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CHDC S6 Tutorial2

The document discusses computer networking, including the need for networking, hardware components like hubs, switches and routers, transmission media like twisted pair cables and optical fibers, network topologies, and the OSI model. It provides details on different networking concepts and terms.

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Kuttan Machingal
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16 views

CHDC S6 Tutorial2

The document discusses computer networking, including the need for networking, hardware components like hubs, switches and routers, transmission media like twisted pair cables and optical fibers, network topologies, and the OSI model. It provides details on different networking concepts and terms.

Uploaded by

Kuttan Machingal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Networking

CHDC-S6_EL
Ajay Krishnan R
Lecturer in Electronics
GPTC,Perinthalmanna

Ajay Krishnan R,Lec. in Electronics, GPTC Perinthalmanna


Need for networking
• To share computer files.
• To share computer equipment(Laser printers and large hard-disk drives).
• To enable unlike computer equipment(different OS) to communicate.
• To improve communication speed and accuracy.
• To reduce the cost of data transfer.
• High Reliability.

Node: A network node may be data


communication equipment such as a modem,
gateway, bridge, router,computer etc.

Link or Media: A link refers to the transmission


media connecting two nodes. Links may be
physical, like cable wires or optical fibres

Ajay Krishnan R,Lec. in Electronics, GPTC Perinthalmanna


Hardware Components of a computer network

• Hub: It is used to connect multiple devices in a network. They are generally used to connect computers in a LAN(Local Area
Network). A hub has many ports in it. A computer which intends to be connected to the network is plugged in to one of these
ports. When a data frame arrives at a port, it is broadcast to every other port, without considering whether it is destined for a
particular destination or not. It causes security concern & unwanted traffic congestions in a network
• Switches: Like a hub, a switch also has many ports, to which computers are plugged in. However it is an intelligent device,
when a data frame arrives at any port of a network switch, it examines the destination address(MAC address) and sends the
data to the corresponding device(s). Hence it is more preferred compared to hub.
• Bridges: A bridge is a network device that connects two or more LANs that have similar protocol to form a larger LAN. It
reads the MAC address from the source to filter the content. The bridge is two port device because it has one input and one
output port.

• Routers: It is a device that connects two or more packet-switched networks or subnetworks. It is used for transferring data
outside an own network. It serves two primary functions: managing traffic between these networks by forwarding data packets
to their intended IP addresses, and allowing multiple devices to use the same Internet connection. Routers do not look at the
destination node address or MAC address, they only look at the network address or IP address. It is more expensive than other
networking devices like switches and hubs.

Ajay Krishnan R,Lec. in Electronics, GPTC Perinthalmanna


• MAC address vs IP address: MAC address(Physical address) is a
unique hardware identifier, while the IP address identifies a device’s
network connection.
• Bridge Vs Router: The main difference between bridge and router is
that, bridge study or scan the device’s MAC address. On the other
hand, router study or scan the device’s IP address.
•

Ajay Krishnan R,Lec. in Electronics, GPTC Perinthalmanna


• TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol): It is a set of protocols or
rules and procedures that governs communications among computers on the internet.
TCP/IP is a commonly used standard for transmitting data over networks.

• IP: The IP address tells the packets the address and route so that they reach the right
destination.

• Concept of IP(Internet Protocol) Addressing: An Internet Protocol (IP) address is the


unique identifying number assigned to every device connected to the internet. Computers
that communicate over the internet or via local networks share information to a specific
location using IP addresses.

Ajay Krishnan R,Lec. in Electronics, GPTC Perinthalmanna


Transmission Media

Guided Media: In guided media, transmitted data travels through wired or bounded cabling system that has a fixed path.

Unguided transmission media: An unguided transmission transmits the electromagnetic waves without using any physical
medium. Therefore it is also known as wireless transmission. Radio waves (3KHz to 3GHz ,AM & FM),Microwaves (1GHz
to 1000 GHz.,line of sight transmission) & Infrared(IR) waves (300 GHz to 430 THz).

Optical Fiber

➢ Working Principle is Total Internal Reflection.


➢ Core is denser than Cladding, i.e Refractive Index of Core is greater than
➢ refractive index of Cladding.

Ajay Krishnan R,Lec. in Electronics, GPTC Perinthalmanna


• Twisted Pair Cable: Pair of copper wires are twisted together in helical shape. Such twisted copper wires are called
twisted pair. To reduce interference between nearby twisted pairs, the twist rates are different for each pair. Up to 25
twisted pair are put together in a protective covering to form twisted pair cables that are the backbone of telephone
systems and Ethernet networks. Twisted pair cable are of 2 types:
• Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP): It is a cable with wires that are twisted together. It is used for telephonic
applications.
• Shielded Twisted Pair (STP): It is a twisted pair cable enclosed in foil or mesh shield. This shielding protects
against electromagnetic interference but makes STP cables more expensive, heavier, and harder to install. It is used
in fast-data-rate Ethernet applications.

Coaxial cable: It consists of a hollow outer cylindrical conductor that surrounds a single inner wire conductor. The inner
conductor is held in place by either regularly spaced insulating rings or a solid dielectric material. Cable TVs and analog
television networks widely use Coaxial cables.

Ajay Krishnan R,Lec. in Electronics, GPTC Perinthalmanna


Straight (T-568 B to T–568 B) and Cross(T 568 A to T– 568 B) patch cord
• Common Ethernet network cable are straight and crossover cable. This Ethernet network cable is made of 4 pair
high performance cable that consists twisted pair conductors that used for data transmission. Both end of cable is
called RJ45 connector.
• Straight and crossover cable can be Cat 3, Cat 5, Cat 5e or Cat 6 UTP cable, the only difference is each type will
have different wire arrangement in the cable for serving different purposes.
• Straight-through cables connect devices with different functions (e.g., computer to modem).
• Crossover cables facilitate direct communication between devices of the same type (e.g., computer to
computer or router to router)

Ajay Krishnan R,Lec. in Electronics, GPTC Perinthalmanna


LAN(Local Area Network)
The distinguishing features of LAN are

• Network size is limited to a small geographical area, presently to a few kilometres.


• Data transfer rate is generally high(ranges from 100 Mbps to 1000 Mbps).
• In general, a LAN uses only one type of transmission medium, commonly category 5 coaxial cables.
• A LAN is distinguished from other networks by their topologies. The common topologies are bus, ring, mesh, and
star.
• The number of computers connected to a LAN is usually restricted.

Ajay Krishnan R,Lec. in Electronics, GPTC Perinthalmanna


ISO - OSI reference model

Ajay Krishnan R,Lec. in Electronics, GPTC Perinthalmanna


Network Topologies

Ajay Krishnan R,Lec. in Electronics, GPTC Perinthalmanna


Types of Network Topologies:
• Point-to-point Topology: In a point-to-point connection, a communication link is established between two devices only.

• Bus Topology: The bus topology is designed in such a way that all the stations are connected through a single cable known as a
backbone cable. All the stations available in the network will receive the message whether it has been addressed or not.

• Ring Topology: It is like a bus topology, but with connected ends. The node that receives the message from the previous computer
will retransmit to the next node. The data flows in one direction.

• Star topology: It is an arrangement of the network in which every node is connected to the central hub, switch or a central
computer. The central computer is known as a server, and the peripheral devices attached to the server are known as clients.

• Tree topology: It is a type of network in which all the computers are connected with each other in hierarchical fashion. The top-
most node in tree topology is known as a root node, and all other nodes are the descendants of the root node.

• Mesh technology: It is an arrangement of the network in which computers are interconnected to each other. There are multiple
paths from one computer to another computer.

• Hybrid topology: When two or more different topologies are combined together is termed as Hybrid topology.

Ajay Krishnan R,Lec. in Electronics, GPTC Perinthalmanna

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