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Runoff Estimation by Rational Method and Linear Regression Method

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Robel Zerihun
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22 views11 pages

Runoff Estimation by Rational Method and Linear Regression Method

Uploaded by

Robel Zerihun
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Examples

Runoff Estimation by Rational Method and Linear


Regression Method

1
Example
Given below are the monthly rainfall P and the corresponding runoff R values
covering a period of 8 months for a catchment, Develop a correlation
equation between rainfall and runoff? Do they have strong correlation?

month P R
1 6 0.5
R=aP+b
2 40 10
3 42 14
4 33 8.2
N ( P R ) − (P )(R )
5 15 3.1 a =
6 12 3.8 (
N P 2 − ( P )) 2

7 5 0.2  R − a P
b =
8 28 9 N

N ( P R ) − ( P ) ( R )
r =
N 
 
( p )   N ( R ) − ( R ) 
2 2
− 
2

 
p 
2
2
Rational Method
➢ This is common method to determine peak discharge for small
catchments (< 50 hectares)
➢ It is assumes that maximum flow occurs under a rainfall which lasts
for at least time which equals the Time of Concentration (ToC)
➢ The formula is given as:

➢ Where Q = peak runoff (m3/s) , C = runoff coefficient (m2/ha) , I =


rainfall intensity (mm/hr), and A = area of the catchment(ha)
➢ Assumptions made in Rational method are:
✓ Uniform rainfall intensity
✓ Rainfall duration is greater or equal to ToC
✓ Catchment area is not greater than 20 hectares
Runoff coefficient C
➢ The ratio of runoff depth to rainfall depth.
➢ Depends on catchment characteristics such as soil, land use and
land cover
➢ If the catchment is composite of different characteristics, weighted
C is calculated
𝐶𝑖 𝐴𝑖
𝐶𝑤 =
𝐴𝑇
Type of Drainage catchment Area Runoff Coefficient C
Business:
✓ Downtown areas 0.70 – 0.95
✓ Neighborhood areas 0.50 – 0.70
Residential:
✓ Single –family areas 0.30 – 0.50
✓ Multi- units, detached 0.40 – 0.60
✓ Multi-units, attached 0.60 - 0.75
✓ Suburban 0.25 – 0.40
✓ Apartment dwelling areas 0.50 – 0.70
Industrial:
✓ Light areas 0.50 – 0.80
✓ Heavy areas 0.60 – 0.90
Parks, cemeteries 0.10 – 0.25
Playgrounds 0.20 – 0.40
Railroad yard areas 0.20 – 0.40
Unimproved areas 0.10 – 0.30
Lawns:
✓ Sandy soil, flat 2% 0.05 – 0.10
✓ Sandy soil, average, 2-7% 0.10 – 0.15
✓ Sandy soil, steep, 7% 0.15 – 0.20
✓ Heavy soil, flat, 2% 0.13 – 0.17
✓ Heavy soil, average 2-7% 0.18 – 0.22
✓ Heavy soil, steep, 7% 0.25 – 0.35
Streets:
✓ Asphalted 0.70 – 0.95
✓ Concrete 0.80 – 0.95
✓ Brick 0.70 – 0.85
Drives and walks 0.75 – 0.85
Roofs 0.75 – 0.95 5
Rainfall intensity I
➢ This is the depth of rainfall in a catchment in a given duration of
time.
➢ Obtained from the Intensity-Duration-Recurrence Interval (IDR)
curve
➢ For Rational method the depth corresponds to the ToC
Time of Concentration ToC
➢ Is the time required for a runoff water to travel from the remotest
point to the outlet of the catchment
A 60 min. duration
RF with 50 yrs. RI
has an intensity of
about 4 inch/hr

7
➢ Factors affecting ToC
𝐃𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
✓Slope 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲 =
𝐓𝐜
= 𝐈𝐃𝐅 𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐯𝐞
Qp=CiA
✓Rainfall intensity
✓Size and shape of the drainage area
✓Surface condition of the catchment
✓Existence of channel, depressions, obstructions,…
➢ ToC can be estimated empirically

K = shape factor, L = Catchment length, S = slope, H= Elevation difference


over the drain length

8
Limitations of Rational Formula
▪ Applies for small catchments
▪ RF duration should be more than the time of concentration
▪ It gives the peak of the hydrograph but does not provide the
complete hydrograph
▪ Coefficient C is assumed to be same for all storms which means the
losses are constant for all storms.

9
Example : An engineer is required to design a drainage system for an airport with an
area of 2.5 km2.The rainfall intensity in that region is given by:
35
I =
(t + 10)0.38
Where I is intensity in cm/h and t is duration(time of concentration) in minutes.
If the concentration time for the area is estimated as 50 minutes,
what is discharge that must be used to design the system?
Solution: Concentration time tc = 50 min
➢ Intensity of rainfall for this duration =
35 35 35
I= = = = 7.384 cm / h
(t + 10)0.38 60 0.38
4.74

Since the airport is fully paved, it may be considered impervious and the runoff coefficient
C may be taken as unity.
➢ Therefore

Q = 2.778 CAI = 2.778  1  2.5  7.384 = 51.25 m / s 3


Step #3: Read the rainfall intensity I from the IDR curve (Figure 16) , The rainfall intensity for of 6.3 minutes Tc that would
happen once in 10 years (this means, recurrence interval is 10 years) reads almost 9 inch/hr, which is equivalent to
228.6.4mm/hr.

Step #4: Calculate peak runoff Q CIA 0.2  228.6  2.8 3


Q= = = 0.356 m
360 360 s
This implies that maximum surface runoff about 355.6 liters per second is resulted from the
catchment once in ten years. In order to safeguard the downstream farmland from unexpected
flooding surface drainage system that can bypass this discharge should be designed.

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