DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF A DC/DC CONVERTER FOR A RENEWABLE ENERGY

SYSTEM
EPP821S: ELECTRICAL POWER PROJECT 421
PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT

Prepared by:
Brandon L Matsuib
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Namibia University of Science and Technology

Prepared for:

Project Mentor: Mr. Pradeep Kumar

Project Examiner: Mr. Kalaluka Kanyimba
Project Coordinator: Professor Zacchaeus Oyedokun

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Namibia University of Science and Technology

Date: 13 October 2021

A final year research project progress report submitted to the Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering at the Namibia University of Science and Technology in partial fulfilment
of the academic requirements for a Bachelor of Engineering degree (Electrical Power)
Table of Contents
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................................. 3
LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................................... 4
LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................................ 4
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 5
1.1 Project Background ............................................................................................................................. 5
1.2 Progress report introduction ................................................................................................................ 5
CHAPTER 2 PROJECT UPDATE ............................................................................................................... 6
2.1 ADJUSTMENT OF OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................... 6
2.1.1 Previous objectives ...................................................................................................................... 6
2.1.2 Modified objectives...................................................................................................................... 6
2.2 WORK COMPLETED ....................................................................................................................... 7
2.2.1 Design methodology .................................................................................................................... 7
2.3 WORK OUTSTANDING AND CHALLENGES .............................................................................. 8
2.4 SYNERGY WITH MENTOR ............................................................................................................ 8
CHAPTER 3 LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................................................... 9
3.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................................. 9
3.2 Typical renewable energy system ....................................................................................................... 9
3.3 DC/DC converter topologies............................................................................................................. 10
3.4 Control strategies .............................................................................................................................. 12
3.5 Harmonic Filters ............................................................................................................................... 15
CHAPTER 4 PROJECT EXECUTION AND CONCLUSION ................................................................. 18
4.1 PROJECT ACHIEVABILITY.......................................................................................................... 18
4.2 TIME SCHEDULE UPDATE .......................................................................................................... 18
4.3 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................. 19
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................... 20
APPENDIX ................................................................................................................................................. 22
Summary-comparison matrix.................................................................................................................. 22
Modelling blocks .................................................................................................................................... 25

2
ABSTRACT

The aim of this project is designing a DC/DC converter for a RES (Renewable Energy System).
In recent years DC/DC topologies with high operating performance have been developed.
Designing a DC/DC converter for each renewable energy source makes the overall DC/DC
converter bulky in terms of size. A multi-input DC/DC converter for different energy sources at
different voltage magnitudes has reduced components because only a single DC/DC converter is
used. The design criteria that is being focused on its reliability, stability, efficiency and harmonic
analysis at the inverter output. A design of a suitable DC/DC converter meeting a renewable energy
system performance specification is being modelled in MATLAB/SIMULINK r2017b.
Keywords: Power Quality, DC/DC converter, renewable energy system

3
LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 2.2.1 Controller for DC/DC converter algorithm

FIGURE 3.2.1 (a) Renewable energy system wind, solar, & electrolyser
FIGURE 3.2.1 (b) Multi-input DC/DC converter topology
FIGURE 3.3.1 (a) Buck converter with output voltage and current waveforms
FIGURE 3.3.1 (b) Boost converter with source current iS
FIGURE 3.3.1 (c) Buck-Boost converter with inductor current iL
FIGURE 3.3.2 (a) Double input buck-buck boost converter
FIGURE 3.3.2 (b) Unidirectional multi-input buck-boost converter
FIGURE 3.3.2 (c) Multi-input Multi-output topology
FIGURE 3.4.1 Controller for DC/DC converter Block Diagram
FIGURE 3.4.2 Buck and Boost converters circuit diagrams used for controller design
FIGURE 3.5.1 Periodic function
FIGURE 3.5.2 Single tuned low pass filter
FIGURE 3.5.3 Double tuned low pass filter
FIGURE A.1 (a) Fuel cell module
FIGURE A.1 (b) PV array
FIGURE A.1 (c) Wind energy source
FIGURE A.1 (d) Multi-input single-output DC/DC converter block
FIGURE A.1 (e) Battery
FIGURE A.1 (f) Three phase inverter
FIGURE A.2 Model of the overall system in progress

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 3.3.1 Multi-input DC/DC converter topologies for isolated and non-isolated
TABLE 4.2.1 Original time schedule
TABLE 4.2.2 New time schedule
TABLE A.1 Literature review matrix

4
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project Background

In this design project MATLAB/SIMULINK r2017b is being used to develop a DC/DC converter
model and design according to performance specification. Researchers in recent years has
proposed and carried out simulation studies for different DC/DC converter topologies specific to
a renewable energy system.

Designing a DC/DC converter with a fine-tuned controller in renewable energy systems is

important in providing maximum or minimum output voltages and currents. Well-conditioned
power from the DC/DC converter output can be stored in storage units or used for applications
such as hydrogen production using electrolyser (Babu and Henry, 2012). It is mentioned in
(Laghari Umar, & Abdullah, 2015) that a single DC/DC converter with multiple renewable energy
sources is more efficient than using a DC/DC converter for each energy source. DC-DC converter
with a transformer has advantages such as: high efficiency, high power-density, and high circuit
efficiency, low EMI (Babu and Henry, 2012).

1.2 Progress report introduction

The progress report is a monitoring tool in a project to communicate any work completed and work
still outstanding. Since the proposal presentation the student has made adjustments as was
indicated by the mentor and the examiner. The student has formulated a questionnaire and letter
of permission to distribute in the industry as of this reporting to collect data that indicate which
topologies are implemented in their renewable energy system. An energy system has been
obtained. Wind, solar and hydrogen production has been selected to design a multi-input DC/DC
converter. Included in this progress report is chapter 1: introduction, chapter 2: project update,
chapter 3: literature review, chapter 4: project execution and conclusion, references and appendix.

5
CHAPTER 2 PROJECT UPDATE

2.1 ADJUSTMENT OF OBJECTIVES

2.1.1 Previous objectives

Specific objective
 To develop a DC/DC converter model for an energy system

General objectives
 To perform harmonic reduction at the inverter output
 To carry out a literature review on DC/DC converter techniques used in renewable
energy systems
 To develop a DC/DC converter model for an energy system
 To develop a controller for the DC/DC converter
 To simulate the model to realize a performance specification
 To formulate and distribute a questionnaire in the industry to gather insights about
DC/DC converter topologies implemented

2.1.2 Modified objectives

Specific objective
 To design a DC/DC converter for an energy system

General objectives
 To study different DC/DC converter topologies and implement the best topology
for a renewable energy system
 To develop a DC/DC converter model for an energy system
 To develop a controller for the DC/DC converter
 To simulate the model and to perform analysis to realize design specification

6
2.2 WORK COMPLETED

As indicated in the time management planning the student has completed project initiation. The
student has obtained the renewable energy system to be modelled and designed to meet
performance specification. The studying of different topologies has been done and through
literature student is incorporating a multi-input DC/DC converter topology. A questionnaire has
been formulated and a letter of permission to gather data from industry as part of administrative
activities.
2.2.1 Design methodology
This section is going to deal with respective components of the model is obtained as well as design
calculations. All the components are being built in MATLAB/SIMULINK r2017b software. Once
the data is available a simulation study is going to be carried out. The model of the overall system
is not complete as the student is busy with formulating alternatives, see appendix in the modelling
blocks section. The controller for DC/DC converter algorithm is provided by figure 2.2.1. Design
will be based on how the model performs together with calculations.

Figure 2.2.1 Controller for DC/DC converter algorithm

7
DC/AC converter
The rating is determined by power output from the DC/DC converter and the voltage magnitude.
Function of the inverter
 Power-conversion from DC a AC
 50 Hz frequency maintained
 Minimize voltage magnitude variations
 Reduce harmonics in the AC waveform

2.3 WORK OUTSTANDING AND CHALLENGES

In this section overview of pending work and challenges faced is going to be discussed. Currently,
the topology that is going to be use for a renewable energy comprising of wind energy, solar energy
and fuel cell energy is being modeled. The DC/AC converter is going to be obtained as shown in
table 4.2.2 time schedule. A transformer coupled to the converter is also outstanding. Controller
for the DC/DC converter is being studied as of this reporting. Another outstanding component is
performance analysis that is going to be carried out when the controller for DC/DC converter is
obtained. The most critical aspect that the student is facing data collection. The design depends on
reliable data collection.
To mitigate against this challenges student is reacting to enable the project to be on schedule for
the remaining duration of the execution phase. The time schedule is modified to accommodate
enough time to collect the data. The data not yet available has not hindered the student from
performing other project activities such as administrative progress and building the model for
design work. The project execution is being done with aggressive pursued to meet the deadlines.

2.4 SYNERGY WITH MENTOR

The student has been in contact with mentor up until the proposal presentation. Since then the
student has been busy with the project execution phase studying and formulating meaningful
solutions to produce a model for the design work. This has caused the student to have no
consultation up until progress report writing. This has not harm the synergy between student and
mentor as the mentor has advised the student what was going to be required in the progress report.

8
CHAPTER 3 LITERATURE REVIEW

3.1 Overview

This section includes latest developments pertaining to design, performance and comparative
analysis of DC/DC converter topologies in renewable energy systems. DC/DC converter
comparative analysis studies have been developed to enable a designer to select an optimum
topology specific to a renewable energy application. Outlined are components of a typical
renewable energy system, DC/DC converters topologies, Control Strategies and Harmonic filters.
A summary comparison matrix has been developed as mentioned in (M. K. S Sastry & C. M. K. S
Sastry, 2013) see appendix table A.1.

3.2 Typical renewable energy system

Multi-input DC/DC converter topologies that have been designed to meet the load requirements
are demonstrated to be efficient and reliable (Laghari, Umar & Abdullah, 2015). The study reveals
a separate DC/DC converter for each energy source is inefficient due to bulkiness and complex
design structures. In another comparative analysis study (Babu and Henry, 2012) it is discussed
that a hydrogen production electrolyser for fuel cells is operating best with DC/DC converter
coupled to a transformer.

(A) (b)

Figure 3.2.1 (a) Renewable energy system wind, solar, & electrolyser (Babu and Henry, 2012), (b)
Multi-input DC/DC topology (Laghari et al, 2015)

9
In the above figure 3.2.1 (a) is a hybrid energy system that uses wind and solar PV as energy
sources with a buck and a boost converter incorporated to power an electrolyser to produce
hydrogen for fuel cells. (Babu and Henry, 2012) suggests that for a proper flow of power between
system components a direct coupling of DC bus to the electrolyser is not advised as this lacks the
ability to modulate the power flow between a renewable energy source and the electrolyser.
Therefore the researchers used DC/DC converters for power conditioning to couple the
electrolyser the system bus. The researchers (Babu and Henry, 2012) used a high frequency
transformer, isolated modified series LCL type DC/DC resonant converter.

3.3 DC/DC converter topologies

As sited in credible journal articles by researchers it is generally understood that all topologies
originate from three basic topologies (i.e. a buck, boost, or buck-boost converters). (Padiyar and
Kulkarni, 2019) in a buck converter the output voltage is less than the input voltage, and for the
boost converter output voltage is higher than the input voltage while a buck-boost converter can
have either lower or higher voltage than the input voltage. The output voltage is a function of input
voltage and duty ratio (Kharagpur, 2009).

(a)

10
 (b)

Figure 3.3.1 (a) Buck converter with output voltage and current waveforms (b) Boost converter
with source current iS (c) Buck-Boost converter with inductor current iL(Kharagpur, 2009)

The DC/DC converter topologies are categorized as isolated or non-isolated type. According to
(Mukhopadhyay et al, 2015) isolated converter separates low voltage DC side from the high
voltage side in an effort to eliminate shock hazard. A high frequency transformer is coupled to
obtain high voltage conversion. The drawback of isolated type is additional component such as the
transformer to the system. (Mukhopadhyay et al, 2015) non-isolated type DC-DC converter are
transformer-less and simple in design structure as they are used in galvanic insulation between the
source and load is not needed. As suggested by researchers non-isolated converter achieves high
power density as they can match input impedance of the source with output impedance of the load
at the expense of high voltage ratio.

In early developments for multi-input converter topologies the limiting issue was simultaneous
supply to the load as multiplexing of time control was not implemented (Laghari et al, 2015).
Therefore, researchers introduced pulsating source cells in non-isolated converters.

Table 3.3.1 Multi-input DC/DC converter topologies for isolated and non-isolated, many number
of (+) means very well, more of (-) means very bad (Laghari, Umar, & Abdullah, 2015)

11
 (a) (b)

(c)

Figure 3.3.2 (a) Double input buck-buck boost converter (b) Unidirectional multi-input buck-
boost converter (c) Multi-input Multi-output topology (Mukhopadhyay et al, 2015)

3.4 Control strategies

A controller is required to obtain maximum performance from the DC/DC converter. A simulation
study has been conducted by (Sharma and Palwalia, 2017) in the control of DC/DC converter and
the results they obtain shows an effectively designed PID controller. They suggest that the
designed controller uses less memory and less time of execution due to reduced complexity. There
is mainly two methods of digital controller design according to (Sharma and Palwalia, 2017)
namely: digital redesign and direct digital design.

12
 Figure 3.4.1 Controller for DC/DC converter Block Diagram (Ali, Zheng, Wu, Khan, & Awan,
2015)

A frequency domain based technique developed by (Ali, Zheng, Wu, Khan, & Awan, 2015) is a
simplified procedure that was used with passive elements. The method provides an inside view
about the stability and dynamic behavior of the converter.

Figure 3.4.2 Buck and Boost converters circuit diagrams used for controller design (Sharma and
Palwalia, 2017)

Vin = Input source voltage, V0 = Output load voltage, D = Duty ratio, C = Output capacitor,

L = Output capacitor, R = Resistance of load, Rl and Rc = series equivalent resistances of the

inductor and capacitor
Transfer function of buck converter,

13
vˆ0  s  Vin 1  sRcC 
 ... ... ... ... ... ...  5.4.1
dˆ  s    RRl   L  2  R  Rc  
1  s  RcC   C     s LC  
  R  Rl   R  Rl   R  Rl  

Transfer function of boost converter,

R
Vin 1  sLe R   s 2 Rc  c  1
vˆ0  s  V0  R 
 ... ... ... ... ... ...  5.4.2 
ˆ
d  s  D0 Le C
2
s  sb1  b2

Where.
L D0 1 D
Le  2
,
1  D0 

 Rl   Rc 
 2  
D D 1
b1   0   0   ... ... ... ... ... 5.4.3
Le RC

 Rl   Rc 
 2  
D D 1
b2   0   0   ... ... ... ... ...  5.4.4
RCLe RLe

14
3.5 Harmonic Filters

Delivering well-conditioned power is a major concern in power converters. Most energy systems
require inversion from DC/AC as AC loads are common. Designing an effective harmonic filter is
challenging to meet the requirement of ripple free output voltage and current waveforms. A background
on filters is provided below.

Figure 3.5.1 Periodic function (Stroud & Booth, 2003)

A periodic function such as the one shown in figure 3.5.1, is a typical waveform encountered in
electrical engineering experiments. It is characterized as output voltage or current when there is
conversion from a DC/DC to a DC/AC converter. The THD (total harmonic distortion) in such a
waveform is high. To reduce harmonics in the output waveforms active and passive filters are
implemented. Active filters are preferred over passive filters due to capability of no loading effect.
For an off-grid standalone solar power system (Duong and Nguyen, 2018) passive single and
double tuned filters are designed. It turns out that the double tuned filter has best performance over
a single tuned filter.

A. Single-tuned filter

Figure 3.5.2 Single tuned low pass filter (Duong and Nguyen, 2018)

According to (Duong and Nguyen, 2018) mathematically,

Filter capacitance

= … … … … … . . (3.5.1)
2

15
Filter inductance

= … … … … … . . (3.5.2)
2
Where,

and are reactive power due to capacitor and inductor respectively

– output voltage, I – output current, Q – quality factor

B. Double tuned filter

Figure 3.5.3 Double tuned low pass filter (Duong and Nguyen, 2018)

With series LC,

= … … … … … . . (3.5.3)
2

= … … … … … . . (3.5.4)
(2 )

With parallel LC

= … … … … … . . (3.5.5)
2

= … … … … … . . (3.5.6)
(2 )

16
Fourier analysis of the output voltage waveform

= + ( sin + cos )= + sin( + ) … … … … … … (3.5.7)

Where the coefficient are,

= ∫ sin( ) = ∫ sin( ) … … … … … … . . (3.5.8)

1 1
= cos( ) = cos( ) … … … … … … (3.5.9)

= + … … … … … … … (3.5.10)

= ……………… (3.5.11)

17
 CHAPTER 4 PROJECT EXECUTION AND CONCLUSION

4.1 PROJECT ACHIEVABILITY

The project is slightly behind schedule due to data yet not obtained. However, the modified time
schedule shows that the project is going to be executed within required time. The project is on
course although there has been an update on the time management schedule. The student will
obtain the controller for the DC/DC converter with additional knowledge gathered through
literature. With the acquirement of the overall model by months end the student should begin to
validate the model and perform analysis. The project deadline is another factor that drives the
student to achieve project execution and project closure within specified time.

4.2 TIME SCHEDULE UPDATE

Provided below is the project time schedule update. An original time schedule and a new time
schedule is given. In the new time schedule the activities that has been completed are not shown.
The data collection time frame has been adjusted until 31 October 2021. The set time for data
collection is a fail-safe date as the student expects the data to be available as soon as possible. The
renewable energy system which the design is going to be based on is obtained.

ID PROJECT SCHEDULE Duration 2021-08-23 2021-09-01 2021-10-01 2021-11-01

2222222331234567891111111111222222222231234567891111111111222222222233123456789111111111122

1 Project Initiation 26.0 d.

2 Formulation/Selection of Topic 7.0 d.

3 Proposal Writing 7.0 d.

4 Project Framework 4.0 d.

5 Submission of proposal 5.0 d.

6 Proposal Presentation 5.0 d.

11 Project Execution 35.0 d.

8 Data collection 22.0 d.

9 Obtain a model for an energy system 9.0 d.

11 Obtain DC/DC converter topology 14.0 d.

12 Obtain controller stabiilty 15.0 d.

14 Progress report submission 7.0 d.

15 Progress presentation 5.0 d.

16 Project Closure 22.0 d.

17 Performance analysis 5.0 d.

18 Final report writing 11.0 d.

19 Final report submission 5.0 d.

20 Final report presentation 5.0 d.

Table 4.2.1 Original time schedule

18
 2021-10-12 2021-11-01
ID PROJECT SCHEDULE Start Finish Duration
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

1 Project Execution 2021-10-12 2021-10-31 20.0 d.

2 Progress report submission and 2021-10-12 2021-10-15 4.0 d.

presentation

3 Data collection 2021-10-12 2021-10-31 20.0 d.

4 Obtain a DC/DC converter topology 2021-10-12 2021-10-16 5.0 d.

5 Obtain controller for DC/DC converter 2021-10-17 2021-10-23 7.0 d.

6 Performance analysis 2021-10-25 2021-10-31 7.0 d.

7 Project closure 2021-11-01 2021-11-19 19.0 d.

8 Final report writing 2021-11-01 2021-11-05 5.0 d.

9 Final report submission and presentation 2021-11-06 2021-11-12 7.0 d.

10 Seminar paper and poster submission 2021-11-13 2021-11-19 Modified

7.0 d. time schedule
4.2.2 New time schedule

4.3 CONCLUSION

In this report an update is provided on the work completed thus far. Progress so far can be viewed
in chapter 2 project update with detail. Redundant objectives were combined into one as pointed
out during last proposal presentation. In the same chapter the work completed and activities still
outstanding are provided. There is also an extension made on the literature review as can be seen
in chapter 3. Chapter 4 outlines whether the student will achieve the project objectives. Also a time
schedule update is given and it clearly shows how project execution and project closure will be
conducted. If in the event of a delay in execution of the project in this very short remaining time it
will be communicated promptly and the student will react flexibly to keep project on course.

19
REFERENCES

Rehman, Z., Al-bahadly, I., & Mukhopadhyay, S. (2015). Multiinput DC – DC converters in

renewable energy applications – An overview. ELSEVIER Renewable and Sustainable
Energy Reviews, 41, 521–539.

Babu, R. S. R., & Henry, J. (2012). A Comparative Analysis of DC/DC Converters for
Renewable Energy System. IEEE Proceedings of the International MultiConference of
Engineers and Computer Scientists (IMECS), II.

Laghari, G. F., Umar, A., & Abdullah, S. (2015). Comparative Analysis of Multi-Input DC / DC
Converter Topology for Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems. IEEE.

Arazi, M., Payman, A., Camara, M. B., & Dakyo, B. (2018). Study of different topologies of
DC/DC resonant converters for renewable energy applications. IEEE Thirteenth
International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energy (EVER).

Sastry, M. K. S., & Sastry, C. M. K. S. (2013). The Summary-Comparison Matrix : A Tool for
Writing the Literature Review. IEEE, 0–4.

Padiyar, K. R., & Kulkarni, A. M. (2019). Dynamics and Control of Electric Transmission and
Microgrids (First). New York: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Kharagpur, I. (2009). Lesson 17 Types of DC-DC converter, 1–11. Retrieved 11 September 2021
from https://www.nptel.ac.in/courses/108/105/108105066/

Sharma, K., & Palwalia, D. K. (2017). Control of DC-DC Converters. IEEE Transactions on
Industrial Electronics, 6–11.

Ali, H., Zheng, X., Wu, X., Khan, S., & Awan, D. (2015). Frequency Domain Based Controller
Design for DC-DC Buck Converter. IEEE 10th International Bhurban Conference on
Applied Sciences & Technology (IBCAST), 146–151.

Stroud, K. A., & Booth, D. J. (2003). Advanced Engineering Mathematics. (M. Gover, P. Lewis,
P. Everson, M. A. Armand, L. Ferrario, & B. R. Wong, Eds.) (4th Ed.). New York:
PALGRAVE MACMILLIAN.

Duong, M. Q., & Nguyen, V. T. (2018). Performance Assessment of Low-pass Filters for
Standalone Solar Power System. IEEE 10th International Conference and Exposition on
Electrical and Power Engineering, 503–507.

Aboreada, H., Member, S., Williamson, S. S., Member, S., & Sood, V. (2019). Analysis and
Control of Multi-input, Single-output, Non-isolated DC / DC Converter for Effective
Renewable Energy Management. IEEE, 2–7.

20
Motapon, S. N., Dessaint, L. A., & Al-Haddad, K. (2013). A Comparative Study of Energy
Management Schemes for a Fuel Cell Hybrid Emergency Power System of More Electric
Aircraft,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

21
 APPENDIX

Summary-comparison matrix

References Tools & Approaches & Standards, Application & Relevance to

Technologies Algorithms Risks and End Use Project
Safety
Babu, R. S. R., & Henry, J. MATLAB/ A Simulation Simulation Electrolyser Understanding
(2012). A Comparative SIMULINK study done with results are application renewable
Analysis of DC/DC and without validated with uses water for energy system
Converters for Renewable transformer to experiment. hydrogen
Energy System. IEEE achieve zero Design production
Proceedings of the switching voltage specification
International provided for
MultiConference of safe operation
Engineers and Computer
Scientists (IMECS), II.
Laghari, G. F., Umar, A., & Tools used for Comparative NA Analyzes Selection
Abdullah, S. (2015). comparative analyzes based done to help criteria useful
Comparative Analysis of analyzes not on: cost, designer
Multi-Input DC / DC provided efficiency, design choose best
Converter Topology for simplicity and topology in
Hybrid Renewable Energy reliability. specific
Systems. IEEE. application
Arazi, M., Payman, A., Camara, Software for Series, parallel, To minimize Hybrid Useful
M. B., & Dakyo, B. (2018). circuit series-parallel, safe operation electric
Study of different topologies schematics LLC and CLLC at high vehicles
of DC/DC resonant not provided resonant frequencies
converters for renewable converters are tank circuits
energy applications. IEEE studied. First are used
Thirteenth International harmonic
Conference on Ecological approximation
Vehicles and Renewable method (FHA) is
Energy (EVER). used
Sharma, K., & Palwalia, D. K. MATLAB/ Digital redesign Operations Optimize DC- Controller
(2017). Control of DC-DC SIMULINK and Direct conditions are DC converter stability
Converters. IEEE digital-design varied and performance design
Transactions on Industrial verified with
Electronics, 6–11. simulation

22
Duong, M. Q., & Nguyen, V. T. MATLAB/ Solar conversion Simulation Meet load Filter design
(2018). Performance SIMULINK system and filters verified to requirement techniques in
Assessment of Low-pass are built. Ziegler- operate within renewable
Filters for Standalone Solar Nichols control safe voltage energy system
Power System. IEEE 10th algorithm used. limit
International Conference
and Exposition on Electrical
and Power Engineering,
503–507.
Rehman, Z., Al-bahadly, I., & NA Extensive Single input Study focused A
Mukhopadhyay, S. (2015). topology and single on hybrid understanding
Multiinput DC – DC comparison with output and renewable of merits and
converters in renewable
merits and multi-input energy system demerits of
energy applications – An
overview. ELSEVIER demerits. multi-output with power different
Renewable and Sustainable Comparison provided with electronics topologies is
Energy Reviews, 41, 521– criteria used in waveform operating useful
539. the study results. optimally
Ali, H., Zheng, X., Wu, X., Khan, MATLAB/ Frequency Simulated A buck with Useful
S., & Awan, D. (2015). SIMULINK domain based design that applications in
Frequency Domain Based controller design meets computing,
Controller Design for DC-
specification communicatio
DC Buck Converter. IEEE
10th International Bhurban is validated n, electric
Conference on Applied with vehicles and
Sciences & Technology experiment. distributed
(IBCAST), 146–151. power
systems
Aboreada, H., Member, S., NA Effective energy Simulation A case where Useful in
Williamson, S. S., Member, management results one of the selecting a
S., & Sood, V. (2019). strategy presented to energy DC/DC
Analysis and Control of
validate sources fails converter
Multi-input, Single-output,
Non-isolated DC / DC performance to operate topology
Converter for Effective of the
Renewable Energy topology
Management. IEEE, 2–7.

23
Motapon, S. N., Dessaint, L. A., MATLAB/ State machine Simulation NA Useful to
& Al-Haddad, K. (2013). A SIMULINK control, Rule- model obtain fuel
Comparative Study of based fuzzy validated with cell module
Energy Management
logic, Classical analysis and that will be
Schemes for a Fuel Cell
Hybrid Emergency Power PI control and performance interfaced
System of More Electric Frequency with DC/DC
Aircraft,” IEEE decoupling and converter
Transactions on Industrial fuzzy logic
Electronics.

Table A.1 Literature review matrix

24
Modelling blocks

(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

Figure A.1 (a) Fuel cell module (Motapon, Dessaint, & Al-Haddad, 2013), (b) PV array, (c)
Wind energy source, (d) Multi-input single-output DC/DC converter block, (e) Battery, (f) Three
phase inverter

25
Figure A.2 Model of the overall system in progress

26