COMPUTER FUNDAMENTAL

C : COMMON = COMMONLY
O : ORIENTED = OPERATING
M : MACHINE = MANAGEMENT MACHINE
P : PARTICULARLY = PROFESSIONALLY
U : USED FOR = USE
T : TECHNOLOGY = TECHNICAL
E : EDUCATIONAL = EDUCATION
R : RESEARCH = RESEARCH

COMPONENT OF COMPUTER
(PARTS OF COMPUTER)

1) Monitor: - (Output Device) The Monitor is the Screen of the

Computer.

2) C.P.U. : - Central Processing Unit Or Microprocessor.

3) Mouse: - (Input Device) Mouse is Small unit with the round ball at
the bottom and with two or three switches at the top.

4) Keyboard: - (Input Device). In a computer system, the Keyboard is

the main device through which the operator puts in the
data and also tells the computer what to do with the data.

5) Printer: - (Output Device). To take Print out on Paper.

6) U.P.S: - UN-INTERUPTED POWER SUPPLY

1) Power Backup
2) Power Fluctuation Control.

7) V.D.U: - Visual Display Unit.

8) Scanner: - (Input Device). To Scan a Picture. This device uses

optical technology to capture the image provided to it.
 (i) Input Device: - The Keyboard is the main
input device through which is information is
fed other device are Mouse.

(ii) Output Device: - The Monitor and the

Printer are the output devices connected with
the C.P.U. to obtain the output the processed
information.

Computer: - It is an electronic device which takes input and after processing

displays output.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Keyboard C.P.U. Monitor

Keys (Central Processing Display

Unit) Result

Just like a Operating Just like

Typewriter Calculations T.V. Screen

COMPUTER CONCEPTS

Q 1: - What is Computer?
Ans: - It is an Electronic Device used for processing data. In 1834 Father of
Computer is Charles Bebbage who was the Professor of 18 th century at
Cambridge University of America. Previously it was called fast
calculating Machine. But 80% of its work is non-Mathematic or
non-Numerical so calling it only as fast calculating machine is to
ignore 80% of its work is data processive. So Computer is data
processor. Data and instructions give to the computer. It processes it
and finally gives us the desired output computer works on the Principal
of I-P-O Cycle.

CHARACTERSTICS OF COMPUTER: -
There are many characteristics of Computer are: -

1. Speed: - It Process Millions of instructions in a fraction of second

the speed of the computer is measured in nano seconds. i.e. (10 -9 of a
second).
2. Accuracy: - It perform every computations with 100% accuracy.

3. Versatility: -Computer can be used in many fields of operation. Such

as Education, Engineering, Medicine, Defence etc.

4. Diligence: - It can perform a task repetitively for N number of times

without any degradation in processing speed.

5. Storage: - It can store huge amounts of data within themselves in a

limited area.

LIMITATION OF COMPUTER:

1. Computer cannot think itself because it has no brain like man. It

depends upon the human beings.

2. Computer does not learn from Experience.

3. Have no imagination and intuition of their own.

DATA PROCESSING CYCLE:

1. Data 2. Instruction 3. Process

4. Output 5. Information.

Data: - Data can be represented in various forms i.e. in figures

characters, symbol etc.

Instruction: -It specifies how the data is to be manipulated.

(Example): - 2 + 3 (Here 2 and 3 are data and the instruction is
the addition operation).

Process: - It is the actual inter pretation and execution of the instruction,

which is carried out by the Microprocessor.
(Example: - 2 + 3 – 4 (Here 2, 3 and 4 is the data and the
process to be carried out is to first take out the sum of 2 and 3
and from the result of the summing process subtract the value of
1).

Output: - The result obtained from the process is called as an Output.

Information: - Meaningful Output is information.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT CYCLE (I – P – O. CYCLE): -

Data & Instruction Processing of Data Output

As per the instruction
Supplied

Through Keyboard C.P.U. Monitor

PROCESSING OF DATA COULD TAKE ONE OF THE

FOLLOWING STEPS:

1. Data Processing: - (Alphabets, Numbers, Symbol, Signs).

2. Text Processing: - (Alphabetically)
3. Graphical Processing: - (Drawing)
4. Arithmetical Processing: - (Plus, Subtract, Multiply, Division etc)
5. Decision Making: - (Less than, Grater than, is equal to)

Garbage in Garbage out (GIGO): - i.e. any wrong input fed to a process
results in a wrong output.

THE COMPUTER SYSTEM:

1) Hardware 2) Software 3) Humanware

Hardware: - The physical parts of the computer are collectively called its
hardware.

i) Central Processing Unit.

ii) Input Devices.
iii) Output Devices.
iv) Storage Devices.

Central Processing Unit (CPU): - Central Processing Unit or

Microprocessor is the heart of computer. Where all the
processing of data carried out. It performs the Arithmetical
operations namely Addition, Subtraction, Multiplications,
Division, Comparison on Less than, Greater than etc.
Control Unit: -This unit Controls all the parts of the computer. It deals with
the input as per the instructions using the memory and the ALU.
After the processing, it sends results back to the memory from
where they reach the output device.

Memory: - It stores all the data and Instructions.

AS WELL AS OUTPUT PROCESSING

STORAGE DEVICE

MEMORY

CONTROL UNIT

INPUT DEVICE A. L. U. OUTPUT DEVICE

Input Device: - In computer before any processing takes place, the data
and instructions must be fed. This achieve through the
input Device. Which provide a communication between
the user and the machine some of the input device are: -

Keyboard: - It is Standard Typewriter machine with some additional

Keys.
Function Keys F1 to F12: -
These are keys across the top of the Keyboard whose
functions change depending on the program that you are
using. For windows-based programme, the F1 Key is
always the key for Help.

Enter: - Enter is a very Important Key when you finish typing in a

response or a request, press Enter to send it to the CPU. In
a word processor, it is key used for starting a new
paragraph.

Backspace: - Backspace deletes Characters one at a time starting to the

left of the cursor on the screen. It erases! (This is the key
that is Particularly important to those of us who are
terrible typist).
Delete: - Delete Deletes Characters one at a time starting to the
right of the cursor on the screen. It also erases whatever
is highlighted on the screen.

Alt and Ctrl: - Alt (Alternate) and Ctrl (Control) are “helper” or modifier
keys. They only work when you press them at the same
time as other keys. What they do changes with every
computer program.

Cursor Key: - These are arrow keys that move the cursor can arrow or
little flashing bar that tells you where you are on the
screen) around on the monitor screen for typing or
drawing.

Numerical Keypad: - the numerical Keypad looks like a small calculator.

It you press the Numlock key (so that the numlock light
goes on). You can use it like a small calculator in certain
programs.

Mouse: - The mouse is an input device like the keyboard, but it is

more dynamic.
The mouse has a roller ball that is attached to several
internal sensors that allow you to travel around the screen
on the monitor when you reach your destination, you can
click, highlight, or drag and drop the item.

Left and Right Clicking: - The mouse has two buttons: Left and Right.
Most of the time you will click the left button to select
objects. Usually you select things with the mouse by
clicking the left button twice (you can also click once and
press the Enter Key).

When you click the right button a special menu is

displayed with various options you can select.

The terms left or right “button” and left or right “click”

are used interchangeably.
Output Devices: - When processing is complete in the CPU the information
produced is stored in the memory in a computer under
stand able. Format this information has to be transcribed
into a form that can be read by the user, which is achieved
by output devices.

There are two types of Output produced by these devices.

1) Soft Copy: - An Output on the VDU is called Soft Copy.

2) Hard Copy: - An Output produced on Printer is called Hard Copy.

Some of the Output Devices: -

1) Monitor 2) Printer

Monitor: - It is also called (VDU). It is used for display output it

interactively display that you key press through the Keyboard.

There are two types of VDU are: -

1) Monochrome or Black and White Monitor.
2) Color Monitor.

Printer: - Printer is an output device that Print results on paper. The output
produced by printer is called a hard copy. Printer can be classified
as impact and non-impact printer.

Storage Device: - When ever data or instructions is fed to the computer it is

stored with in it. Computers store data, instructions and output or a
process in storage devices.

Primary Storage Device: - it is called main memory where all the data and
instructions are fed or stored. The CPU is the Primary storage
device. Which directly access the data and instructions with the
help of control unit and also stores immediate output produced
from a process in this area. These devices are made up of
capacitors, transistors and silicon chips. This makes access of a
data and instruction from these devices very efficient.

SOME OF PRIMARY STORAGE DEVICES ARE:

1) Random Access Memory (RAM): - It is Volatile storage medium

because the contents of memory are loss when main power is
switched off. It allows us to read from and write to locations within
RAM, so it is also called read/write memory.
2. Read Only Memory (ROM): - The ROM is a non – volatile storage
medium. The information is burnt into ROM at Manufacturing
stage. Information can only be read from the ROM one set of
instructions permanently stored on ROM is called ROM Bios that
stands for read only memory basic input output services.

3. Secondary Storage Devices: - The secondary storage devices are

stored medium used for storing data, instruction and output for
archival purposes, so that whenever any data or instructions are
required in the future. It can be retrieved for reference or for
further processing. Different kinds of secondary Storage devices
available are: -

DISK DRIVE AND DISKETTES: -

1) Hard Disk Drive: - The hard disk drive is the mechanism that reads and
writes data on a hard disk. The hard disk drive and the hard disk
are packaged as a unit and are usually referred to as the “hard
drive”. They are mounted permanently inside the computer.

The hard disk holds the operating system for the computer (like
windows 98/xp), program (like Microsoft word), and documents.
The hard drive stores many more times the amount of information
that can be stored on a floppy disk.

2) Floppy Disk Drive: - It is a circular plastic disk coated with magnetic

oxide and enclosed within a square sizes, but the most commonly
used floppy are 3 ½ inch and 5 ¼ inch.

3) Other Devices: - Your Computer can be equipped with several extras

just like buying a new Car. It is up to you to decided what features
you want for your computer.
1) Speakers 2) Zip Drive
Speakers: - Speaker are often a pleasant, inexpensive addition to
your computer.
Zip Drive: - A Zip Drive is a high capacity floppy drive.
COMPUTER GENERATIONS: -

1) Micro Computer: - It is very small computer having inside both (ALU)

and (CU) i.e. Arithmetic Logical Unit and Control Unit is a single
chip.

2) Mini Computer: - It is Powerful computer then Micro-computer. It

stores large amount of data.

3) Super Computer: - It requires a large amount of data to be manipulate

with in a very short time the super computer have several.

4) Pentium: - In 1990 it is latest and coloured computer is used in a

field. It required a large amount of data.

SOFTWARE:
Software: - The Non-tangible components of the computer system are
referred to as software. Software is programs (a set of instructions)
that are categorized as: -

System Software: -Software that has its orientation more towards the
operation of the hardware components of the computer system i.e.
concerned primarily with coordinating and controlling hardware
resources. For example DOS, Windows 98, Xp.

Application Software: - Software which has its orientation more towards

performing user tasks for example payroll, Airline Reservation
system etc.

Utility Software: - Software which its orientation more towards facilitating

the user tasks. For example Calendar, Calculator, Software to
manage data stored on the disk etc.

Humanware: - The persons involved in using and maintaining the

computer system from the humanware. They are the trained
computer professionals and can be a: -
1) Hardware Engineer who takes care of the various
components of the computer.

2) Software Engineer who manages and handles the

Software loaded on to the computer.
 3) Programmer who designs various types of the software
required to work on the computer.

4) User who is the actual user of the Computer.

Virus: - Computer virus is a group of destructive programs that place copy

of itself into other applications and programs. The virus when enter
in computer it losses all the data stored in disk and also it decreases
the process of computer.

THERE ARE TWO TYPE OF COMPUTER VIRUS: -

1) Boot Sector Virus 2) Files Virus

1) Boot Sector Virus: - The virus, which presented in first two sector
of track Zero. This virus affects only the bootable programme.

2) Files Virus: - The virus which effects only those files whose
extension is Com and .Exe is called file Virus.

SYMPTOMS OF VIRUS ATTACK: -

1) The virus hangs the system automatically.
2) It decreases the main memory of computer.
3) It deletes the files from files allocation label.
4) It displays automatically some messages on the screen.

PREVENTIONS OF VIRUS ATTACK: -

1) Do not boot the system from a floppy other than the write protected
virus free bootable floppy disk.

2) Take regular backups to avoid data loss due to virus.

3) Avoid using the pirated software especially the Games.

4) Scan any external floppy disk before using it in the system.

5) Have an antivirus program installed on your computer and regular

run it to check the system.
 (Chapter – 1)
MS – DOS – PROMPT
(Microsoft Disk Operating System)

MS – DOS: - In simple terms we can define it disk operating system. It

is single user, single tasking operating system.
MS – DOS control our input output devices. Its memory
access limit is 640 KB (Kilo Bytes). It supports only
80XXX architecture personal Computer.

Booting: - It is the process by which computer starts itself and loads

the operating system in the memory and get ready to
process commands in Windows.

MS – DOS Prompt: - After the booting process is complete and the operating
system is loaded into the memory the DOS Prompt is
displayed on the Screen operating system is currently
ready to accept any kind of request from the user in the
form of command. Commands are the basic modes
through which we can communicate with the computer.

MS – DOS COMMANDS ARE CLASSIFIED AS INTERNAL

EXTERNAL COMMANDS: -
INTERNAL COMMANDS

Internal Commands: - These are those commands which are frequently used
by the user. These are the part of command. Com or these
are always present in the computer memory.

1) Copy Con: - This Internal Command is used to make a new file.

Syntax: - C:/> (Command) – ([Link]) …Enter Key Press
Minimum Mini
8 Char. 3 Char
Example: - C:/> Copy Con [Link] --------------- Enter.
Write any message in our file. After writing message in our file.
(F6 or Ctrl +Z are used to store file in Computer Memory)

2) Directory: - This internal command is used to see the list of files.

Syntax: - C:/> Dir ------------ Enter Key Press.
Directory Commands of Two types: -
1) C:/> Dir/P --------------- Enter
This command is used to see the directory page wise.
2) C:/> Dir/w ------------- Enter
This command is used to see the directory width wise.

3) Type: - This internal Command is used to see the Content of File.

(to open file).
Syntax: - C:/> (Command) (Filename) ----------- Enter
Example: - C:/> Type [Link] ------------ Enter

4) Rename: - This Internal command is used to change the name of file.

Syntax: - C:/> Ren (Old filename) (New filename) -------- Enter

5) Delete: - This Internal command is used to remove file from

Directory.
Syntax: - C:/> (Command) (Filename) ----------- Enter
Example: - C:/> Del [Link] ------------ Enter

Erase: - This Internal Command is used to remove file from

Directory.
Syntax: - C:/> (Command) (Filename) ----------- Enter
Example: - C:/> Erase [Link] ------------ Enter

6) Duplicate Copy: - This Internal Command is used to make a duplicate

copy of original file.
Syntax: - C:/> Copy (Original Filename) (New Filename) --- Enter

7) Time: - This Internal Command is used to see the time or change

the time.
Syntax: - C:/> (Command) ------------ Enter
Example: - C:/> Time ----------- Enter

8) Date: - This Internal Command is used to see the date and change
the date.
Syntax: - C:/> (Command) ------------ Enter
Example: - C:/> Date ----------- Enter
9) Volume: - This Internal Command is used to see the Volume Label
of Hard Disk or Floppy disk.
Syntax: - C:/> (Command) ------------ Enter
Example: - C:/> Vol ----------- Enter
10: - Version: - This Internal Command is used to see the version of DOS
– Prompt.
Syntax: - C:/> (Command) ------------ Enter
Example: - C:/> Ver ----------- Enter

11. Clear: - This Internal Command is used to Clear the Screen.

Syntax: - C:/> (Command) ------------ Enter
Example: - C:/> Cls ----------- Enter

12. Exit: - This Internal Command is used to Exit from DOS –

Prompt.
Syntax: - C:/> (Command) ------------ Enter
Example: - C:/> Exit ----------- Enter

EXTERNAL COMMANDS

External Commands: - External commands are those commands, which are

not frequently used. The instructions associated with these
commands do not reside in the memory but reside on the disk in
the form of a file. Thus, when ever an external command is to
be executed the file first loaded into the computer memory and
then executed. For example, Format Attrib etc.

1) Format: - This External command is used to format a floppy. Check

the new floppy before using the date on to it.
Syntax: - C:/> (Command) (Drive) ----------- Enter
Example: - C:/> Format A: ----------- Enter
a) Quick Formatting Floppy / Slow Formatting Floppy
Syntax: - C:/> Format/Q A: ----------- Enter
Syntax: - C:/> Format/S A: ----------- Enter

2) Check Disk: - This External Command is used to Check the space

of the disk and memory hard disk or Floppy disk.
Syntax: - C:/> (Command) (Drive) ----------- Enter
Example: - C:/> Chkdsk A: ----------- Enter

3) Disk Copy: - This External command is used to copies the files

and directories from one disk to another.
Syntax: - C:/> (Command) (Drive) ----------- Enter
Example: - C:/> Diskcopy A: ----------- Enter
4) Label: - This External Command is used to change the
volume label of the disk i.e. hard disk or floppy disk.
Syntax: - C:/> (Command) ----------- Enter
Example: - C:/> Label A: ----------- Enter

5) Edit: - This External command is used to add or Change

the contents of the file.
Syntax: - C:/> (Command) (Filename) ----------- Enter
Example: - C:/> Edit (Filename) ----------- Enter

6) Attrib: - This External command displays or modifies the

attributes of a file. File can be read only, read – write,
Hide or not hide. Attrib command can also be used to
change the attributes of directory.

Syntax: - C:/> Attrib (Mode) (Drive) (Path) (Filename) ------- Enter

Example: - C:/> Attrib +R [Link] ----------- Enter
- R clears Read only file attributes.

Syntax: - C:/> Attrib (Mode) (Drive) (Path) (Filename) ------- Enter

Example: - C:/> Attrib +H [Link] ----------- Enter
- H It clears that hidden Attributes.

7) M.D: - This External Command is used to make a new

Directory/Folder.

8) C.D.: - This External Command is used to Current working

Directory/Folder.

9) R.D.: - This External Command is used to Remove

Directory/Folder.

Note: - We can only Sub- Directory we can not remove the parent
directory we should be in the parent directory to remove child
sub – directory.

CD/: -This External Command is used to go the root directory from as

sub – Sub directory.

10) Dir/ah: - This command is used to see the hidden files. It is a files
containing operating system command supported by the
command in the files are a enlist one lying at a time. A Dos dot
files must none only files name but extension should be dot.
 Syntax: - C:/> (Command) ----------- Enter
Example: - C:/> Dir/ah ------------ Enter

11) Tree Command: - This command is used to display a directory along

with its sub directory and Sub-Directory.

12) Wildcard Character: - Wildcard Characters are these characters

which are used for grouping one character, are set of characters.
The wildcard characters are used to restrict the scope of the a
DOS command to only the files which match the pattern
specified. These are two types Asterisk “*” and Question Mark
“?”.
Asterisk: - It is used to substitute a group of Characters.
Example: - C:/> Dir *.DOS (Displays the list of all files having DOS
extension)
Question Mark: - It is used to substitute a single characters.
Example: - C:/> Dir SAL???.DAT (Displays the list of all files
having its first three characters as SAL and the next three as any
character and with extension. DAT).
Short Type: -
1) Microsoft = Microsoft is a Company
2) DOS = Operating System (We cannot use the mouse)
3. Floppy use for = A:/>
A - A Drive.
/ - Root Directory.
> - Angle Bracket.
4) CD full form of ‘Compact Disk’
CD use for : - (D:/>)
5) Prompt : C:/> (Back the Commands)
Suppose : C:/> Prompt & Arti --------- enter
Arti:/> (Show this Prompt
Arti:/> Prompt &P &G -------- enter

6) Dir/L/P ------ enter (To see the file in small)

7) Dir/P/W ------ enter
(To see the list of files page wise as well as width wise.
Tuitor N. K. SABHERWAL
Ritu Sharma CHAIRMAN