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GRADE 8 LEARNING MODULE

MATHEMATICS THIRD QUARTER

Q3: LESSON 5: WEEK 1 - 5

Mathematics 8

UNIT

Writing a Proof,
Proving Triangle
Congruence (The SSS,
SAS, ASA congruence
Postulates and SAA
Theorem

This lesson will help you to:

 Determine whether the sides or angles are corresponding sides, corresponding angles or neither.
 Find the value of missing side and angle so that the given two congruent triangle by the indicated postulate
or theorem.
Definition
A definition is a statement of meaning of a word, or term, or phrase of previous defined terms.
Undefined terms are those terms that don’t require a formal definition. The four terms are point, line, plane
and set.
An axioms or postulate is a statement which is accepted as true without proof.
A defined terms have formal definition and can defined using other geometrical terms.
A theorem is any statement that can be proved true.
A corollary to a theorem is a theorem that follows easily from previously proved theorem.

Notice that when defining the terms, the use of descriptors end up circling such that same terms are
being used to define the other. Hence, points, lines, and planes are regarded as undefined terms.
The undefined terms are basis of axioms and postulates in geometry. Axioms or postulates are
statement taken true even without proof. The early Greeks made a distinction between the two: axioms are
assumptions common to all sciences, whereas postulates are related to a particular subject. Axioms or postulates
consequently lead to defined terms, which are terms defined using undefined terms, and theorems, which are
statements that can be proven true. Figure 1 describe an axiomatic system.

UNDEFINED TERMS

AXIOMS OR POSTULATES

DEFINED TERMS

THEOREMS

Fig. 1 Derivation of theorems from undefined terms

An axiomatic system is any set of axioms used to derived theorems. In figure 1, theorems are logically
derived from defined terms, axioms or postulates, and undefined terms. In this lesson, undefined terms (i.e.
points, lines, and planes) are used to derive theorems logically.

Here are the postulates on the relationships among points, lines and planes.

POSTULATE 1: The Distance Postulate

For every distinct two points, there are corresponds a unique positive number. This number is the
distance between two points.
(See figure 1.1)

P Q
In figure 1.1, distance between P and Q is PQ.
POSTULATE 2: The Ruler postulate
The points of a lines can be placed in corresponding with real numbers in such a way that:
1. For every point on the line, there corresponds exactly one point.
2. For every real number, there are corresponds exactly one point on the line; and
3. The distance between two points is the absolute value of the difference of the corresponding numbers.

POSTULATE 3: The Ruler Placement Postulate

Two points on any line or line segment can be paired with real numbers so that, given any two points P
and Q on the line, P corresponds to zero and Q corresponds to a positive real number.

Example 1: Measure the length of the line segment PQ.

P Q

Solution: Apply the postulate 2 to solve problem. Using a metric ruler, align any point P with exactly one
mark of the ruler and get the mark where point Q falls. The length of line segment PQ is equal to the absolute
value of the difference of the two marks.

PQ=( 7.5−5 )=2.5 Hence, the length of the segment PQ is 2.5 inches.

POSTULATE 4: The Line Postulate

Given any two distinct points, there is exactly one line contain both points. (See figure 1.2)

l P
Q
Figure 1.2
´ cane be drawn.
Through points P and Q, line l or PQ

THEOREM 8.1: If two lines intersect, then their intersection is a point. (See Figure 1.3)

A E B

D C

´ is E.
´ and CD
In figure 1.3, the intersection of AB
POSTULATE 5: The Point – Existence Postulate
Every planes contains at least three non collinear points. A space contains at least four non coplanar points.
(See figure 1.4)
Note: Non collinear points are set of points that do not lie on the same line. Non coplanar means not
occupying the same surface or linear plane.

X M
W
Y
Z

Figure 1.4
Points X, Y, and Z determine plane M.
Points W, X, Y, and Z determine space.

POSTULATE 6: The Flat Plane Postulate

If two points of a line lie on a plane, then the line lies on the same plane. (See figure 1.5)

M
B
A

Figure 1.5
´ lies on the plane.
If A and B lie on plane M, then AB

THEOREM 8.2: If a line intersects a plane not containing it, then the intersection contains only one point.
(See Figure 1.6)
L

Figure 1.6
In figure 1.6, the intersection of line l and plane M is point X.

CONGRUENT TRIANGLES
 If Δ ABC slides over the right to fit in ΔJKL , they will fit exactly. However, they will fit exactly only if a
proper pairing of the vertices is made. In this case, the proper pairing will have to be:

A J

K L
B C
Figure 1.2
A to J or A ↔ J read as “A corresponds to J”
B to K or B↔ K read as “B corresponds to K”
C to L or C ↔ K read as “C corresponds to L”
When the vertices are match this way, ∠ A and ∠ J are corresponding angles and AC and JL are
corresponding sides.
If Δ ABC is congruent to ΔJKL (that is, Δ ABC ≅ ΔJKL ), the vertices of the two triangles correspond in
the same order as the letters naming the triangles.

A J

B C K L
Figure 1.3
The correspondence among vertices can be used to name the corresponding congruent sides and angles
of the two triangles.
Corresponding angles Corresponding sides
∠ A≅∠J AB ≅ JK
∠ B≅∠ K BC ≅ KL
∠C ≅∠ L AC ≅ JL
Example 1:
Given: Δ TWO ≅ Δ ISX , if m ∠ O=55 and SX=4.
Find: a. m ∠ X b. WO
T X 4 S

o
55
O
W
Solution: I
a. Becausem ∠ X ≅ m∠ O , you know thatm ∠ X=m∠ O=55.
Answer: 55
b. Because WO ≅ SX , you know that WO=SX =4
Answer: 4

The SSS, SAS, ASA Congruence Postulate and AAS Congruence Theorem
POSTULATE 13: Side – Side – Side (SSS) Congruence Postulate.
If three sides of a triangle are congruent to three sides of another triangle, then the two triangles are
congruent. (See figure 1.4)

A D
B
E

C
F
Figure 1.4

In figure 1.4, you can see that AB ≅ DE , BC ≅ EF , andCA ≅ FD . By SSS congruence postulate, Δ ABC ≅ ΔDEF
.

POSTULTE 14: Side – Angle – Side (SAS) Congruence Postulate

If two sides and included angle of triangle are congruent to two sides and the included angle of another
triangle, then the two triangles are congruent. (See figure 1.5)

T Y

S U X Z
Figure 1.5

In figure 1.5, you can see that ST ≅ XY ,∠ T ≅ ∠ Y , and TU ≅ YZ . By SAS congruence postulate, Δ STU ≅ ΔXYZ
.
POSTULATE: Angle - Side – Angle (ASA) Congruence Postulate
If two angles and the included side of a triangle are congruent to two angles and the included side of
another triangle, then the two triangles are congruent. (See figure 1.6)

F Z

D E X Y
Figure 1.6
In figure 1.5, you can see that∠ D ≅ ∠ X , DE ≅ XY , and∠ E ≅ ∠ Y . By ASA Congruence Postulate,
∆≝ ≅ ∆ XYZ .
THEOREM 9.6: Angle – Angle – Side (AAS) Congruence Theorem
If two angles and a non – included side of a triangle are congruent to two angles and the corresponding
non – included side of another triangle, then the two triangles are congruent. (See figure 1.7)

B L

A C K M
Figure 1.7

In figure 1.6, you can see that,∠ A ≅ ∠ K , CB ≅ ML , and∠ C ≅ ∠ M . By AAS Congruence Theorem,
∆ ABC ≅ ∆ KLM .