DeSIGn of AIr ConDITIonInG SYSTeM

for A reSIDenTIAL bUILDInG: A reVIew

ramesh Das, r S. Ojha, Vineet Kumar, Sudesh Singh*
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201306 Uttar
Pradesh, India
* Corresponding author:[email protected]

ABSTrACT
Annually, the climate in most places rises, and as a result, the total energy to provide
climate control rises as well. The HVAC industry faces a tough task in developing energy-
efficient equipment to fulfil growing demands while also decreasing climate change and
depletion of the ozone layer. Cooling water central air conditioning systems are used in places
where entire major buildings, such as retail malls, airports, and hotels, with multiple floors, must
be air conditioned. The project entails the design of a Shandilya Villa Mumbai air conditioning
system as well as its criterion for new buildings Establishing a thermal stabilized atmosphere
inside a building, such as a kitchen, master bedroom, or dining hall, is the major focus. The
planned air - conditioning system site is situated on the tower’s rooftop patio.
Keywords: Humidification, Dehumidification, Specific Humidity, Ton-of-Refrigeration,
Indoor-Air-Quality, British-thermal-unit.

Introduction
Air conditioning investigation is among the most challenging areas of research, and it is
carried out in stages. Analysis of the heat load. Heat load estimation considers the heat generated
by occupants as well as the equipment installed within, as well as ambient elements. Prior to
implementing the Air conditioning system, an Engineer must have a thorough understanding of
the construction, surrounding environment, occupants, and other factors affecting the system.
The following stage will be to choose appropriate equipment based on the findings of the
previous analysis. By choosing the right size and load bearing capacity equipment, the main
goal of comfort and energy savings will be met. The initial and continuing costs will be higher
if we choose an air conditioning system that is larger than what is required. On the other hand,
if a smaller air conditioning system is built than is required, under cooling will occur, defeating
the aim of the air conditioning system installation. The goal of this paper is to define the

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steps required in designing an air conditioning system that incorporates accurate heat load
calculations. The size of the system that delivers best efficiency at the lowest cost is determined
by the HVAC designer.
Free cooling is a simple method that uses pump to recirculate a refrigerant (usually or a
liquid mix) from a cooling mechanism, which then functions as a heat sink for the energy lost
from of the cooled environment. Free cooling systems can have extremely high efficiency,
and they’re sometimes paired with different seasons thermal energy storage to utilize the cold
of winters for summer air conditioning. Thermal comfort conditions are considered adequate
when seventy percent of the building’s occupants are pleased, according to this guideline. A
predicted mean vote (PMV), The average of a large group of people’s thermal sensory votes
on a scale is used to predict the best comfort settings. The essential variables that make it
up an indoor climate subject to human comfort are air temp, air humidity, air velocity, mean
temperature, and human impacts.

Components of air conditioning system

The components of a HVAC system are various. Each of these components works together
to ensure the system’s overall performance. If one of the components fails, the entire system
will fail soon after. The major components of air conditioning system are: -
 Compressor
The term “compress” is defined as “to reduce in size, quantity, or volume as though by
compressing vapour. The compressor compresses the refrigerant gas, reducing its volume and
transforming it into a hot, high-pressure gas. The application of HVAC compressors can be
classified. In air conditioning units, there are five different types of compressors:
1. Reciprocating Compressor: Uses in light commercial and industrial.
2. Rotary: Appliances and household A/C units can employ a rotary compressor.
3. Scroll: Residential, light commercial, commercial, and refrigeration applications are
all possible.
4. Screw: For commercial air conditioning, refrigeration, and industrial uses.
5. Centrifugal compressors: Centrifugal compressors can be utilize in commercial air
conditioning systems.
 Condenser
A condenser is a heat exchanger that chills a gases substance into a liquid form for use in
heat transfer applications. As a consequence, the high temperature of the substance is liberated
and redistributed to the surroundings. Cooling towers are used in many industrial systems to
effectively reject energy.
 Expansion Valve
A thermal expansion valve, also known as a thermostatic expansion valve, is a component
in vapor-compression refrigeration and air conditioning systems that controls the amount of
refrigerant released into the evaporator and is designed to keep the superheat of the refrigerant
that flows out of the evaporator at a constant value.

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  Evaporator
The evaporator coil is the part of your air conditioning system that absorbs heat from the
air. To finish the heat exchange process that creates cool air, it works with a condenser coil. The
evaporator coil is full of refrigerant that has evaporated and has been pumped as a liquid by the
compressor to the metering device and then into the evaporator. The air forced through the coil
by the blower fan will pass through the coil, where the heat will be absorbed by the refrigerant
in the evaporator.

Experimental Investigation
Heat Load
The temperature we experience indoors is influenced by the weather outside. HVAC
systems must work extra hard in harsh weather to keep a comfortable environment. The term
“heat load” refers to the amount of cooling or heating required to maintain a comfortable indoor
temperature. Insulation, building materials, number of windows, size and location of windows,
appliances, electronics (computers, printers, and other electronic devices all emit heat), how
many persons generally occupy the home, and more are all aspects to consider. BTUs (British
Thermal Units) are used to assess heat load (British thermal units).

SHG LHG COMMENT

External
Walls Radiation, Conduction, heat transfer, using
CLTD’s, Sol-
Roofs air, temperature, time lags.
Windows (Glass on Solar radiation and conduction using SCL, zones.
wall)
Skylight (Glass on
Roof)
Partitions
Floors Heat transfer by conduction
Ceilings
Infiltration Latent and sensible heat transfer with mass
transfer
Internal
People Sensible heat gain using CLF
Lights
Equipment Latent heat gain is instantaneous
Total Room SHG LHG Use to determine supply air quantity and
condition

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 The Heat Load Calculation sheets for the proposed building are listed below
The Tonnage and Litre/second flow of air in each room/space are the values needed for
subsequent calculations. heat load calculation software, which is an excel sheet with predefined
calculations, is used to calculate the Heat Load for the project:

Area in sqft Length*Breath Height in sqft Height of room

Total no. of occupant **
Fresh Air CFM Per 7.5 Assumption taken
Person
Total Fresh Air CFM Total no. of occupant
*fresh air cfm per
person
Total Fresh Air @ (7.5*total occupant) +
7.5CFM*Person + (0.12*area)
0.12CFM/Sft.
Selected Fresh Air = Max(freash air per person cfm),(total fresh air cfm),(Total Fresh Air @
7.5CFM*Person + 0.12CFM/Sft.)
East wall/glass/open space Floor heat gain
West wall/glass/open space Ceiling heat gain
North wall/glass/open space Total Glass heat gain
South wall/glass/open space Total Partition heat gain
People heat gain Lights (W) heat throw
Eqp. (KW) heat throw

Assumption temperature of Delhi Calculated ADP

DB WB RH GR/Lbs ADP (Sel.) ** **
Season F F % Deh. Rise ** **
Summer > 110 75 19.00 73.4 Deh. CFM ** **
Monsoon> 95 83 61.00 153 Cooling Load ** *
Winter > 45 41 71.00 31.4 Reheat **
Room>S/M 72 61.4 55.00 64.6
Room>W 70 60 55.00 60.3
Sel. CFM = Max Deh. CFM calculated
Sel. TR = MAx. Delhi cooling load
calculated

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1.2 Insufficient cooling or heating, Efficiency & air Quality
Refrigerant is a liquid substance that is required for the removal of heat and the creation
of cool air in cooling systems. The device will not cool properly if the system loses refrigerant
due to leakage or theft. A refrigerant recharge, or refill, is usually sufficient to restore the
system’s ability to cool. One of the most prevalent HVAC issues is a lack of refrigerant. An air
conditioner’s evaporator coils can freeze over, forming a thick layer of ice that obstructs the
equipment’s ability to cool. It’s generally enough to defrost the coils and remove the ice build-up
to get the system cold again. HVAC systems can degrade over time, resulting in a large increase
in your monthly heating and cooling costs. This occurs when the system tries to compensate
for the loss by operating more frequently. If your energy expenses have suddenly increased and
can’t be explained by increasing consumption or weather-related difficulties, you should get
your HVAC system inspected by a professional. The air filters in your air conditioning systems
remove dust, pollen, and other particles from the air that circulates through the system. They
prevent those particulates from entering your facility’s indoor air by doing so. If the quality of
your indoor air appears to be deteriorating, check the air filters in your HVAC system and replace
them if they’re dirty. Cooling systems should also provide some level of dehumidification for
your home environment. If the humidity level rises, the equipment may need to be serviced.
Whenever you experience weird noises from your HVAC system that you haven’t heard before,
or if the noises it normally makes are louder than usual, it could be an indication of significant
trouble. Cause sure the noises aren’t coming from loose parts, loosened doors or access panels,
or other parts that make rattling, banging, or clattering noises first. Screaming or squeaking
noises may indicate that lubrication of a fan or other moving gear is required. They can also
indicate the need for a new fan belt. Internal popping or banging sounds in a gas furnace could
indicate that gas is building up and burning off with a sound. This could become a major
issue in the future and should be investigated as soon as feasible. Whenever the HVAC system
didn’t work at all, it’s likely due to a malfunctioning thermostat. Many current programmed
thermostats are battery-powered, and if the batteries die, the thermostat will turn off and the
HVAC system will not operate. Check the thermostat’s screen, and if it’s blank, replace the
batteries. This is one of the most common HVAC issues, and the thermostat will normally turn
back on and the HVAC system will resume regular operation. If replacing the batteries doesn’t
fix the problem, the thermostat may need to be changed. A tripped circuit breaker may also be
to blame for a broken HVAC system. Power

3.3 Common Issues

Commercial heating and cooling systems are built to last a long time and deliver consistent
performance. The system will eventually become less reliable as the equipment matures. Here’s
a quick rundown of five of the most prevalent HVAC issues in buildings.
a. Insufficient cooling or heating
Refrigerant is a liquid substance that is required for the removal of heat and the creation
of cool air in cooling systems. The device will not cool properly if the system loses

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 refrigerant due to leakage or theft. A refrigerant recharge, or refill, is usually sufficient to
restore the system’s ability to cool. One of the most prevalent HVAC issues is a lack of
refrigerant.
An air conditioner’s evaporator coils can freeze over, forming a thick layer of ice that
obstructs the equipment’s ability to cool. It’s generally enough to defrost the coils and
remove the ice build-up to get the system cold again.
b. Efficiency Drop
HVAC systems can degrade over time, resulting in a large increase in your monthly
heating and cooling costs. This occurs when the system tries to compensate for the loss by
operating more frequently. If your energy expenses have suddenly increased and can’t be
explained by increasing consumption or weather-related difficulties, you should get your
HVAC system inspected by a professional.
c. Indoor Air Quality Issues
The air filters in your air conditioning systems remove dust, pollen, and other particles
from the air that circulates through the system. They prevent those particulates from
entering your facility’s indoor air by doing so. If the quality of your indoor air appears to
be deteriorating, check the air filters in your HVAC system and replace them if they’re
dirty.
Cooling systems should also provide some level of dehumidification for your home
environment. If the humidity level rises, the equipment may need to be serviced.
d. Unusual noise
Whenever you experience weird noises from your HVAC system that you haven’t heard
before, or if the noises it normally makes are louder than usual, it could be an indication of
significant trouble. Cause sure the noises aren’t coming from loose parts, loosened doors
or access panels, or other parts that make rattling, banging, or clattering noises first.
Screaming or squeaking noises may indicate that lubrication of a fan or other moving gear
is required. They can also indicate the need for a new fan belt.
Internal popping or banging sounds in a gas furnace could indicate that gas is building up
and burning off with a sound. This could become a major issue in the future and should be
investigated as soon as feasible.
e. Sluggish performance
Whenever the HVAC system didn’t work at all, it’s likely due to a malfunctioning
thermostat. Many current programmed thermostats are battery-powered, and if the
batteries die, the thermostat will turn off and the HVAC system will not operate. Check the
thermostat’s screen, and if it’s blank, replace the batteries. This is one of the most common
HVAC issues, and the thermostat will normally turn back on and the HVAC system will
resume regular operation.
If replacing the batteries doesn’t fix the problem, the thermostat may need to be changed.
A tripped circuit breaker may also be to blame for a broken HVAC system. Power surges

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 in the electrical wires can cause breakers to trip. An occasional breaker trip isn’t cause for
concern, but consistent breaker trips could suggest a serious problem. The system should
operate again after you reset the breaker.

Control system for the HVAC system

The indoor thermal feeling is the subject of HVAC system modelling, which is linked
to the modelling of buildings, air handling unit (AHU) equipment’s, and indoor thermal
processes. Many HVAC system modelling approaches have been made accessible until now,
and the techniques have matured. However, there are several flaws in the application and
integration procedures for the various types of HVAC models. Irregular, pure lag time, high
thermal inertia, unpredictable disturbance sources, large-scale systems, and limitations will
be accumulated through the application and integration processes for both AHU equipment’s
and building models. This research examines many types of HVAC models and their benefits
and drawbacks for various applications, concluding that the Gray-box type is the greatest
representation of indoor thermal comfort. However, its application fails when it comes to the
integration procedure, as its response deviates from reality.

future Scopes
Dehumidification Optimization
Single-zone cooling units have a bad reputation for providing “cold and damp” environments,
which can lead to discomfort, moisture damage, and health risks. We can entirely resolve this
issue without requiring significant changes to existing equipment. For the sake of brevity, we’ll
assume that refrigeration-based dehumidification will continue to be the most cost-effective
option for most applications. This technology has flaws since the cooling coil is designed to
fulfil two distinct functions: cooling and dehumidification. In today’s single-zone systems, the
shotgun marriage of these two functions is the source of inadequate dehumidification. If we
use dehumidification equipment to dehumidify, reheat can be added to single-zone systems
as a solution. In multiple-zone systems, reheat is the source of good humidity management.
Isn’t reheating, though, somewhat costly? It’s only expensive in multi-zone air handling
systems, which squander a lot of reheat energy to keep zone temperatures consistent. Single-
zone systems, on the other hand, do not employ reheat to regulate temperature. Reheating for
dehumidification is also always free. This is because any cooling process rejects more heat than
it removes, and reheat is only required to cancel a portion of the sensible cooling process, that
is, the part that causes the space temperature to drop below what we desire.

using Dehumidifiers and air Conditioners Together

When all of the compressor discharge gas is directed to the external condenser, the machine
in Figure 2 becomes a conventional air conditioner. If all of the discharge gas is directed to the
reheat coil, the machine becomes a standard room dehumidifier. This shows that we may obtain
comparable results by combining a common air conditioner with a common dehumidifier. It

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is simple to control such a combination. The thermostat controls the air conditioner, whereas
the humidistat controls the dehumidifier. In fact, technically, such a combination is comparable
to our combination unit. The distinctions are purely functional. Separate equipment is more
costly.

Optimize latent heat Recovery

Dehumidification is treated as a two-part process in optimized design, with mechanical
dehumidification being the second phase. The first stage is to take advantage of as much “free”
dehumidification as possible by allowing exhaust air to collect moisture from the incoming
ventilation air. This is accomplished by the use of latent air-to-air heat recovery technology.
Single-zone systems with built-in heat recovery already have a devoted following.

future onwards
Major changes in engineering are common, with existing processes being abruptly rejected
and embryonic approaches fast gaining supremacy. After years of rising strain, when important
realities become too strong to ignore, such upheavals occur. We’ve arrived at a critical juncture
in the design of HVAC systems. In a century of extremely high energy prices and security
attacks, a breakthrough in HVAC is required to keep buildings safe. The impending HVAC
design shock is akin to the mass extinction, which grew too huge and unadaptable to survive
and were replaced by small, adaptable animals. Similarly, multiple-zone air handling will be
phased out in favour of a flexible new design idea we’ve dubbed “optimized-function HVAC.”
The transformation is already underway. Create HVAC systems for the twenty-first century,
not the past.

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