PUC II YEAR FIVE MARKS IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWER 2023 – BIOLOGY [36] – By KAMAL Sir

Chapter-1
1 sexual reproduction in flowering plant

1) Explain the structure of young anther with a labeled diagram.(5 marks 2+3)

Structure of Anther: -
 Anther is bilobed and each lobe having two theca, i.e., they are dithecous.
 The anther is a four-sided
sided (tetragonal)
(tetragonal).
 Microsporangia located at the corners, two in each lobe.
 It is surrounded by four wall layers epidermis, en
endothecium, middle layer and tapetum.
 Outer three wall layers Epidermis
Endothecium  Involved in protection
Middle layer  Help in dehiscence
 The innermost wall layer is the tapetum – which has dense cytoplasm and more than one nucleus
nucleus.
o It nourishes the developing pollen grains.
 The microsporangia develop further and become pollen sacs (Deposited pollen grains).
grains)

2) Describe the structure of pollen grain of angiosperm.(5 marks)

 Pollen grains are generally spherical in shape (25-50 µm in diameter).

 It has two-layer –
o Outer layer - Exine, Chemically made up of sporopollenin.
 Resistant to high temperature, Strong acid and alkali.
 No enzyme that degrade sporopollenin.
o Inner layer – Intine, Chemically made up of cellulose and pectin.
 Thin continous layer
 Develop into pollen tube.
 Where sporopollenin is absent, it has prominent apertures called germpores.
 When the pollen grain is mature it contains two cells –
o Vegetative cell –
 Bigger,, has abundant food reserve and irregularly shaped nucleus.
nucleus
o Generative cell –
 Small,
mall, floats in the vegetative cell and spindle shaped nucleus.
nucleus
 Generative cell divides mitotically to give rise two male gamete.
 Pollen grain shed 2-celled
celled stage.
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 PUC II YEAR FIVE MARKS IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWER 2023 – BIOLOGY [36] – By KAMAL Sir

3) What is megasporogensis? Explain the development of formation of 8 nucleate, 7 celled stage of

embryo sac (Female gametophyte)
gametophyte). (5 marks 2+3)

o The process of formation of megaspores from the megaspore

mother cell (MMC) is called megasporogenesis.
o MMC undergo meiosis cell division produce 4 – megaspore.
o One of the megaspore is functional and other three degenerate.
o Nucleus of functional megaspore undergoes mitosis cell
division to form 2 nuclei which move opposite direction.
o Further nuclear division result
sult into 4 nuclei later
become 8 nucleate.
o 6 nuclei surrounded by cell wall to become cells and 2 nuclei
surrounded by one cell wall become central cell and nucleus are called polar nuclei.
nuclei
o Three cells are grouped together at the micropylar end and constitutethe egg apparatus.
 Egg apparatus, consists of two synergids and one egg cell.
 Synergids have filiform apparatus, which play an important role in guiding the
pollen tubes into the synergid.
synerg
o Three cells are at the chalazal end and are called the antipodals.
o The large central cell has two polar nuclei called polar cell.
o Thus, embryo sac, at maturity called as 88-nucleate, 7-celled stage.

4) Explain the structure of megasporangium (Anatropous ovule). (5 Marks)

 The ovule is a small structure attached to the placenta by means of a stalk called funicle.
 The body of the ovule fuses with funicle in the region called Hilum, it represents the junction
between ovule and funicle.
 Each ovule has one or two protective envelopes called
integuments.
 Enclosed within the integuments is a mass of cells called
the nucellus.
 Integuments encircle the nucellus except at the tip where a
small opening called the micropyle.
 Opposite the micropylar
pylar end, is the chalaza, representing the
basal part of the ovule.
 An ovule generally has a single embryo sac formed from a megaspore.

5) Write any four out breeding devices that prevent autogamy. Which type of pollination controlled
by the out breeding device? (5 marks)

1. Pollen release and stigma receptivity are not synchronized (similar process).
2. Anther and stigma are placed at different positions in flower.
3. Self-incompatibility – Inhibit pollen germination or pollen tube growth in the pistil.
4. Production of unisexual flowers.

 Outbreeding device controll the self-pollination

self and encourage cross-pollination.
pollination.
o Because continued self--pollination result in inbreeding depression.
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 PUC II YEAR FIVE MARKS IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWER 2023 – BIOLOGY [36] – By KAMAL Sir

6) a) What is pollination? Mention the types. (3 Marks)

b) Write the difference between chasmogamous and cleistogamous flower. (2 Marks)

a) Transfer of pollen grains from the anther, to the stigma of a pistil is called as pollination.
3 types - Autogamy
- Geitonogamy
- Xenogamy
b)
Sl.no Chasmogamous flower Cleistogamous flower
1 Flowers which expose anther and Flowers which do not expose anther
stigma (Open flower) and stigma (Closed flower)
2 Ex – Viola, Oxalis and Commelina Ex- Rose, Jasmine and Vinca

7) Write the characters of wind and insect pollinated flowers. (2.5 x 2 = 5)

Wind pollinated flower - Pollen grains are light and non-sticky

- They possess well-exposed stamens
- They have large and feathery stigma (easily trap air-borne pollen).
- Have a single ovule.
- Example – Corn, grasses, Wheat etc…
Insect pollinated flower -Flowers are large, colorful
- Flowers have fragrant and rich in nectar.
- Pollen grains are sticky.
- Example – Hibiscus, Rose, Sunflower etc…

8) Write the difference between microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis.

Microsporogenesis Megasporogenesis
Process of formation of microspore Process of formation of megaspore
Occurs in the pollen chamber Occurs in the ovule
All sporogenous cells differentiate into pollen Only one sporogenous cell differentiate into
mother cells megaspore mother cell
Gamete mother cell are the microspore mother Gamete mother cell are the megaspore mother
cells cell
Each microspore cell gives rise to four Each megaspore cell gives rise to one
functional microspore (pollen garain) functional megaspore (embryo sac)

9) Write the effect of pollen grain. (2m)

 Cause severe allergies and bronchial afflictions.

 Cause Chronic respiratory disorders– asthma, bronchitis, etc.

10) What is pollen viability? Mention some examples.

The period for which pollen grains remain active for fertilization to form zygote. This
phenomenon is called pollen viability.

Example - Rice and wheat - within 30 minutes.

- Rosaceae, Leguminoseae and Solanaceae – 1 month.
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11) Emasculation – removal of anthers from the flower bud using a pair of forceps. This step is
referred to as emasculation. Flower become female unisexual flower.
Bagging- Emasculated flowers have to be covered with a bag of suitable size, generally made up
of butter paper, to prevent contamination of its stigma with unwanted pollen. This
process is called bagging.

12) Double fertilization –

 Pollen tube releases the two male gametes into the cytoplasm of the synergid.
 One of the male gametes moves towards the egg cell and fuses with its nucleus to form zygote
(Diploid) - syngamy.
 The other male gamete moves towards the two polar nuclei located in the central cell and fuses
with them to produce a triploid primary endosperm nucleus (PEN) – Triple fusion.
 Since two types of fusions, syngamy and triple fusion take place in an embryo sac the
phenomenon is termed double fertilisation.

13) Scutellum - In the grass family the cotyledon is called scutellum that is situated towards one side
(lateral) of the embryonal axis.
Epicotyl - The portion of the embryonal axis above the level of attachment of scutellum is the
epicotyl. Epicotyl has a shoot apex and a few leaf primordia enclosed in a hollow foliar structure,
the coleoptile.

14) Albuminous seed –seeds have a part of endosperm as it is not completely usedup during embryo
development. Ex – Wheat, maize, barley, castor.
Non-Albuminous seed -seeds have no residual endosperm as it is completely consumed during
embryo development. Ex - pea, groundnut.
Perisperm – some seeds have persistent nucellus part on it. Ex - Pepper and beet.
Dormancy -The embryo may enter a state ofinactivity called dormancy.
Pericarp –The wall of the ovary develops into the wall of fruit called pericarp.
Ovules mature into seeds.
Ovary develops into a fruit.
Fleshy fruits -guava, orange, mango, etc.,

Dry fruits -groundnut, and mustard, etc.

False fruit -fruit develops from thalamus part of the ovary, such fruits are called false fruit.
Ex - Apple, Strawberry, Cashew, etc.,
True fruits - Fruit develops from only the ovary part, such fruits are called true fruits.
Ex – Mango, coconut, brinjal, tomato etc..

Parthenocarpic fruits - Some fruits develop without fertilisation. Such fruits are called
parthenocarpic fruits.
Ex – Banana.

How long seed remain alive -

 lupine, Lupinusarcticus excavated from Arctic Tundra - 10,000 years of dormancy.
 date palm, Phoenix dactylifera King Herod’s palace near the Dead Sea - 2000 years.

15) Apomixis – some species of plant, produce seeds without fertilisation is called apomixis.
Example - Asteraceae and grasses.

Polyembryony - occurrence of more than one embryo in seed is referred as polyembryony.

Page4

Example - Citrus and Mango.

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Chapter – 2 human reproduction

1) Draw the neat labeled diagram of male reproductive system.

2) Draw the neat labeled diagram of female reproductive system.

3) Draw neat labeled diagram of human mammary gland.

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 PUC II YEAR FIVE MARKS IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWER 2023 – BIOLOGY [36] – By KAMAL Sir

4) Show the schematic representation of spermatogenesis.

5) Draw neat labeled diagram of human sperm.

6) Show the schematic representation of oogenesis.

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 PUC II YEAR FIVE MARKS IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWER 2023 – BIOLOGY [36] – By KAMAL Sir

7) Describe the various events that occur during menstrual cycle.

o The reproductive cycle in the female primates (e.g. monkeys, apes and human beings) is called
menstrual cycle.
o The first menstruation begins at puberty and is called menarche.
o In human females, menstruation is repeated at an average interval of about 28/29 days.
o The cycle divided into four phases –
1) Menstrual phase – (3-5 days)
 Results due to breakdown of endometrial lining of the uterus
 Blood vessels which forms liquid that comes out through vagina.
 Menstruation only occurs if the released ovum is not fertilised.
 Lack of menstruation may be indicative of pregnancy.
2) Follicular phase – (6-13 days)
 Primary follicles in the ovary grow to become a fully mature Graafian follicle
 Simultaneously the endometrium of uterus regenerates through proliferation.
 Secretion of gonadotropins (LH and FSH) increases gradually during the follicular phase.
 Stimulates follicular development and increase secretion of estrogens by the growing
follicles.
3) Ovulatory phase – (14th day)
 Both LH and FSH attain a peak level in the middle of cycle (about 14th day).
 Rapid secretion of LH leading to its maximum level during 14th day called LH surge.
 LH surge rupture the Graafian follicle and release the ovum process is called ovulation.
4) Luteal phase – (15-18/29 days)
 Remaining parts of the Graafian follicle transform as the corpus luteum.
 The corpus luteum secretes large amounts of progesterone which is essential for
maintenance of the endometrium.
 Endometrium is necessary for implantation of the fertilised ovum and other events of
pregnancy.
 During pregnancy all events of the menstrual cycle stop
 In human beings, menstrual cycles ceases around 50 years of age; that is termed as
menopause

8) Briefly explain the embryonic development in humans.

o In human beings, embryonic development occur around 9 month is called gsatation period.
o Month wise embryo development occur as follow -
o First month -
 Embryo’s heart is formed.
 The first sign of growing foetus may be noticed by listening to the heart sound carefully
through the stethoscope.
o Second month –
 Foetus develops limbs and digits.
o Third month (12 weeks) - first trimester
 Limbs and external genital organs are well developed.
o Fifth month –
 The first movements of the foetus and appearance of hair on the head are usually observed.
o Sixth month (24 weeks) - second trimester
 Body is covered with fine hair, eye-lids separate, and eyelashes are formed.
o Nine months (36 weeks )- third trimester
 Foetus is fully developed and is ready for delivery.
Page7

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Chapter-4.Principles of inheritance and variation

1) Explain in one gene inheritance with reference to stem height in pea plant.

 Inheritance of one gene explained by – cross between two parents differing in one pair of
contrasting character.
 F1 generation : cross between pureline parents
Homozygous male X Homozygous female --------------- Parent (Pureline)
Tall plant Dwarf plant ---------------- Phenotype
TT tt ---------------- Genotype

T t ---------------- Gametes
Syngamy

Tt (Tall plant) ----------------- F1 Generation

 F2 Generartion..... (Crossing between F1 plants)

Heterozygous male X Heterozygous female - Parent (Hybrid)
Tall plant Tall plant - Phenotype
Tt Tt - Genotype

T t T t - Gametes

Punnet square:

♀ T t
♂
TT Tt
T Talll Tall

Tt Tt
t Tall Dwarf

Phenotypic ratio – Tall : Dwarf

3 : 1
Genotypic ratio – TT : Tt : tt
1 : 2 : 1
 In inheritance of one gene Mendel crossed between tall and dwarf plant (homozygous)
 In F1 generation tall (heterozygous) plant is formed.
 For F2 generation cross between F1, both are heterozygous in condition.
 In F2 three plant tall and one plant is dwarf.
 Based on law of dominance – in a dissimilar pair of factors one member of pair dominates
the other.
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2) Explain incomplete dominance based on snapdragon flower.

o In heterozygous condition both the alleles fails to dominate each other and exhibit intermediate
characters in F1 generation it is called incomplete dominance.
o This type of inheritance found in the dog flower (snapdragon or Antirrhinum sp.)
o Crossed between true-breeding red-flowered (RR) and flowered plants (rr), the F1 (Rr) was pink
o When the F1 was self-pollinated the F2 resulted in the following ratio 1 (RR) Red: 2 (Rr) Pink: 1
(rr) White.
o Here the genotype ratios were exactly as we would expect in any mendelian monohybrid cross,
but the phenotype ratios had changed from the 3:1 dominant : recessive ratio.
o Conclusion - R was not completely dominant over r and this made it possible to distinguish Rr as
pink from RR (red) and rr (white).

Homozygous male X Homozygous female --------------- Parent (Pureline)

Red flowered plant White flowered plant ---------------- Phenotype
RR rr ---------------- Genotype

R r ---------------- Gametes
Syngamy

Rr (Pink flowered plant) ----------------- F1 Generation

 F2 Generartion..... (Crossing between F1 plants)

Heterozygous male X Heterozygous female - Parent (Hybrid)
Pink flowered plant Pink flowered plant - Phenotype
Rr Rr - Genotype

R r R r - Gametes

Punnet square:

♀ R r
♂
RR Rr
R Red Pink

Rr rr
r Pink White

Phenotypic ratio – Red : Pink : White

1 : 2 : 1
Genotypic ratio – RR : Rr : rr
1 : 2 : 1
Page9

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3) Explain the inheritance of two genes with reference to seed colour and shape.

 Two genes inheritance explains the law of segregation.

 The law states that ‘when two pairs of traits are combined in a hybrid, segregation of one pair of
characters is independent of the other pair of characters’.
characters’
o Round shape, yellow coloured seed producing plant – Male
o Wrinkled shape, green coloured seed producing plant – Female
 Crossing between these two parents gives Round shape, yellow coloured (RrYy) in F1 generation.
 For F2 generation crossing between RrYy.

Male Female
---------- Parents

---------- Genotypes

--------- Phenotypes

---------- Gametes

------------ F1 generation

F2 Generation
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 PUC II YEAR FIVE MARKS IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWER 2023 – BIOLOGY [36] – By KAMAL Sir

4) What is Mendelian disorder? Give an example. Write the symptoms of any three disorder.

Alteration or mutation in the single gene cause the changes in phenotypes such condition is called
Mendelian disorder.

e.g., Haemophilia, Cystic fibrosis, Sicklecell anaemia, Colour blindness, Phenylketonuria,

Thalassemia, etc. It is

1) Symptoms of phenylketonuria :
o Phenylpyruvic acid accumulate in brain results in mental retardation

2) Symptoms of Haemophilia:
o Simple cut will result in non-stop bleeding.

3) Symptoms of Colour blindness:

o Person failure to discriminate between red and green colour.

5) What is chromosomal disorder? Write the karyotype and symptoms of disorders.

Disorder caused due to absence or excess or abnormal arrangement of one or more chromosomes
is called chromosomal disorder.

a) Down’s syndrome – 46 + 1 (21 Trisomy)

o Short statured with small round head
o Furrowed tongue and partially open mouth
o Palm is broad with characteristic palm crease.
o Physical, psychomotor and mental development is retarded.

b) Turner’s syndrome – 44 + X0 =45 (Autosome 44 + sex chromosome X)

o Masculine development
o Feminine development (development of breast, i.e., Gynaecomastia)
o Individuals are sterile.

c) Kleinfelter’s syndrome – 44 + XXY = 47 ( A – 44 and Sex Chromosome – 3 )

o Females are sterile as ovaries are rudimentary.
o Lack of other secondary sexual characters
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Chapter – 5 molecular basis of inheritance

1) Explain the structure of polynucleotide chain.

o Polynucleotide means more number of nucleotide combine to form a long chain.

o Nucleotide has three components –
 Nitrogenous base (Purines – A and G, Pyrimidines – C, U and T)
 Pentose sugar (ribose in RNA, and deoxyribose in DNA),
 Phosphate group.
o Nitrogenous bases are of two types –
 Purines (Adenine and Guanine),
 Pyrimidines (Cytosine, Uracil and Thymine).
o Cytosine, Guanine and Cytosine is common for both DNA and RNA
 Thymine is present only in DNA but Uracil is present only in RNA.
o A nitrogenous base is linked to the OH of 1' C pentose sugar through a N-glycosidic linkage to
form a nucleoside.
e.g., adenosine or deoxyadenosine guanosine or deoxyguanosine,
cytidine or deoxycytidine uridine or deoxythymidine.
o When a phosphate group is linked to OH of 5' C of a pentose sugar (nucleoside) through
phosphoester linkage, to form nucleotide.
o Two nucleotides are linked through 3'-5' phosphodiester linkage to form a dinucleotide.
o More nucleotides can be joined in such a manner to form a polynucleotide chain.
o Polynucleotide chain has free phosphate moiety at 5' -end of sugar, which is referred to as 5’-end.
o Other end of the polynucleotide chain has a free OH of 3'C group which is referred to as 3' –end.
o The backbone of a polynucleotide chain is formed due to sugar and phosphates.

2) Write the salient features of double helix structure of DNA.

 It is made of two polynucleotide chains, where the backbone is constituted by sugar-phosphate,

and the bases project inside.
 The two chains have anti-parallel polarity.
 One polarity 5' 3', the other has 3' 5'.
 The bases in two strands are paired through hydrogen bond (H-bonds) forming base pairs (bp).
 Adenine forms two hydrogen bonds with Thymine and vice-versa.
 Guanine forms three hydrogen bonds with Cytosine and vice versa.
 As a result, always a purine comes opposite to a pyrimidine.
 The two chains are coiled in a right-handed fashion.
 The pitch of the helix is 3.4 nm (1nm = 1 billionth of metre, that is 10 -9 m).
 There are 10 bp in each turn.
 Consequently, the distance between a bp in a helix is approximately 0.34 nm.
 The plane of one base pair stacks over the other in double helix.
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3) Draw the diagram of a nucleosome and explain the packaging of DNA in eukaryotes.

Structure of nucleosome:

Packaging of nucleosome in eukaryotes:

 Eukaryotic cell has approximately 2.2
meters long length of DNA.
 A length that is far greater than the dimension
of a typical nucleus (10–6 m).
 There is a set of positively charged, basic proteins
called histones.
 Histones are rich in the basic amino acid residues lysine and arginine.
 Histones are organised to form a unit of eight molecules called histone octamer.
 The negatively charged DNA is wrapped around the positively charged histone octamer to form
a structure called nucleosome..
 A typical nucleosome contains 200 bp of DNA helix.
 Nucleosomes constitute the repeating unit of a structu
structure
re in nucleus called chromatin.
 The nucleosomes in chromatin are seen as ‘beads-on-string’
‘beads string’ structure when viewed under
electron microscope (EM).
 Some region of chromatin are loosely packed (and stains light) and are referred to as
euchromatin and transcriptionally active.
 The chromatin that is more densely packed and stains dark are called as Heterochromatin and
transcriptionally inactive.
 Packaging of chromatin at higher level requires additional set of proteins that collectively are
referred to as Non-histone
histone Chromosomal (NHC) proteins.
4) Explain Griffith’s transformation experiment which proved that D
DNA
NA is the genetic material.
 In 1928, Frederick Griffith, perform a series of experiments to prove DNA is the genetic.
genetic
 He worked with Streptococcus pneumonia (bacteria which is responsible for pneumonia
disease – forms lung defective)
 He grow bacteria in culture plate to produce two types of colony-
o Smooth shiny colonies (S-strain)
(S – Polysaccharide coat, virulent.
o Rough colonies (R (R-strain) – Polysaccharide coat absent, Non-virulent.
virulent.
 Mice infected with the S strain (virulent) die from pneumonia
 Mice infected with the R strain do not develop pneumonia.

 He kills bacteria by heating them, when heat-killed

killed S strain bacteria injected into mice
mice,
mice did not die.
 When he injected
jected a mixture of heat-killed
heat killed S and live R bacteria, the mice died.

 He concluded that the R strain bacteria had somehow been transformed by the heat-killed
heat S strain.
 Heat-killed S strain had enabled the R strain to synthesise a smooth polysaccharide coat and
become virulent.
 This must be due to the transfer of the genetic material. Ho
However,
wever, the biochemical nature of genetic
Page13

material was not defined from his experiments.

 PUC II YEAR FIVE MARKS IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWER 2023 – BIOLOGY [36] – By KAMAL Sir

5) Explain Oswald T-Avery experiment to prove DNA as a genetic material.

o Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty (1933-44), They worked to determine the
biochemical nature of ‘transforming principle’ in Griffith's experiment.
o They demonstrate genetic material was thought to be a protein.
o They purified biochemicals (proteins, DNA, RNA, etc.) from the heat-killed S cells to see which
ones could transform live R cells into S cells.
o They discovered that DNA alone from S bacteria caused R bacteria to become transformed.
o They also discovered that protein-digesting enzymes (proteases) and RNA-digesting enzymes
(RNases) did not affect transformation, so the transforming substance was not a protein or RNA.
o Digestion with DNAse did inhibit transformation, suggesting that the DNA caused the
transformation.
o They concluded that DNA is the hereditary material, but not all biologists were convinced.

6) Mention any five salient features of Human Genome.

 The human genome contains 3164.7 million bp.

 One gene consists of 3000 bases.
 Largest gene is Dystrophin (2.4 million bases).
 The total number of genes is estimated at 30,000.
 99.9% nucleotide bases are exactly the same in all people.
 Functions are unknown for over 50 per cent of the discovered genes.
 Less than 2% of the genome codes for proteins.
 Repeated sequences make up very large portion of the human genome.
 Chromosome 1 has most genes (2968), Y has the fewest gene (231).

 (Any five)
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 PUC II YEAR FIVE MARKS IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWER 2023 – BIOLOGY [36] – By KAMAL Sir

7) Explain Hershey-chase
chase experiments to demonstrate DNA as genetic material.
 In 1952, Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase conduct experiment on bacteriophage (virus). (virus)
 Bacteriophage
acteriophage attaches to the bacteria and transfer its genetic material into bacteria.
bacteria
 They grew some viruses on a medium that contained –
o Viruses grown on radioactive phosphorus contained radioactive DNA but not
protein because DNA contains phosphorus but protein does not.
o Viruses grown on radioactive sulfur contained radioactive protein but not
radioactive DNA,
DNA protein contain sulfur but DNA does not.

Infection:
 Radioactive phages (virus with radioactive) were allowed to attach to E. coli bacteria.
Blending:
 Then, as the infection proceeded, the viral coats were removed from the bacteria by agitating
them in a blender.
Centrifugation:
 The virus particles were separated from the bacteria by spinning them in a centrifuge.

 A bacterium which was infected with viruses

v that had radioactive DNA was radioactive,
indicating that DNA was the material that passed from the virus to the bacteria.
 Bacteria that were infected with viruses that had radioactive proteins were not radioactive.
 This indicates that proteins didd not enter the bacteria from the viruses.
 DNA is therefore the genetic material that is passed from virus to bacteria
bacteria.
Page15
 PUC II YEAR FIVE MARKS IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWER 2023 – BIOLOGY [36] – By KAMAL Sir

8) Describe the experiment of Messelson and Stahl that proves that replication of DNA is semi
conservative.

 Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl performed the following experiment in 1958
 They grew E. coli in a medium containing 15NH4Cl (15N is heavy isotope), 15N was incorporated
into newly synthesised DNA they got hybrid DNA. DNA
 This heavy DNA molecule could be distinguished from the normal DNA by centrifugation in a
cesium chloride (CsCl) density gradient
gradient.
 They transferred the cells into a medium with normal 14NH4Cl , 14N was incorporated into newly
synthesized DNA.
 DNA that was extracted from the culture one generation after the tra nsfer from 15N to 14N medium
transfer
[that is after 20 minutes; E. coli divides in 20 minutes] had a hybrid or intermediate density.
 DNA extracted from the culture after another generation [that is after 40 minutes, II generation]
was composed of equal amounts of this hybrid DNA and of ‘light’ DNA.

9) Write the salient features of genetic code.

 The codon is triplet. Total number of codons 64.

 61 codons code for amino acids.
acids
 3 codons do not code for any amino acids, hence they function as stop codons.
 Some amino acids are coded by more than one codon, hence the code is degenerate.
 The codon is read in mRNA in a contiguous fashion. There are no punctuations.
 The code is nearly universal:
 E.g., from bacteria to human UUU would code for Phenylalanine (phe).
 AUG has dual functions.. It codes for Methionine (met),
(met), and it also act as initiator codon.
 UAA, UAG, UGA are stop terminator codons.
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 PUC II YEAR FIVE MARKS IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWER 2023 – BIOLOGY [36] – By KAMAL Sir

10) Explain the regulation of lac

lac-operon in absence or presence of lactose as an inducer.

 The repressor gene (i-gene)

gene) produce repressor mRNA which gives repressor protein.

In absence of lactose (inducer) -

 The repressor protein binds to the operator region and prevents RNA polymerase
from transcribing the operon.
 Hence no transcription and translation occur.
 Structural gene z, y and a do not produce protein (Enzymes).

In the presence of lactose (inducer) -

 The repressor protein binds to the inducer which inactivates repressor.

 This allows RNA polymerase access to the promoter and transcription proceeds.
 Structural gene proceedss to synthesis of enzyme.
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 PUC II YEAR FIVE MARKS IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWER 2023 – BIOLOGY [36] – By KAMAL Sir

10) Mention the steps involved in DNA finger printing. Write any three applications.

Steps:
 Isolation of DNA
 Digestion of DNA by restriction endonucleases
 Separation
eparation of DNA fragments by electrophoresis
 Transferring (blotting) of separated DNA fragments tto
o synthetic membranes, such as
Nitrocellulose or nylon,
 Hybridisation using labelled
abelled VNTR probe
 Detection
etection of hybridised DNA fragments by autoradiography.

Applications:
 Determining population and genetic diversities
 Forensic science
 Genetic biodiversity
 Evolutionary biology

11) Describe the process of transcription in bacteria with a labeled diagram.

 Transcription is a process in which DNA is converted into RNA.

 In bacteria, there are three steps –
1) Initiation :
 RNA polymerase binds to promopromoter and initiates transcription with the help of sigma factor.
factor
 It uses nucleoside triphosphates as substrate.
substrate
 Polymerises in a template depended fashion following the rule of complementarity.
2) Elongation:
 By adding nucleotide one byy one, it it facilitates opening of the helix and continues elongation.
 Only a short stretch of RNA remains bound to the enzyme.
3) Termination :
 Once the polymerasess reaches the terminator region.
 Nascent RNA and RNA polymerase fall off with the help of Rho factor.

 There are three types of RNAs:

o mRNA (messenger RNA) Single DNA-dependent
dependent RNA polymerase
o tRNA (transfer RNA)
o rRNA (ribosomal RNA). catalyse the all types of RNA
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 PUC II YEAR FIVE MARKS IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWER 2023 – BIOLOGY [36] – By KAMAL Sir

12) Describe the process of transcription in eukaryotes with a labeled diagram.

 Transcription process is similar as in prokaryotes.

 There are three steps initiation, termination an delongation but it require two additional
complexities –
 I, Three types of enzymes required to produce three types of RNA :cle :clear
ar cut division of labour.
o RNA polymerase I - rRNAs (28S, 18S, and 5.8S)
o RNA polymerase II - mRNA, heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA).
o RNA polymerase III - tRNA, 5srRNA, and snRNAs nRNAs (small nuclear RNAs).

 II, the RNA which produce after termination, contain both the exons and the introns and are non
non-
functional.
 To become functional it is subjected to splicing, tailing and capping.
o Splicing – the introns are removed and exons are joined the process is called splicing.
o Capping - unusual nucleotide (methyl
(methyl guanosine triphosphate) is added to the 5'-end
5' of
hnRNA.
o Tailing - adenylate residues (200-300)
(200 are added at 3'-end of hnRNA.
 It is the fully processed hnRNA, now called mRNA, that is transported out of the nucleus for
translation.
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 PUC II YEAR FIVE MARKS IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWER 2023 – BIOLOGY [36] – By KAMAL Sir

Chapter – 7 human health and disease

1) Mention the scientific name of the causative agent and two symptoms of the following:
(a) Typhoid (b) Pneumonia (c) Common cold (d) Malaria (e) Amoebiasis
a) Typhoid – Salmonella typhi
b) Pneumonia – Streptococcus pneumoniae
c) Common cold – Rhino virus
d) Malaria – Plasmodium vivax
e) Amoebiasis – Entamoeba histolytica

2) Explain the life cycle of Plasmodium vivax which causes malaria in human beings.

 Plasmodium vivax is protozoan pathogenic parasite completes life cycle in two host –
o Human - liver cell and RBC
o Mosquitoes – intestine and store in salivary gland (act as vector)
 Mosquitoes bite can initiate injecting saliva and absorbing the RBC.
 Plasmodium vivax enters the human body as sporozoites (infectious form) through the bite of
infected female Anopheles mosquito.
 Parasites multiply within the liver cells and then attack the red blood cells (RBCs) resulting in
their rupture.
 The rupture of RBCs is associated with release of a toxic substance, haemozoin, which is
responsible for the chill and high fever recurring every three to four days.
 When a female Anopheles mosquito bites an infected person, these parasites enter the mosquito’s
body and undergo further development.
 The parasites multiply within them to form sporozoites that are stored in their salivary glands.
 When these mosquitoes bite a human, the sporozoites are introduced into his/ her body, thereby
initiating the events mentioned above.
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 PUC II YEAR FIVE MARKS IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWER 2023 – BIOLOGY [36] – By KAMAL Sir

3) What is innate immunity? Briefly discuss any four innate immunity barriers.
Innate immunity is non-specific type of defence, which is present at the time of birth.

Innate immunity consists of four types of barriers –

1) Physical barriers:
- Skin - prevents entry of the micro-organisms.
- Mucus coating of the epithelium lining the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urogenital
tracts also help in trapping microbes entering our body.
2) Physiological barriers : all prevent microbial growth
- Acid in the stomach
- Saliva in the mouth
- Tears from eyes.
3) Cellular barriers:
- Leukocytes (WBC) - polymorpho-nuclear leukocytes (PMNL-neutrophils)
- Monocytes
- Natural killer cells – lymphocytes
- Macrophages - phagocytose and destroy microbes.
4) Cytokine barriers: Virus-infected cells secrete proteins called interferons which protect non-
infected cells from further viral infection.

4) What are lymphoid organs? Mention the types with their functions and examples.

The organs where origin and/or maturation and proliferation of lymphocytes occur are called
lymphoid organs.

There are two types –

1) Primary lymphoid organs – the organs where growth and maturation of lymphocytes occur.
e.g., Bone marrow – Produce B-lymphocyte result into production of antibodies
Thymus - immature lymphocytes differentiate into antigen-sensitive lymphocytes.

2) Secondary lymphoid organs – the organs which provide the sites for interaction of antibodies
with the antigen.
Eg., tonsils, small intestine etc..
Spleen – filter blood by trapping blood-borne microbes
Lymph nodes – trap the microorganism
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 PUC II YEAR FIVE MARKS IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWER 2023 – BIOLOGY [36] – By KAMAL Sir

5) Explain the structure of antibody with diagram. Write the difference between humoral and cell
mediated immune response. (3+2)

 B-lymphocytes produce proteins which fight with pathogens in our body are called antibodies.
Diagram of antibody structure :

Structure :

 Each antibody molecule has four peptide chains.

 Two small chain called light chains
 Two longer chains called heavy chains.
 Hence, an antibody is represented as H2 L2.
 These chains joined by disulfide bond.
 Types of antibody IgA, IgM, IgE, IgG.

 Acquired immunity devides into two types based on their responces as follow :

Humoral immune response Cell-mediated immune response

Immune response caused by antibodies which Immune response caused by cells present in
are present in blood human body
Antibody mediated immune response T-lymphocyte mediated immune responce
Helps in fight with pathogen (antigen) Help in graft rejection during organ
transplantation
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 PUC II YEAR FIVE MARKS IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWER 2023 – BIOLOGY [36] – By KAMAL Sir

6) Explain the life cycle of HIV in human body.

 HIV (Human immune virus) is a virus which AIDS Disease in human .

 HIV virus has RNA and reverse transcriptase enzyme in their core.
 After entering into human body , the virus enters into macrophages.
 Where, viral RNA replicates to form viral DNA with the help of the enzyme reverse transcriptase.
 Viral DNA gets incorporated into host cell’s DNA and directs the infected cells to produce virus
particles.
 The macrophages continue to produce virus and in this way acts like a HIV factory.
 Simultaneously, HIV enters into helper T-lymphocytes (TH ), replicates and produce progeny
viruses.
 The progeny viruses released in the blood attack other helper T-lymphocytes.
 This is repeated leading to a progressive decrease in the number of helper T-lymphocytes in the
body of the infected person.
 During this period, the person suffers from bouts of fever, diarrhoea and weight loss.
 Decrease in the number of helper T lymphocytes, the person starts suffering from infections.
 Diagnostic test for AIDS is enzyme linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA).
 Treatment – anti retroviral drugs (cannot prevent death, which is inevitable).
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 PUC II YEAR FIVE MARKS IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWER 2023 – BIOLOGY [36] – By KAMAL Sir

7) Write the difference between benign and malignant tumor. What are carcinogens? Given an
example.

Benign tumor Malignant tumor

remain confined to their original location grow very rapidly and invading
do not spread to other parts of the body Spread to the other parts of the body
cause little damage Cause more damage

The agent which cause cancer are called carcinogen.

There are three types -
1) Physical carcinogen –
 Ionising radiations - X-rays and gamma rays
 Non-ionizing radiations - UV rays (cause DNA damage)
2) chemical carcinogens –
 Tobacco smoke (cause of lung cancer).
3) Biological carcinogen –
 Oncogene - Cancer causing viruses called oncogenic viruses, they have viral oncogenes.
 Cellular oncogene (c-onc)
 Proto oncogenes

8) Explain different techniques which help in cancer detection and diagnosis.

1) Biopsy - a piece of the suspected tissue cut into thin sections is stained and examined under
microscope (histopathological studies) by a pathologist. E.g., leukemia
2) Computed tomography (CT) - uses X-rays to generate a three-dimensional image of the internals
of an object.
3) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) - uses strong magnetic fields and non-ionising radiations to
accurately detect pathological and physiological changes in the living tissue.
4) Antibodies against cancer -specific antigens are also used for detection of certain cancers.
5) Molecular biology – techniques to detect genes in individuals with inherited susceptibility to
certain cancers. E.g., tobacco smokes in case of lung cancer.
9) a) How nicotine affect to human body while chewing tobacco.
b) Name the scientific name of the plant extracts the following drugs
a. Opioid b. Cocaine c. Cannabinoids (2+3)

 Tobacco contains chemical substance nicotine, an alkaloid.

 Nicotine stimulates adrenal gland to release adrenaline and nor-adrenaline into blood circulation.
 Both are raise blood pressure and increase heart rate.

Scientific name of the plant –

a. Opioid - Papaver somniferumv (poppy plant)

b. Cocaine – Erythroxylum coca
c. Cannabinoids – Cannabis sativa
Page24

Kamal Nayak lecturer in Biology | FOR PDF NOTES, IMP QUESTION, PASSING PACKAGE, NEET/CET QUE, VISIT YOUTUBE CHANNEL – BIOLOGY BEST EVER (9880624546)
 PUC II YEAR FIVE MARKS IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWER 2023 – BIOLOGY [36] – By KAMAL Sir

10) Write the effect of drug/alcohol abuses in sports person in female and male.

In females:
 Masculinisation (features like males)
 Increased aggressiveness, mood swings and depression
 Abnormal menstrual cycles
 Excessive hair growth on the face and body,
 Enlargement of clitoris, deepening of voice.

In males:
 Acne, increased aggressiveness, mood swings, depression.
 Reduction of size of the testicles.
 Decreased sperm production.
 Potential for kidney and liver dysfunction.
 Breast enlargement, premature baldness.
 Enlargement of the prostate gland.
 Premature closure of the growth centres of the long bones may result in stunted growth.

11) Explain prevention and control measures of alcohol and drug abuse.

1) Avoid undue peer pressure –

 A child should not be pushed unduly to perform beyond his/her threshold limits; be
it studies, sports or other activities.
2) Education and counselling –
 To face problems and stresses
 To accept disappointments and failures as a part of life.
 To channelise the child’s energy into healthy pursuits like sports, reading, music,
yoga and other extracurricular activities.
3) Seeking help from parents and peers –
 Parents and peers can guide appropriately.
 Help may even be sought from close and trusted friends.
 Besides getting proper advise to sort out their problems.
 It would help young to vent their feelings of anxiety and guilt.
4) Looking for danger signs –
 Even friends, if they find someone using drugs or alcohol, should not hesitate to
bring this to the notice of parents or teacher in the best interests of the person
concerned.
 Suffer from non curable diseases
 May cause effective harm in their life e.g., decrease sperm production, abnormal
menstrual cycle etc…..
5) Seeking professional and medical help –
 In the form of highly qualified psychologists, psychiatrists, and deaddiction and
rehabilitation programmes to help individuals who have unfortunately got in the
quagmire of drug/alcohol abuse.
 Can get rid of the problem completely and lead a perfectly normal and healthy life.
Page25

THANK YOU

Kamal Nayak lecturer in Biology | FOR PDF NOTES, IMP QUESTION, PASSING PACKAGE, NEET/CET QUE, VISIT YOUTUBE CHANNEL – BIOLOGY BEST EVER (9880624546)