of the water
surface (e.g. fishing, local boats, etc) are not impacted.
It is unclear which authority is responsible for the rights of water use
unresolved since 2019: before Binh Phuoc PPC gives the right of use to
FPV project, MOIT shall provide a clear guidance in legal documentation.
Furthermore, Thac Mo HPP also has plans to develop FPV up to 1,200
MWp.
Onshore
Although technically feasible, the location of the Substation and TL shall be
agreed with PPC and HPP Co.

Topography The reservoir can be classified as a gorge-type reservoir with relevant slope
and perennials crop surrounded by hills are noticeable around the lake
area. A further technical design shall consider shoreline areas where the
slope is relatively flat or propose solutions to surpass this issue.

Geology Overall, the known geological data shows no red flags. Although geological
studies exist, these are not disclosed yet as they are classified by HPP. The
surrounding area shows no issues. The initial natural disaster check shows
high risk of cyclones and wildfire, and medium risk of urban flood and
extreme heat. A more detailed geological analysis and further risk
assessment shall be done in the future steps.

Hydrology Overall, the known hydrological data shows no red flags. The bathymetry
information of the reservoir is not yet available, as it is marked as classified
by the HPP company, although requested through EVN. The HPP has
provided monthly water level measurements of the Thac Mo reservoir from
1995 to 2020.

Solar Resource / Overall, conditions show to be promising, yet high probability for cloud
Meterological coverage and amplified winds necessitate further, more in-depth analysis
of on-site climatological conditions. Annual GHI is expected to average at
1,914 kWh/m2. The given best estimate represents the so-called P50-value
and is therefore to be seen as conservative. The initial simulation of the 200
MW FPVPP performance show around 322,351 MWh/year of produced
energy with a performance ratio of 82.21%.

Infrastructure / The available infrastructure data shows no red flags. Access road to the
Interconnection reservoir is convenient which is also accessible to the proposed FPV
location. The site is secure, and telecommunication is good as per site visit.
Specific details will be prepared after site location is specified.

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Main Findings of Fatal Flaw Analysis

Grid Access / HV New substation for FPV is required on the shoreline next to the FPV to step-
transmission line up voltage to 220kV. From the available documentation and information
gathered during site visit, the ROW and the location of the substation is the
main concern. No conclusions can be given on final location as further
investigations are needed.
A 19.8 km 220kV single circuit of new transmission line up to grid
connection point (220kV busbar of upcoming Phuoc Long Substation) is
required.
Grid congestion seems not to be a problem and evacuation highly possible
as the substation will have spare capacity and can be expanded further.

Substation (SS) From the preliminary analysis, it is assumed that 110kV grid will be
undersized to evacuate power from FPV substation. Hence it is decided to
connect the FPV to 220kV grid. After the site visit and expansion plan study,
it is clear that Phuoc Long will be upgraded/expanded to include 220kV grid
and is expected to be in operation in 2023. The risk of delay in completion
of this substation shall be taken into account as there are currently no other
alternatives for grid connection.

Environmental Aspects The site studies show that there is no habitat of significant conservation
value around the FPV site. The area around the shoreline however, is
designated as a protection forest.
Additionally, Duc Hanh commune will be affected by land infrastructure
related to the project and the proposed TL intersects agricultural land.

Social Aspects There are neither settlements close to the intake reservoir, nor settlements
on site the FPV land area. Livelihoods are land-based, consisting mainly of
farming of commercial crops like pepper and cashew, of orchards with fruit
trees, rubber and timber trees. There are several small cashew processing
plants around the reservoir. Proposed transmission line transects pepper,
cashew and vegetable plantations, acacia forest and will affect a rubber
plantation in the substation area. Approx. 50% of the residents have no
official land-use certificates, following a history of significant in-migration
from other provinces during Thac Mo HPP construction.
There is plantation farming along the proposed transmission line and in the
substation location. According to the site visit assessment, the project will
not lead to physical displacement of people, but land acquisition may
become critical: Cultivated crops and trees are commercial and of high-
value, and if all agriculture land is already under cultivation, land acquisition
will lead to loss of livelihoods, i.e. economic displacement. Land around the
reservoir is classified as protection forest and agriculture land.

Financial Aspects For initial calculations, Capex assumptions are derived from the ADB’s
initial site selection study and existing data from comparable ground-
mounted and floating solar projects in the region. Unclarity of design and
costs of anchoring and mooring exists, as bathymetry results are not
available. To take the cost ranges into account, different scenarios for
anchoring and mooring costs (low, medium, high) were calculated, resulting
in a tariff range between 54.00 and 55.90 USD/MWh. For the Opex
assumptions, conservative O&M costs have been assumed Financial
assumptions consider an expected IRR of 8% and debt cost of 5%, with a
15-year tenor including 1-year grace period. The assumptions are highly
indicative at this stage and need to be validated.

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1.3 Next Steps

Capacity: Capacity of the FPVPP of 200 MW to be confirmed by MOIT (sizing is
to be confirmed based on the available reservoir surface by TA).
Location: The distribution of FPV platforms on the reservoir is indicative, as it
requires in depth analysis of the bathymetry and topography with
anchoring and mooring concepts, as well consultation with
stakeholders. The potential emergence of islets has to be considered,
therefore the FPV islands could be sub-divided as per the design
requirement.
Thac Mo HPP is planning to develop 1200MW FPV itself, and this
might conflict with the pilot FPV capacity. To be clarified with EVN &
MOIT whether the pilot would be given priority.
Shoreline access & Water Use: The viability of the right of use of the water surface and shoreline shall
be discussed with PPC, Thac Mo HPP company and EVN.
Geology & Topography A more detailed geological analysis and further risk assessment
needs to be done. If possible, data from the HPP should be obtained,
which might require support from EVN/MOIT.
Additional information regarding the reservoir depth and bathymetry
will be important to analyse the anchoring & mooring concept for the
FPV islands
Solar Radiation Given the high uncertainty of satellite-based data an advanced solar
resource assessment is suggested, that considers multiple sources.
Such analysis will allow more representative and more reliable
estimates.
Grid Connection: It is required to check and confirm the upgradation and expansion of
Phuoc Long substation to include 220kV grid which is expected to be
in operation in 2023. After this, grid congestion seems not to be a
problem and evacuation highly possible as the substation will have
spare capacity and can be expanded further. Technical suitability has
to be confirmed by EVN regarding the acceptable technical solution,
the assumptions taken for this approach and the future capacity
planning for the VN electric network1
Substation It is recommended to obtain further guidance from EVN regarding the
requirements to correctly design the connecting transmission line to
the FPV plant. Further, a grid impact assessment shall be carried out
to highlight any potential adverse impact. Confirmation of MoIT and
no-objection of EVN is required on the suitability of connecting the
FPVPP, the guarantee of timely implementation of the 220kV Phuoc
Long and the matter of capacity
Pre-FS: Impact on the Pre-FS to be determined by TA (VATEC)
E&S Analysis of E&S will be performed mainly in parallel to Pre-FS as E&S
related content for Pre-FS is rather brief. As area around shoreline is
classified as protection forest, further investigation is required to
identify any habitats of high conservation value. Also, land use
requirements such as permitting for forest clearances needs to be
further investigated. Additionally, considerations to adjust the siting of
the land infrastructure to avoid natural and human receptors will be

1
The Consultant aims to obtain more details on the grid connection from the national team of VATEC in cooperation
with Mr. Tach which shall enable to inquire the acceptance from MOIT through ADB.

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made. Land availability for new allocation of farm and forestry land is
a critical issue that needs to be clarified.
Financial Assessment Due to uncertainties posed by FPV location, unclarity of cost for the
grid connection point to the transmission line exists and requires
further analysis. Also the financing assumptions are to be assessed.

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2 Thac Mo Reservoir, 200 MW – Binh Phuoc Province

2.1 Project Location

The site selected for the Floating Photovoltaic (FPV) Power Plant (PP) is located in the central portion of
the Thac Mo reservoir. Estimated coordinates are shown in Table 2. The final location shall be fixed at a
later state of the process.
The location of the site in comparison to the extension of the reservoir is shown in Figure 1.The nearest
relevant electrical grid substations are shown in Figure 2.

Table 2. Coordinates of the proposed site

Latitude Longitude Elevation

11.844463° N 107.059836° E 217 m a.m.s.l.

Figure 1. Thac Mo FPV location in comparison with reservoir extension

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Figure 2. Region extension showing location of proposed FPV, reservoir extension and nearby operative substations

Summary:
Overall, the selected location shows no red flags. The placing of the FPV platforms is generally considered
feasible within the reservoir at the desired location, however the detailed location of platforms requires
further analysis. Access to the site and civil infrastructure (roads, access and settlements) and electrical
infrastructure (substations and transmission lines) to interact with the FPVPP are identified and appear
suitable.

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2.2 General Information on Project Area

In the image above, each box represents 200m x 200m (0.04km²) which is equivalent to ~ 5 - 6 MWp DC
capacity per block depending upon the detail design. In total, allocated area of 160ha water surface. The
layouts are also placed with consideration with shoreline and between each island, having a buffer-zone of
approximately 50-100m to accommodate island movement and operation and movement.
Further illustrations of the FPV and related structures in Figure 23, Figure 24 and Figure 25.
It is important to note that there are several small submerged islands which might emerge during drought
season (as we observe in the image captured in 2020), therefore the FPV islands could be sub-divided as
per the design requirement. Such arrangement might add up the cost of additional power cables from one
island to another.
It is has been unresolved since 2019 which authority is responsible for the rights of water use: before Binh
Phuoc PPC gives the right of use to FPV project, MOIT shall provide a clear guidance in legal
documentation.
Furthermore, the Thac Mo HPP has also plans to develop up to 1200 MWp FPV, therefore the viability of
the right of use of the water surface and shoreline shall be discussed with Thac Mo HPP company and
EVN.
Summary:
The terrain and water surface show no red flags. The available surrounding area and water surface area
are sufficient to accommodate 50 – 200 MW FPV, substation and TL.
Reservoir Surface
The consultant allocates two conglomerates of 100 MW each for further analysis. Once bathymetry and
topography studies are made available, and all stakeholders are consulted, the placement of the FPV
platform need to be reviewed to ensure the level changes of the reservoir, as well as the potential
emergence of islets are considered, and other uses of the water surface (e.g. fishing, local boats, etc) are
not impacted.
It is unclear which authority is responsible for the rights of water use unresolved since 2019: before Binh
Phuoc PPC gives the right of use to FPV project, MOIT shall provide a clear guidance in legal
documentation. Furthermore, Thac Mo HPP also has plans to develop FPV up to 1,200 MWp.
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Onshore
Although technically feasible, the location of the Substation and TL shall be agreed with PPC and HPP
Co.

2.3 Natural Conditions of Project Area

The reservoir can be classified as a gorge-type reservoir with relevant slope, therefore a further technical
design shall consider shoreline areas where the slope is relatively flat or propose solutions to surpass this
issue.

Figure 3: Surrounding Terrain

Based on the site survey, perennials crop surrounded by hills are noticeable around the lake area. No
noticeable use of the land was detected during the visit, but this has to be confirmed in a further study.

Summary:
The reservoir can be classified as a gorge-type reservoir with relevant slope and perennials crop
surrounded by hills are noticeable around the lake area. A further technical design shall consider shoreline
areas where the slope is relatively flat or propose solutions to surpass this issue.

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2.4 Geological Conditions of Project Site

Geotechnical and geological data of the reservoir exists, however, it could not be collected yet, as this
information is a confidential document of Thac Mo HPP.
The preliminary field survey found that the surrounding reservoir’s areas are neither muddy, steep, nor
otherwise noteworthy. Yet the reservoir has a slope terrain, so it is difficult to install FPV panels. The soil is
basalt red.
The Initial natural disaster assertion on the Phuoc Long Town, Binh Phuoc province shows a high risk of
cyclone and wildfire which could affect the future FPVPP and thus would need to be considered in the risk
analysis. There is a medium risk of urban flood and extreme heat. Low and very low risk is identified
regarding coastal and river flood, earthquakes, volcanos and water scarcity. No data is available regarding
landslides and tsunamis (Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery 2020)
For the region surrounding Thac Mo, the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (2011) reports
that earthquake intensity of degree I-V as per the Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) Scale and Tropical storm
intensity of category 1: 118-153 km/h (closer to cat 2) as per Safir-Simpson scale.

Summary:
Overall, the known geological data shows no red flags. Although geological studies exist, these are not
disclosed yet as they are classified by HPP. The surrounding area shows no issues. The initial natural
disaster check shows high risk of cyclones and wildfire, and medium risk of urban flood and extreme heat.
A more detailed geological analysis and further risk assessment shall be done in the future steps.

2.5 Hydrological Conditions of Project Site

At first glance, 1.7% of the water surface area is to be occupied by the 200 MW FPV (ca. 160 ha). The
reservoir has an approximate of 9,295 ha of water surface area at 218 m normal water level.
Table 3: Main features of the reservoir

Main Features of Reservoir

Catchment Area 2,200 km³

Normal water level (NWL) +218 m

Design water level 219.7 m

Dead water level 198 m

Corresponding surface area 110 km²

Overflow water level 207 m

Surface area at NWL 109 km²

Total storage capacity 1,360 x 106 m³

Active storage capacity 1,250 x 106 m³

Average depth 25 m

Driest depth 10 m

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The water level of Thac Mo hydroelectric lake is not allowed below the dead water level (<+ 198m).
The water is sampled and tested 2 times / year.
The following figures show excerpts of the surface of the reservoir.

Figure 4: Reservoir surface for expected FPV

The correlation between water levels and surface area is shown in the figure below. More detailed water
level measurements for the Thac Mo reservoir were provided by the HPP (see annex 7).

Figure 5: Correlation between water levels and surface area F=f(Z) of Thac Mo Reservoir (ADB, 2020)

Bathymetry data on the reservoir exists, however it could not be collected yet, as this information is a
confidential document of Thac Mo HPP.
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2.5.1 Other Site Conditions

As further discussed in section 2.6, the monthly average temperature remains high over the year is, varying
from 25 °C to 27 °C. While daily averaged maximum temperatures may reach 30 °C, minimum daily
averages barely touch 23 °C. Relative humidity is high during the whole year with values above 70%. The
rainiest days are between May and October. Given Vietnam’s exposure to the monsoon and the water
body’s size, severe weather conditions must be considered. For more detail, see the discussion in section
2.6.

Summary:
Overall, the known hydrological data shows no red flags. The bathymetry information of the reservoir is not
yet available, as it is marked as classified by the HPP company, although requested through EVN. The
HPP has provided monthly water level measurements of the Thac Mo reservoir from 1995 to 2020.

2.6 Solar Radiation, Climate and Energy Yield

Initial Solar Resource Assessment
Solar irradiance is the predominant driver for energy yield, climatic conditions have great impact on the
module’s efficiency. When considering floating PV systems, the assessment of such climatic conditions
becomes enhanced due to the system’s exposure to wave motion. For the foreseen location of Thac Mo,
the water body’s diameter reaches more than 16 km. Such vast open surfaces in combination with the
amplified atmospheric movement, induced by the bodies cooling, promote the necessity of considering
climatic conditions.
Previous, preliminary investigations as provided in ADB’s initial site selection study 2 already show the Thac
Mo’s high potential for solar resource: With an annual Global Horizontal Irradiation (GHI)3 of approx. 1,896
kWh/m2, conditions are promising. The stated annual solar resource is derived from the Global Solar Atlas
solely.
To provide more representative data, we access at initial phase all freely available sources for spaceborne
data. Considered sources were PVGIS-SARAH, Solargis, ThreeTier and Meteonorm. Individual findings
are listed in the Table 4 below. Deriving the solar resource from all four data sources, estimates are slightly
above the initial estimate: The best estimate (P50 value) is found to be 1,914 kWh/m2..
For more information, please refer to the provided ISRA for Thac Mo. Based on such multi-source
assessments and multi-annual datasets, typical meteorological years (TMY) are computed based on the
so-called best estimate or P50-value. The provided TMY is used for further energy yield assessments
(EYA).
Table 4: Annual average GHI at Thac Mo

SolarGis PVGIS-SARAH Meteonorm ThreeTier Best Estimate (P50)

1901 kWh/m2 * 1945 kWh/m2 1857 kWh/m2 1962 kWh/m2 1914 kWh/m2

* Note: Our investigations of SolarGis data showed an annual GHI value that does not correspond to the
initial report.
Even though our findings also consider data of hourly time resolution, the overall uncertainty remains high
(5.2 %). The single year uncertainty i.e. the uncertainty associated with the estimation of incoming solar

2
ADB’s initial site selection study, Proposing and selection of the floating solar photovoltaic sites in Vietnam – Draft
version from the 14 July 2020
3
GHI describes the total incoming irradiance (both direct and scattered light), incident to a horizontal plane.

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radiation for a single year is slightly higher at 6.4 %. To further reduce the uncertainty, such data is to be
adapted to ground-based measurements. Since public ground stations (e.g. ESMAP program) are not near
enough to the project site, no ground measurements can be taken into account4. In a next step, the
procurement of high-resolution data is recommended. Eventually, a ground-based solar measurement
campaign may support further reduction of the uncertainty.
Figure 6 shows the course of irradiance at Thac Mo throughout the year. Lighter colours show minimum
and maximum daily averages. While GHI and shows to be high throughout the year, daily averages show
high fluctuations. Such strong fluctuations are driven by climatic conditions at the project site.

Figure 6: TMY for GHI and Air Temperature at Thac Mo

At Thac Mo, cloud coverage may cause daily average GHI to drop below 50 W/m2. Maximum daily GHI
exceed 300 W/m2. Throughout the year, GHI deviates by 6.4 %.
Similar to shading induced by clouds, the site’s adjacent terrain may cause shading especially during
morning and evening hours. Especially westwards as seen from the lake, the mountain Nha gà B reaches

4
Source: Meteonorm data. Nearest ground-based station is Ho-Chi-Minh in 122 km distance.

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approx. 720 m.a.s.l., which is approx. 500 m higher than reservoir level. Accordingly, shading especially
during evening hours must be assessed in an extended shading analysis.
For months May and August until October, the region experiences on average more than 200 mm of
precipitation a month. During June and July, precipitation slightly deceases but still remains high above 160
mm. When considering days of rainfall, this means more than 10 days a month during the rainy season
experience on average rainfall and consequent overcast conditions. Thus, cloud-coverage is expected to
be high for the given region. Given the locations longitude, astronomical daily sunshine duration remains
above 10 hours throughout the year. However, due to high percentage of overcast, direct sunshine duration
drops down to 4 hours during the rainy season.
Initial Energy Yield Assessment (for 200 MWp – 167 MWAC)
SERIS performed the PV syst simulation of the 200 MWp DC (167 MWp AC) FPV system at Thac-Mo
reservoir. Few of the input parameters, such as specifications of the PV panel, inverter, AC/DC sizing, etc.
are kept same as the ones used in ADB’s initial site selection study to maintain consistency. These
specifications are by no means fixed and just considered as examples of the equipment selection. During
the bidding process the bidder can consider any suitable equipment available to optimise their calculations.
Few other parameters, for example, pitch module orientation, etc. are used as typical in FPV systems. The
parameters are summarised in the table below. In current simulation, we used Meteonorm 7.2 (1991-2010),
Sat=100% - Synthetic input data, which is the standard database available in the PVsyst and aligns with
the one used typically in industry.

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Table 5: PVsyst input parameters used in ADB’s initial site selection study and in SERIS simulation, as well as key output
parameters

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Table 6: PV syst simulation results for 167 MWp AC FPV system located at Thac-Mo reservoir

The simulation results show ~ 322,351 MWh/year of produced energy with performance ratio of ~ 82.21%.
This value is in similar range to the values reported in ADB’s initial site selection study. A detailed PV syst
report can be found in Annex 6: PV syst report of Thac Mo FPV system.

Summary:
Overall, conditions show to be promising, yet high probability for cloud coverage and amplified winds
necessitate further, more in-depth analysis of on-site climatological conditions. Annual GHI is expected to
average at 1,914 kWh/m2. The given best estimate represents the so-called P50-value and is therefore to
be seen as conservative. The initial simulation of the 200 MW FPVPP performance show around 322,351
MWh/year of produced energy with a performance ratio of 82.21%.

2.7 Project Site

The road access up to the proposed FPV site is adequate. It is an asphalt road with a width of 3.5 m. The
site access up the shore requires civil works and reinforcements. The ease of access to the shore changes
with water level variations.
A mobile network exists in the reservoir area allowing for data access.

Summary:
The available infrastructure data shows no red flags. Access road to the reservoir is convenient which is
also accessible to the proposed FPV location. The site is secure, and telecommunication is good as per
site visit. Specific details will be prepared after site location is specified.

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2.8 Power Grid

2.8.1 FPV Power Plant

From the initial analysis, there are four AC 185 transmission lines connecting the Thac Mo 110 kV
substation to the regional grid, including:
- Bu Dang 110 kV substation;
- Loc Ninh 110 kV substation –Binh Long 220/110 kV substation;
- Binh Long 220/110 kV substation;
- Phuoc Long 110 kV substation; and
The 110 kV grid has limited transmission capacity. The AC 185 - 110 kV transmission lines are capable of
loading up to 95 MVA at 20C. As the temperature increases, the load carrying capacity decreases. The
total capacity transmitted through the lines to the power plant substation is full already and when the 50
MWp ground mounted solar project (which was submitted for inclusion in the PDP) is put into operation,
the transmission lines will be overloaded.
Preliminary calculations indicate a high possibility of overload for the 110kV power grid when the floating
solar power plant is installed, therefore it should be connected to the 220kV (or 500kV) grid.
The possible options of connecting the Floating PV plant are:
a. Connecting to the existing 220kV Binh Long - Tay Ninh transmission lines through Loop-in/Loop-
out (LiLo) connection
b. Connecting to 220kV busbar in the upcoming Phuoc Long 220/110kV substation which is 13km
away
c. Connecting to 220kV bus bar in Binh Long substation
Binh Long - Tay Ninh 220kV transmission line has been developed to enable the transmission of full
capacity at Binh Long 220kV substation (which receives capacity from power plants in the Central Highlands
and Binh Phuoc province) to the Southern power system; to prevent the overload of Binh Long - Ben Cat -
My Phuoc 220kV transmission line and the Cu Chi - Trang Bang 220kV transmission line. It should be noted
that connecting the FPV directly to the Binh Long - Tay Ninh transmission lines might increase the risk of
disruption of the transmission line due to overloading. Hence this option was eliminated.
The Binh Long substation, from dektop research, appears to be 53 km away from the FPV. It is therefore
discarded as an option in this study5.
For increased investment efficiency, and also reflecting EVN's updates on the status of the regional 220kV
power grid and the investment plan of Phuoc Long 220/110kV substation development, which is scheduled
to be put into operation by 2023, it is recommended to connect the floating solar power plant to the Phuoc
Long 220 kV substation developed by EVN, with a connecting distance of about 19.8 km.

5
Confirmation required by VATEC

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2.8.2 Details of Hydropower Plant

The Thac Mo Dam, located in Phuoc Long district and Binh Phuoc province, was constructed from 1991 to
1995 with the purpose of power generation and water supply for downstream. The main project facilities
are shown in Table 7.
Table 7: Hydropower Plant Facilities

Project Facilities

Main Dam Mixture of Earth and Rock

Maximum height (Hmax) 46 m

Crest Length (L) 460 m

Seven Sub Dams Earth, uniform

Maximum height (Hmax) 47 m

Crest Length (L) 905 m

Spillway Concrete

Discharge over with gate 4 bays x (11 x 11 m)

Q 3,920 m³/s

Power House N = 150 MW, E0 = 610 x 106 kWh

Maximum Discharge 186 m3/s

Rated water head 90 m

Max 106 m
Min 83.4 m

Turbine 2 x Francis units PO 115-B-325

Main Quantity of Works

Earth (exc. + fill) 10,087 x 10³ m³

Rock (exc. + fill) 1,250 x 10³ m³

Concrete 52,500 m³

Grounting 1,300 ml

Generating Equipment 2.960 T

Hydro-Mechanical Equipment 2.262 T

In total, 1,300 ha agricultural land had to be submerged and 479 households were affected. The operating
regime of the HPP depends on the water level. When the water level is at dead level, the HPP does not
generate electricity. The demand for the electricity system is run by the dispatch center A0.

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Figure 7: Near Dam Area (photo 1)

Figure 8: Near Dam Area (photo 2)

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2.8.3 Grid Access, Substation Location, Power Availability

The proposed FPV substation is expected to be constructed very close to the reservoir. The co-ordinates
of the proposed FPV substation are:
Latitude: 11.842231°
Longitude: 107.044771 °
Currently, sweet potatoes and carrots are grown here. Further analysis has to be conducted to analyse
alternative locations if feasible6.
The proposed FPV substation is expected to be at 220kV voltage level. Preliminary calculations suggest
that 220kV transmission lines from the solar power plant to the upcoming 220kV busbar of Phouc Long
substation are capable of transmitting the full capacity of the plant. The potential of grid availability is higher
with the new upcoming substation.

Figure 9: Proposed location for 220 kV substation

Based on the reallocation of the FPV islands and the plan to connect to the Phuoc Long substation, a new
location should be assess as alternative to the proposed substation by Thach (2020). Furthermore, the TL
layout based on the proposed substation location might cross over several roads, relevant settlements and
forest areas. The consultant suggests an alternative location “SS–A” for further assessment, shown in
Figure 10. If the second block of 100 MW is to be developed, it can be connected to the new substation.

6
If site is selected, the final location of the FPV substations has to be further clarified with VATEC and Social experts.

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Figure 10. Proposed location to be revised and assessed in further studies

The preliminary location shown Figure 10 are made under the assumption that the Substation needs ca.
0.5 ha for and the transmission line’s right of way ROW of approximately 36m is anticipated. Each tower
along the TL will require no more than 400 m2. All this as per the (Decree stipulating in detail the
implementation of VN Electricity Law regarding electricity safety 2014)

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Figure 11: Proposed location for 220 kV substation

Figure 12: Area around proposed substation showing settlements

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Figure 13: Area around expected substation showing shoreline

2.8.4 Transmission Line Route

The distance to the point of interconnection is 19.8 km from the proposed FPV substation. A preliminary
survey of the expected transmission line route was conducted during the site visit. It was observed that the
expected transmission line route passes through agricultural land, perennial crops land and forest land. It
should however be noted that the route does not pass through any major settlement or river.7
As per the provisions of Vietnam's electricity law, RoW (36 m) of the proposed line will go through
agricultural land, perennial crops land and plantation forest land. This can create issues if not considered
properly. The Consultant suggests the final location shall be assessed in further analysis before concluding
on a technical, land use and social impact perspective. This aspect is further detailed in section 2.10.3.

7
Observations as per preliminary survey done on visit to proposed site. VATEC is gathering needed final information
while in communication with EVN and doing desktop checks.

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Figure 14: Security and sanitary protection zone of transmission line

Figure 15. Overview of new transmission line proposed to connect the FPV SS with Phuoc Long SS

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Summary:
A new substation for the FPV is required on the shoreline next to the FPV to step-up voltage to 220kV.
From the available documentation and information gathered during the site visit, the ROW and the location
of the substation is the main concern. No conclusions can be given on the final location, as further
investigations are necessary.
A 19.8 km 220kV single circuit of new transmission line up to grid connection point (220kV busbar of
upcoming Phuoc Long Substation) is required.
Grid congestion seems not to be a problem and evacuation highly possible as the substation will have
spare capacity and can be expanded further.

2.9 Substation
The Phuoc Long substation is located right next to the HPP with the coordinates:
Lat: 11.842231°
Long: 107.044771°
It is situated 13 km away from the proposed FPV substation. The available voltage levels are 110 kV and
220 kV. The 220kV system is expected to be in operation in 2023, with a frequency of 50 Hz. The operating
power factor is 0.95.
It is anticipated to connect the new FPV to the 220kV busbar of upcoming Phuoc Long substation. The
connection will be implemented by single circuit transmission line of 19.8 km.
The end substation (Phuoc Long) has been overloaded at 110kV grid. However, it is expected to have grid
availability and enough grid capacity at the new 220kV grid. More information on the capacity will be
available in the load flow analysis to be further developed and with inputs of EVN8.
It is recommended to obtain further guidance from EVN regarding the requirements to correctly design the
connecting transmission line to the FPV plant. Further, a grid impact assessment shall be carried out to
highlight any potential adverse impact.

8
To be confirmed in further discussion with EVN and Consultant Team

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Figure 16: 110 kV Phuoc Long Substation

Summary:
From the preliminary analysis, it is assumed that 110kV grid will be undersized to evacuate power from
FPV substation. Hence it is decided to connect the FPV to 220kV grid. After the site visit and expansion
plan study, it is clear that Phuoc Long will be upgraded/expanded to include 220kV grid and is expected to
be in operation in 2023. The risk of delay in completion of this substation shall be taken into account as
there are currently no other alternatives for grid connection.

2.10 Initial Environment Impact Assessment

2.10.1 Project Area of Influence

For the purposes of establishing the environmental baseline and assessing the potential environmental
impacts, the area of influence includes the primary project site – proposed FPV location in Thac Mo
reservoir and its surrounding area, i.e. lake shore / land area that will support the transmission
interconnection infrastructure including the 220 kV transmission line transect / Right of Way (ROW). Any
existing facilities and associated facilities were not included or considered in detail, neither were
establishing baseline conditions nor assessing potential impacts at this stage.
In July 2020, a site visit and due diligence of the proposed project at Thac Mo reservoir were carried out;
in case of the 220kV transmission line transect, only a preliminary walkover survey was conducted. The
results of site due diligence are further supported by desk-based screening, including an Integrated
Biodiversity Assessment Tool (IBAT) screening to identify key biodiversity areas (KBAs) and protected
areas in proximity to the proposed project at Thac Mo reservoir. Overall, particular attention was paid to
identify:
• Sensitive natural environmental receptors such as protected areas, biodiversity and wildlife
habitats;
• Sensitive human receptors such as households, settlements;
• Cultural and heritage sites; and
• Risks of natural disasters and extreme weather events

As the 220 kV transmission line transect /ROW is not yet fixed at this stage, further transect surveys should
be undertaken to take into consideration the final line alignment and receptor information.

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2.10.2 Baseline Receptor Information

• IBAT screening result is enclosed as Figure 17.

• Key receptors information is enclosed in Table 9 - these were obtained and collated based on
the site visit, discussions and interviews with the local Provincial People’s Committee (PPC)
representative and HPP operators.

2.10.3 Site Assessment

The FPV is planned to be situated on the intake reservoir of Thac Mo. The preliminary screening indicates
that the proposed project at Thac Mo reservoir is located in a region which may be at a high risk of potential
wild-fire and cyclone, medium risk of urban flood events and low risk for river flood events. The project
geological hazard risk is low for earthquakes. In case the Thac Mo FPV site is selected, the key vulnerable
project components should be subject to further analysis to ensure they take account of projected natural
disasters and risks.
There is no habitat of significant conservation value in or around the proposed project; the nearest protected
area is called the Bu Gia Map National Park located approx. 50 km from the proposed project site. No direct
or indirect adverse impacts are anticipated on the national park due to the project.
The land use classification around the lake shore is classified as “Protection Forest”3 and agriculture –
plantation of crops such as rubber and cashew nut. Further investigations will be required to determine any
species of conversation value within the Protection Forest habitat including ascertaining the current
ownership status, permission and clearance requirements for any land use change and /or forest
clearances. The reservoir has no protection status as per national or state policy; however, baseline surveys
and monitoring will be required to ascertain the current aquatic ecology and water quality conditions.
The land-based infrastructure of the proposed FPV will affect the Duc Hanh commune that resides in the
project area of influence, The lake shore area that would be affected by the new construction of the
substation, is a mix of Protection Forest and commercial (rubber) plantations,. The proposed transmission
line transect will affect agricultural land. There were Physical Cultural Resources recorded during site due
diligence such as Duc Hanh Temple and a school premises on lakeshore in close proximity to the FPV
location. Detailed surveys will be required at site finalization stage to update baseline receptor information.
If the proposed project at Thac Mo intake reservoir is selected, further surveys should be conducted to
finalize the FPV siting and siting of land based transmission interconnection infrastructure, including the
transmission line transect, which should be adjusted as needed to avoid sensitive natural and human
receptors and minimize the cutting of orchards, trees for the land based infrastructure and the Right of Way
(ROW). Specific attention will be required for current sand mining operations at the intake reservoir and
any potential interferences to sedimentation monitoring for the Thac Mo HPP operation.
Further due diligence will be required to establish the environment classification in accordance with ADB
Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS, 2009) and national domestic requirement. This will depend on the land
use status / current classification of the Protection Forest habitat along the lake shore area.

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Table 8. General geographical reservoir details considered in environmental analysis

Name of Location Coordinates Lat Long Coverage by FPV4

reservoir

THAC MO Bu Gia District, Binh Phuoc 11°50'22"N, 11.83944 107.033611 1.7% Thac Mo (= 160 ha for 200 2-5ha of land surface, with
Province 107°02'01"E MW FPV out of ca. 9295 ha @ a 100m width water
218 m normal water level) access

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Figure 17: IBAT Screening

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Table 9: Sensitive Natural and Human Receptors - Thac Mo

District Project Lake use / aquatic Land cover / Protected PCR5 Potential Human Existing Utility/
/ Componen - riparian ecological receptors Area Commune / Receptors Affects
Provin t receptors Village
ce Affected

Cultivation on land in The nearest Located in close Total There are illegal Reservoir is used
and around the protected area proximity to Núi Bà Commune on settlements within for electricity
Bu Gia FPV There are illegal reservoir is called Rá - a cultural FPV site, No.2 the reservoir generation
District settlements within (including proposed F the Bu Gia heritage site; area7 via THAC
, Binh and the large reservoir a Name: Duc
Transmissi PV site) is not Map National proposed project MO HPP and wat
Phuoc rea6 officially allowed; Park located situated approx. 7 t Hanh commun er supply for
Provin on e and Phu Van
Interconnec no cultivation observe approx. 50 km o 8 km north-east of Duc Hanh Phuoc Long town
ce d. from the cultural site, in commune and to Ethanol
tion Temple is on lake
System Water from the proposed Phuoc Long town. shore in close Processing
reservoir is used for project. Factory. The
proximity to the
irrigation Land use outside of Total Villages FPV located. reservoir is also
purposes by local fa the management of on FPV site, used for flood
rmers, the THAC The lake No. 9 (Duc control purposes
fishing and for hous MO HPP: paddy, fruit- shore area Hanh in the area.
ehold purposes; commune) Nearest
trees, rubber, etc next to settlements on
however, this is the proposed
prohibited. The the southern side
project is a of the reservoir;
local communities
The proposed mix of Duc Hanh
also utilise the Protection For Note: There are
reservoir for substation is located commune is 2 FPVs being
on rubber plantation est situated
navigation area and plant developed on the
/ cultivated land; in close proximity THAC
ation land to FPV site. Phu
the existing road to the (rubber and MO reservoir by
Van is further THAC MO HPP
There is also new substation is on a cashew nut). away. However,
some licensed sand sphalt road with a (which is JS
no settlements company)
mining within the width of 3.5m. within the lake
reservoir at shore area since
the same location
this is
as the proposed under the jurisdict
FPV ion of the THAC
MO HPP.
Aquatic ecology
consists of

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phytoplankton,
zooplankton,
benthic,
invertebrate, fish

Bu Gia Transmissi The transmission The transmission line To be To be ascertained Same as To be NA

District on line / line may run cross transect will go over ascertained during detailed above ascertained
, Binh ROW (6 km river, pond, canal – agricultural during detailed walkover survey during detailed
Phuoc of single to be ascertained land (vegetables, pepp walkover after final site walkover survey
Provin circuit new during detailed walk er, survey after selection after final site
ce TL up to over survey after cashew) orchards (Or final site selection
grid final site selection ange, selection
connection avocado), rubber and
point at acacia plantations;
Phuoc and some houses,
Long structures.
substation

Bu Gia Existing NA Not known NA Not known Not known Not known Not known
District Facilities -
, Binh this
Phuoc substation
Provin is under
ce constructio
n and due
to
completion
in 2023

Summary
The site studies show that there is no habitat of significant conservation value around the FPV site. The area around the shoreline however, is designated as a
protection forest. Therefore, further investigation is required to identify any habitats of high conservation value. Also, land use requirements such as permitting
for forest clearances needs to be further investigated.
Additionally, Duc Hanh commune will be affected by land infrastructure related to the project and the proposed TL intersects agricultural land. Therefore,
considerations to adjust the siting of the land infrastructure to avoid natural and human receptors will be made.

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2.11 Initial Social Impact Assessment

2.11.1 Administrative area and population

Thac Mo intake reservoir is located in two communes, Duc Hanh and Phu Vac. The land areas required
for the planned FPV are within the Duc Hanh Commune area. There are seven (7) villages in the
commune, and approx. 15% of the population is S'tieng ethnic minority people. Household poverty rate
is approx. 6%.

2.11.2 Settlement structure

The reservoir shore land is under the jurisdiction of the Thac Mo HP company and the area is restricted.
There are no settlements near the reservoir shore. Resettlement during the HPP construction (in the
1990s) took place in Phu Nghia commune along the provincial road DT760, and no resettlement villages
are located near the reservoir. During the HPP construction there was a significant in-migration of
people from other provinces. There were conflicts over land, road access and lack of water following
the resettlement. In Duc Hanh Commune, there have been settlements further up from the lake on the
South side of the lake for 20-25 years. No settlements were found on site of the FPV park land area nor
along the transmission line and in the substation area.

2.11.3 Land use and land availability

Land in Duc Hanh commune is classified into protection forest and agriculture land. Land onshore the
reservoir is restricted to the HP company and not in use. Before the HPP construction the area was
forest. Due to the in-migrants who took land under cultivation during the HPP construction, approx. 50%
of the households have no official land certificates until today. Land is mainly used for plantation
agriculture and forestry with pepper, cashew and vegetables farms as well as rubber and acacia trees.

2.11.4 Livelihoods
Livelihoods of approx. 95% of the households in Duc Hanh Commune are land based. Land is used for
commercial perennial crops such as pepper and cashew, for fruit tree gardening, and for forestry with
rubber tree plantations and timber trees, mainly acacia. There are several small-scale cashew
processing plants around the reservoir, and one methanol processing factory (N.D. on work
opportunities in them).

2.11.5 Reservoir lake use

Reservoir and onshore land use is prohibited. However, there are some illegal settlements on water,
and illegal fishing and fish farming is taking place on the lake. Boating is not allowed; however, local
residents are crossing the reservoir with boats to reach their farms and for transporting farm products.
Water from the lake is used for irrigation and domestic consumption. There is a tourism development
project to link Ba Ra Mountain historical site with Thac Mo reservoir via cable car and tourism activities
on the reservoir.

2.11.6 Cultural heritage

Duc Hanh pagoda is located near the FPV site, but outside the project impact area. No other cultural
heritage issues of concern were identified.

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Summary
Thac Mo intake reservoir is located in two communes, Duc Hanh and Phu Vac. The land areas required
for the planned FPV are within Duc Hanh Commune. There are 7 villages in the commune, and approx.
15% of the population is S'tieng ethnic minority people. Household poverty rate is approx. 6%.
The reservoir and its shore area are under jurisdiction of the Thac Mo HP company and their use is
restricted. There are neither settlements close to the intake reservoir, nor settlements on site the FPV
land area. There are some illegal settlements on water, and illegal fishing and fish farming takes place
on the lake, but no estimate of the number of settlers was available.
Household livelihoods are land-based, mainly plantations of commercial crops like pepper and cashew,
orchards, rubber plantations, timber tree forestry (primarily acacia). Approx. 50% of the residents have
no official land-use certificates, following a history of significant in-migration from other provinces during
Thac Mo HPP construction.
There is plantation farming along the proposed transmission line and in the substation location.
According to the site visit assessment, the project will not lead to physical displacement of people, but
land acquisition may become critical: Cultivated crops and trees are commercial and of high-value, and
if all agriculture land is already under cultivation, land acquisition will lead to loss of livelihoods, i.e.
economic displacement. Land around the reservoir is classified as protection forest and agriculture land.
Land availability for new allocation of farm and forestry land is a critical issue that needs to be clarified.

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2.12 Cost Estimate and Economic & Financial Initial Analysis

Based on the findings and new restrictions from the preliminary field survey, the consultant identifies
the following effects on the economic and financial assumptions for further analysis in case the site is
selected:

2.12.1 Capex
Various floating structure types exist, presenting different advantages and disadvantages. For the
purpose of this initial cost analysis, the pure-float high-density polyethylene (HDPE) matrix type is
chosen, one of the most commonly used types of floating platforms to date for large-scale FPV plants.
Incumbent players such as Sungrow and Ciel & Terre are providing such solutions in many countries in
the region.
In order to reduce the logistic costs, it will be highly desirable to source the floats from a local
manufacturing facility located not too far from the project site as floats have a very low weight-to-volume
ratio, making them difficult to ship.
Capex assumptions are derived from the ADB’s initial site selection study and existing data from
comparable ground-mounted and floating solar projects in the region. The chosen solution will depend
on the prevalent wind speed, waves, current, soil conditions and depth of the reservoir, factors which
will all affect the costs in a certain measure.
Table 10: CAPEX assumptions and resulting Tariffs

SERIS /Suntrace
Parameter From ADB
Assumptions
Vietnam Vietnam
Thac Mo FPV Thac Mo FPV
System Production
Produced Energy
306,984 322,351
MWh/year

CAPITAL EXPENDITURE
(CAPEX)
Compensation, support and
0.93 0.93
resettlement
Construction 60.21 4.96
Equipment (medium range
69.18 123.00
anchoring and mooring costs)
EPC-turnkey-contract 130.32 128.89
Project mngt expenses 0.84 0.84
Consulting services 3.88 1.30
Grid connection costs 8.42 4.88
Other Investment Costs 13.14 7.02
Contingency 5% 6.99 6.95
Application, Siting, Initial,
0.00 0.00
Construction fees
Start-up costs (rent during
6.99 6.95
constr. etc)
Total CAPEX 150.46 142.86

Tariff in USD/MWh 60.30 54.90

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Table 11: Detailed CAPEX assumptions in USD/Wp

Total installed DC capacity (MWp) 200

[CAPEX in USD/Wp] Thac Mo
Engineering and studies 0.0065
Civil and preparatory works 0.0075
Major equipment
Modules (>400Wp) 0.2100
Floating structure 0.1300
Inverter floating platform 0.0050
Anchoring & mooring (modules + inverters)
medium range 0.0500
Inverters 0.0300
BoS 0.1900
Plant installation costs 0.0147
Plant testing and commissioning 0.0027
Project management 0.0042
Compensation, support and resettlement 0.0046
Grid connection costs 0.0244
Contingency (5%) 0.0340
Total (excl. VAT) 0.7136
VAT (10%) 0.0714
Total (incl. VAT) 0.7849
At this stage no bathymetry study has been made available to the Consultant, so anchoring and mooring
design (and costs) were difficult to estimate. Thus, sensitivities were calculated using the following costs
ranges for the anchoring and mooring design:

Table 12: Cost Ranges for anchoring and mooring

Thac Mo
Equity IRR 8.00%
Anchoring and mooring (modules + inverters) in m USD 7.00 10.00 13.00
low/medium/high range
Tariff in USD/MWh $54.00 $54.94 $55.90

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Tariff (USD/MWh)

$55.90

$54.94
TARIFF LEVEL

$54.00

7.00 10.00 13.00

ANCHORING AND MOORING (M USD)

Figure 18: Sensitivity analysis for tariffs regarding different anchoring and mooring assumptions

2.12.2 Opex
Based on industry experience, O&M costs can vary significantly across jurisdictions and according to
the investment strategy of the asset owner. Even tough soiling from dust is expected to be reduced
when compared to ground-mounted solar PV systems, other issues could arise such as biofouling, bird
droppings and the appearance of weeds. Therefore, as a conservative measure, technical O&M costs
have been assumed at USD 0.011/Wp/year (based on “World Bank Group, ESMAP and SERIS. 2019.
Where Sun Meets Water: Floating Solar Market Report. Washington, DC: World Bank”), whilst lower
values have been seen for utility-scale ground-mounted PV projects in the country.
Insurance costs during operation is estimated at 0.3% of capex (minus contingencies) and an additional
USD 0.02/kWp/year is added to account for other operational expenses such as inverter replacement,
security, etc.
The above Opex figures are in real terms and shall be inflated by 2% per year.

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2.12.3 Financial assumptions

Experience from sponsors, developers, and EPC and O&M contractors are paramount to build trust
among investors. Floating solar is still a relatively new application but is gaining rapid traction in mainly
Asia and Europe. Non- (or limited) recourse project financing has not yet been widespread, though
some large utility-scale projects are starting to use that route, as shown in Taiwan and in the
Netherlands.
The financial assumptions used for the tariff calculations are also highly indicative at this stage, consid-
ering concessional, USD financing with one single tranche. It is to be assessed if financing could be
also partly in VND from local banks, thus hedging mechanism should be taken in consideration.

Table 13: Financial Assumptions

Expected IRR 8%

Leverage 30%/70%

Interest rate 5%

Debt tenor in yrs 15

incl. Grace Period 1

Summary:
For initial calculations, Capex assumptions are derived from the ADB’s initial site selection study and
existing data from comparable ground-mounted and floating solar projects in the region. Unclarity of
design and costs of anchoring and mooring exists, as bathymetry results are not available. To take the
cost ranges into account, different scenarios for anchoring and mooring costs (low, medium, high) were
calculated, resulting in a tariff range between 54.00 and 55.90 USD/MWh. For the Opex assumptions,
conservative O&M costs have been assumed, as well as insurance costs and reserves for inverter
replacement, security, etc. Financial assumptions are highly indicative at this stage and need to be
validated. For the Opex assumptions, conservative O&M costs have been assumed Financial
assumptions consider an expected IRR of 8% and debt cost of 5%, with a 15-year tenor including 1-
year grace period. The assumptions are highly indicative at this stage and need to be validated.

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3 References
World Bank Group, ESMAP and SERIS. 2019. Where Sun Meets Water: Floating Solar Handbook for
Practitioners. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery. 2020. ThinkHazard! – Duc Trong. 30 06. Accessed
07 14, 2020. https://thinkhazard.org/en/report/32426-viet-nam-lam-dong-duc-trong.
Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. 2011. “OCHA Viet Nam Natural Hazard Risks, March
2011.”
Viet Nam Government. 2014. “Decree stipulating in detail the implementation of VN Electricity Law
regarding electricity safety.” Decree of VN Goverment No. 14/2014/NĐ-CP. 26 Feb.
Thach, Pham Ngoc. 2020. Proposing and selection of the floating solar photovoltaic sites in Viet Nam.
Hanoi: Asian Development Bank (ADB).

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Annex 1: Meeting Schedule and Minutes of Meeting

A1.1 Mission Schedule

ADB has organized a mission to meet the PCC Provincial Peoples Committee and conduct an initial
analysis of the reservoir and the site related aspects to verify if the pre-selected location for the FPV
project and the grid connection is also feasible from the PCC and HPP perspective.
The mission was conducted in two parallel groups:
• The main group conducted the mission from July 15-17, 2020, with participants from EREA,
EVN, ADB and Technical Consultant, focusing on meeting the PCC of each related Province
for the proposed FPV location and obtain the political support for the project. This team was
accompanied by Mr. Sy from the Technical Team
• The technical team conducted the mission from July 15-22, comprising of the Technical and
E&S national experts, was focusing on visiting the reservoir, the local commune and the
respective HPP company to obtain their views and guidance on the FPV location and capacity.

Table 14: Mission Schedule (meeting with authorities and field surveys)

Mr. Sy -Team Leader Mrs. Do Thi, Mr Hoang, Mr

Date ADB consultants
of national expert team Phuong and Mr. Son

Meeting Dong Nai Meeting Dong Nai

Meeting Dong Nai
authorities (PPC, DOIT, authorities with ADB.
authorities with ADB.
Tri An

Jul DPI, DoARD, DONRE, Survey Tri An

15 Power Company, Vinh Cuu Survey Tri An hydropower
hydropower reservoir
DPC, Tri An hydropower reservoir with MOIT’s
with MOIT’s
company) with Mr. Sy. recommendation letter
recommendation letter
Tri An

Meeting with Binh Phuoc Meeting with Tri An

authorities (PPC, DOIT,
Thac Mo

Meeting with Binh Hydroelectric Company

Jul DPI, DoARD, DONRE,
Phuoc authorities with Survey Tri An hydropower
16 Power Company, Thac Mo
ADB consultant reservoir with MOIT’s
hydropower company) with
Mr. Sy. recommendation letter

Meeting with Lam Dong Meeting with Lam Dong

Meeting with Lam Dong authorities with ADB authorities with ADB
authorities (PPC, DOIT, consultants consultants
Jul DPI, DoARD, DONRE,
17 Power Company, Dai Ninh Survey Dai Ninh Survey Dai Ninh
hydropower company) with hydropower reservoir hydropower reservoir with
Dai Ninh

Dai Ninh

Mr. Sy. with MOIT’s MOIT’s recommendation

recommendation letter letter

Survey Dai Ninh Survey Dai Ninh

Jul hydropower reservoir hydropower reservoir with
18 with MOIT’s MOIT’s recommendation
recommendation letter letter

Jul 19

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Mr. Sy -Team Leader Mrs. Do Thi, Mr Hoang, Mr

Date ADB consultants
of national expert team Phuong and Mr. Son

Survey Dai Ninh

Dai Ninh

Dai Ninh
Meeting with Dai Ninh
Jul hydropower reservoir
HPP authorities with ADB
20 with MOIT’s
consultants
recommendation letter

Survey Thac Mo Survey Thac Mo

Thac Mo

Thac Mo
Jul hydropower reservoir hydropower reservoir with
21 with MOIT’s MOIT’s recommendation
recommendation letter letter

Survey Tri An

Thac Mo
Meeting with Dong Nai
Tri An

Jul hydropower reservoir

DoIT for discussion of
22 with MOIT’s
FPV Tri An reservoir
recommendation letter

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A1.2 Meetings with relevant authorities Binh Phuoc Authorities – Thac Mo Reservoir
Meeting on Thac Mo floating solar project with Binh Phuoc PPC
Time: 16 July 2020
Location: Binh Phuoc PPC, Dong Xoai city, Binh Phuoc province
Participants in the meeting:
EREA: Ms. Pham Thuy Dung, Official of New and RE Division, EREA, MOIT.
ADB: Ms. Hyunjung Lee, Senior Energy Economist, ADB;
Mr. Vu Quang Dang, ADB’s energy consultant;
Other ADB experts and Suntrace experts with online participation.
EVN: Mr. Nguyen Chi Hieu, Official, International and Cooperation Department;
Mr. Nguyen Hoang Nam, Official, Power Market Department.
Binh Phuoc Mr. Hoàng, Director of Binh Phuoc DOIT;
authorities: Relevant Departments and Branches in the province;
Mr. Lê Quốc Vũ, Vice General Director, GENCO2;
Mr. Khánh, Chairman of the Board, Thac Mo Hydroelectric Joint Stock Company;
Mr. Sơn, Vice General Director of Thac Mo Hydroelectric Joint Stock Company;
Mrs. Nguyễn Thị Mai Thanh, Board members / General Director of REE, a member of
Thac Mo Hydroelectric Joint Stock Company.
VATEC: Mr. Sỹ (Team Leader), Mr. Phương, Mr. Hoàng, Mr. Sơn, Ms. Huyền.

Meeting contents:
• Binh Phuoc PPC is interested in hosting the pilot floating solar competitive bidding in Binh
Phuoc province as Bid Solicitor.
• Thac Mo HPP is a joint stock company with a plan to develop floating solar on Thac Mo reservoir
with a capacity of 1,200 MWp. Thac Mo HPP is going to submit the plan to EVN for review in
July – August 2020. Thac Mo HPP is responsible for safety of the reservoir and downstream
area. Thac Mo HPP is understanding that the Government giving the water right use (not O&M)
for entire Thac Mo reservoir. Binh Phuoc PPC is asking MOIT for clarification on the water right
use in 2019. Up to now, no response is available.
• But there are some power projects including Thac Mo ground-mounted solar PV of 50 MW.
Thac Mo hydropower extension project is under considered. 220kV Phuoc Long substation is
planned in 2023 in the PDP but not yet any investment preparation while Thac Mo FPV is
expected in 2021. Grid is a concern;
• There is concern on water supply to HCMC area

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Annex 2: Methodology

A2.1 Field Survey

During the initial checks in regard to possible fatal flaws, the location of the FPV platform, project
substation and connecting transmission line to the existing EVN substation and the available capacity
to evacuate the power from the FPV plant, as well as the needed area by the future FPV were studied.
However, a site visit was still necessary.
The site visits have the main objective to contrast, corroborate, or provide evidence that assumptions
taken during the desktop check might be invalid.

The mission on the field was conducted by the following team members:
• Mr. Nguyen Van Sy – National hydropower specialist
• Mr Tran Huy Hoang – National Floating solar specialist
• Mr. Nguyen Lu Phuong – National environment specialist
• Mr. Nguyen Truong Son – National social/resettlement specialist
• Mrs. Do Thi Huyen – National biodiversity specialist
The following team members supported remotely:
• Mrs. Giselle Nunes-Cordes – International Economic Specialist and Deputy Team Leader
• Mr. Martin Schlecht – Project Director
• Mr. Thomas Reindl – International Floating solar specialist
• Mr. Abhishek Kumar – International Floating solar specialist
• Mrs. Sanober Durrani – International environment specialist
• Mrs. Tiia Riitta Granfelt – International social/resettlement specialist
• Mrs. Cherisa Nicholls – Suntrace Backstopping Team
• Mr. Raúl Granados – Suntrace Backstopping Team

The mission schedule, last updated on 21st July 2020, is shown inTable 14.
Simultaneously to the field surveys, ADB organised high-level meetings with the different stakeholders
of the related provinces and introduced the team to the relevant local authorities to ease the course of
the visits. The goals of the high-level meeting are out of the scope of this report. A summary of the
meeting in Thac Mo is included in section “A1.2 Meetings with relevant authorities Binh Phuoc
Authorities – Thac Mo Reservoir” for reference.
The following documentation tools and media were employed:
• Technical site survey checklist with questionnaire for the field visit, visit to the Hydro Power
Plant (HPP) and desktop research. This can be checked in Annex 3: Technical Site Visit
Checklist.
• Environmental and social site survey screening tools with questionnaire for the field visit, visit
to the relevant authorities, communities and institutions related to the reservoir. This can be
checked in Annex 4: E&S Site Visit Checklist.
• Photo and video-documentation of the main areas of interest

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A2.2 Fatal Flaw Analysis

The site selection process was developed over a two-step process:
1. Comprehensive fatal flaw assessment of the shortlisted sites, including all major technical,
economic, environmental and social site selection criteria with a special focus on those with a
high likelihood of occurrence and (potentially) high impact on the project. Further, it serves the
identification of criteria for which more data is required to achieve a clearer overview on the
risks
2. Selection of the preferred site(s) based on the results of the Fatal Flaw assessment and
conducting the recommended detailed feasibility/site studies to complete the project de-risking
for the subsequent tendering phase

Figure 19. Overview of selection process via Fatal Flaw Analysis

With the specific characteristics and requirements of this project, with the help of the analysis the nine
preselected site options were first narrowed down to five, later three, sites: Dai Ninh, Thac Mo and Tri
An reservoirs.
The Fatal Flaw analysis of the last three pre-selected sites is fed by the information extracted from
ADB’s national expert Mr. Thach’s site selection report (Thach 2020, Thach 2020) and the site visits
performed by Suntrace Viet Nam based Partner VATEC and additional national experts from 15th until
22nd of July.
The following report focusses on the site visit to Thac Mo reservoir, while the other reservoirs are
addressed in separate reports.

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Annex 3: Technical Site Visit Checklist

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Annex 4: E&S Site Visit Checklist

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Annex 5: Fatal Flaw Analysis Matrix

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Annex 6: PV syst report of Thac Mo FPV system

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Annex 7: Water Level Measurement provided by Thac Mo HPP

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Annex 8: Design details of the transmission line

The preliminary location of the substation and the transmission line are made under the assumption that
the Substation needs ca. 0.5 ha and the ROW of approximately 36m is anticipated. However, the exact
ROW is variable and depends on the surrounding. For an overhead line, trees and shrubs that remain
short as they mature might be allowed to grow in the ROW but not under the line (wire zone). There
might be buffer zones necessary where low-growing woody plants are allowed to remain at streams and
river crossings. Please refer to Error! Reference source not found..

All trees within the ROW should be removed as necessary to maintain the minimum conductor
clearance. During the final design of the transmission line, it will be sited to avoid houses to the
maximum extent possible. The minimum vertical clearance of 6 m for houses, trees, and other structures
will be designed in the ROW, as allowed in Viet Nam.
The towers are expected to be double circuit steel lattice structure. The dimension of the typical tension
and suspension tower are provided in the following figures.

Figure 20.Example of typical tension tower required by national regulation

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Figure 21. Example of typical suspension tower required by national regulation

The foundations of the steel towers shall be reinforced concrete, cast in-situ. The foundation of the
typical transmission tower of the project is presented in Figure 20 and Figure 21.

An average of 300 m3 of concrete and 25 tons of steel will be utilized for the tower foundations. The
size of tower foundations varies from 13m x 14m to 20m x 20m while the excavation depth is about 2.0
– 5.0m, depending on the type of tower.

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Figure 22. Example of foundation distribution and requirements as per national regulation

The route is not definite and shall be assessed from an E&S perspective and further discussed and
agreed with MOIT and local authorities during the next site visit.

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Annex 9: Illustrations of similar FPV projects

Figure 23. Typical FPV island disposition

Figure 24.Cable coming to shore in a typical FPV system (using floats)

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Figure 25. Typical O&M walkways from shore to FPV

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