MAT133: Calculus and Linear Algebra for Commerce

Practice Test 1: MODEL SOLUTIONS

Full Name:

UofT Email Address:

Student Number:

Instructions
Do not open these model solutions until your written up your own complete solution set! These
should only be used to check your answers.

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1. (2 points) Which of the following systems of equations are linear? Assume that x, y, and z are
variables wherever they appear. Please select all correct answers.

y
3x −=0
5
−2x + 4y = 0

3x − 4y = 2z
−2x + 4y = 0

x2 + y 2 = 4
x−y =0

2x + 3y − z = 4
yx − zy + 2z = 1

None of the above systems are linear.

2. (2 points) The matrix below is an augmented matrix for a linear system.

 
1 −6 −4 2
 0 1 2 2 
A=  0 0
.
0 0 
0 0 0 0

The set of solutions to the linear system is

a plane
a line
a point
empty; there are no solutions.

3. (2 points) You find the augmented matrix below in an ancient Egyptian papyrus scroll. Due to
damage, some numbers on the scroll are unreadable. These are marked with a question mark below.
 
2 −1 5 3 3
 4 −2 −1 2 2 
 
 −3 5 ? 0 7 
−1 2 ? 0 3
Is (1, 2, 0, 1) a solution to the linear system that corresponds to this augmented matrix?
Yes, (1, 2, 0, 1) is certainly a solution.
No, (1, 2, 0, 1) is certainly not a solution.
I need to know the numbers marked as question marks in order to answer.

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4. (2 points) On another papyrus scroll, you find the augmented matrix below. Again, the entries
marked with a question mark are unreadable.
 
1 0 1 0 0
 0 0 ? 0 ? 
0 0 0 0 ?

Is this matrix in reduced row echelon form?

Yes, this matrix is definitely in reduced row echelon form.
No, this matrix is definitely not in reduced row echelon form.
I need to know the numbers marked as question marks in order to answer.

5. (2 points) Let    
1 0 −2 2 4
A= and B =
3 −1 6 1 −8
Which of the following mathematical objects are defined for these two matrices? Select all correct
answers.
AB
BA
A+B
A − 3B
AT B

6. (2 points) Rubina and Chao play a zero-sum game. Let A be the m × n payoff matrix for the game,
whose entries represent all possible payoffs (in units of Canadian dollars) that Rubina could receive
from Chao. Furthermore, their strategies are given below.

• Rubina always plays using the strategy p = p1 p2 · · · pm

 
 
q1
 q2 
• Chao always plays using the strategy q =  . 
 
 .. 
qn
If Rubina and Chao are about to play this game twice using the above strategies, about how much
money can Rubina expect to win from Chao in total?
pAq
pA2 q
2pAq
pAT Aq
None of the above.

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7. (2 points) The following table gives the number of Starbucks stores, worldwide, in thousands of stores,
for several different years.

Year 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Number of stores (1000s) 18.1 19.8 21.4 23.6 25.1

What is the average rate of change in the number of stores over the period 2012 to 2016?
1.75 stores/year
7 stores/year
1750 stores/year
7000 stores/year
None of the above

8. (2 points) We want to find how the volume, V , of a balloon changes as it is filled with air. We know
the volume is given by
4πr3
V (r) =
3
where r is the radius in inches and V (r) is the volume in cubic inches. What does the expression

V (3) − V (1)
3−1
represent?
The average rate of change of the radius with respect to the volume when the radius changes
from 1 inch to 3 inches.
The average rate of change of the radius with respect to the volume when the volume
changes from 1 cubic inch to 3 cubic inches.
The average rate of change of the volume with respect to the radius when the radius changes
from 1 inch to 3 inches.
The average rate of change of the volume with respect to the radius when the volume
changes from 1 cubic inch to 3 cubic inches.
None of the above

9. (2 points) Using a sequence of photos, the height of a diving eagle as a function of time in seconds
since the first photo is given by the table of values below.

Time (s) 0 2 4 4.9 5 6

Height (m) 153 132 101 97 50 13

If you were to estimate the instantaneous downward velocity of the eagle at t = 5s, which of the
following numbers would you calculate? Please choose the best answer based on the information
given.
50−97
1
50−101
1.1
50−97
0.1
96.99−97
0.01

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10. (2 points) A company called Toyundai produces and sells cars. Their revenue and cost as functions
of the quantity q of cars they produce per year is graphed below, near q = 750.

If Toyundai is currently producing and selling 750 cars per year, which of the following is true?
Toyundai is making a profit and should increase production.
Toyundai is making a profit and should decrease production.
Toyundai is not making a profit and should increase production.
Toyundai is not making a profit and should decrease production.
None of the above.

11. (2 points) Let C(x) be the cost function for producing fidget spinners. Which of the following best
describes the scenario where C 0 (x) > 0 and C 00 (x) < 0?
As we produce more fidget spinners, our total production costs are increasing while our
marginal costs are decreasing.
As we produce more fidget spinners, our total production costs are decreasing while our
marginal costs are increasing.
As we produce more fidget spinners, our marginal costs are increasing at slower and slower
rates.
As we produce more fidget spinners, our marginal costs are decreasing at faster and faster
rates.
None of the above

12. (2 points) Values of a function f are shown in a table below.

Based on this data set, which of the following is the best approximation for f 00 (3)?
−1 0 1 2 3
d
13. (2 points) What is dx ln(23 )?
3 ln(2)
1
23
3
2
None of the above

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14. A lumber company considers their weekly revenue R (in units of thousands of dollars) as a function
f of the price of cedar lumber ` in dollars per kilogram. Furthermore, the price of cedar lumber ` is
a function g of the price w of unprocessed cedar wood, in dollars per kilogram. These functions are
graphed below.

If the price per kilogram of unprocessed cedar wood increases from $2 to $2.01, approximately what
will be the resulting change in weekly revenue for the lumber company?

Answer: About -$125

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15. Gas Station: Let g be the total sales of gasoline (in litres) between midnight and time t (in hours
since midnight), if the price of gasoline (in $ per litre) is p. We consider g to be a function of t and p,

g = f (t, p)

(a) (2 points) If t is held fixed, do you expect f to be an increasing or decreasing function of p?

Please circle your answer then explain briefly in the space below.

increasing decreasing

If the gas station were to charge a higher gas price during any time interval, we’d expect
people to buy less gas over that time interval.

(b) (1 point) Translate the following statement from the owner of the gas station into function
notation.
If the price of gas is $1.50 per litre, we sell 1000 litres of gasoline between 10am and noon.

Translation into function notation:

f (12, 1.5) − f (10, 1.5) = 1000

16. (3 points) Let z = f (x, y) = 3x − 2y + 6. Consider a cross-section for this function with x equal to a
constant k > 0. Which of the words below best describes this cross-section? Circle the word, then
explain below.

POINT LINE PLANE CURVE

Explanation:

If we set x = k in the definition of our function, we obtain the equation for the cross-section:

z = 3k − 2y + 6

This is the equation of a line in the yz-plane, with slope −2 and z-intercept 3k + 6.

To visualize this, note that the equation z = 3x − 2y + 6 represents a plane within 3D space. You
can imagine using the plane x = k to “slice” through the plane z = 3x − 2y + 6, along a line.

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17. (5 points) In the system of equations below, k is a constant and x, y, z are variables.

−2x + ky + 0z = 3
4x − 2ky + 0z = −6
2
0x + 0y + (k − 4)z = k + 2

For which values of k does this system have no solutions? exactly one solution? infinitely many
solutions? Please show your reasoning in the space below, then write your final answers into the
appropriate boxes.

The augmented matrix for this linear system is

 
−2 k 0 3
 4 −2k 0 −6 
0 0 2
k −4 k+2

By subtracting twice the first row from the second, then interchanging rows 2 and 3, we obtain
the following equivalent augmented matrix:
 
−2 k 0 3
 0 0 k 2 − 4 k + 2
0 0 0 0

Note that k 2 − 4 = (k + 2)(k − 2).

• If k 6= ±2, then all rows with a non-zero entry in the last column also have a non-zero entry
in one of the other columns, so the linear system must be consistent. One of the variables
would be free, so the system would also have infinitely many solutions.
• If k = 2, then k 2 − 4 = 0 and k + 2 = 4, in which case the second row would become 0 0 0 4.
Therefore, the linear system would be inconsistent.
• If k = −2, then k 2 − 4 = 0, but k + 2 = 0 as well, so the second row would become 0 0 0 0.
Therefore, the linear system would be consistent, with two free variables. Therefore, there
would be infinitely many solutions.

To summarize,

The system has no solutions for the following values of k: k=2

The system has exactly one solution for the following values of k: none
The system has infinitely many solutions for the following values of k: k 6= 2

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18. (3 points) Consider the linear system of equations below.

 y + 3z = −2
x+ 4z = 1
x + y + 7z = −1


(a) On your own scrap paper, write down the augmented matrix and perform row operations to
put the matrix in row echelon form. After you are finished, summarize your steps in brief
point-form English sentences in the space below, so that anyone else could easily read and
follow them. (Do not use this space for your row reductions.)

On scrap paper, you might have written

       
0 1 3 −2 1 0 4 1 1 0 4 1 1 0 4 1
1 0 4 1  ∼ 0 1 3 −2 ∼ 0 1 3 −2 ∼ 0 1 3 −2
1 1 7 −1 1 1 7 −1 0 1 3 −2 0 0 0 0

I interchanged rows 1 and 2, then subtracted row 1 from row 3. In the last step, I subtracted
row 2 from row 3.

(b) Write down the general solution by filling in the blanks below. (Use parameters if needed.)

x = 1 − 4t y = −2 − 3t z=t

19. (3 points) A two-card game: Player R has two playing cards: a black ace and a red four. Player C
also has two cards: a black two and a red three. Each player secretly selects one of his or her cards. If
both selected cards are the same colour, Player C pays Player R the sum of the face values in dollars.
If the cards are different colours, Player R pays Player C the sum of the face values. (The face value
of the ace is 1.) Write down the payoff matrix for this game in the box below. Label the rows and
columns so that it’s easy for the reader to understand what they represent.

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20. Game Advising: You are providing advice to your friend Ronnie, who is now playing a game with
the payoff matrix below. The entry in the ith row and j th column of this matrix represent the winnings
Ronnie will receive from her opponent if she makes move i and her opponent makes move j.
 
−8 6 4 0
 5 2 3 −1
3 4 5 2

(a) (1 point) Fill in the blank: The value of this game is 2.

(b) (4 points) Ronnie’s opponent inexplicably decides to start playing Move #1 every time they
play the game. Knowing this, what strategy would you recommend for Ronnie? Write your
recommended strategy for Ronnie in the form of a row vector. Then write a message to Ronnie,
explaining what she should do and why.
 
Recommended strategy for Ronnie: 0 1 0

Message to Ronnie:

Ronnie, your opponent has decided to play move 1 every time they play this game. Accord-
ing to your playoff matrix, this means that if you play move 1, 2, or 3, your winnings will
be -8, 5, or 3 respectively. Hence, in order to maximize your winnings, I recommend playing
move 2 in order to win 5 every time you play against this opponent.

We can also seethis

 by focusing on your expected payoff. We know that your opponent’s
1
0
strategy is q = 
0. This means that your expected payoff will be


0
 
  −8
pAq = p1 p2 p3  5 
3
where p1 , p2 , p3 represent the chance that you play each of move 1, 2, and 3 respectively,
with p1 + p2 + p3 = 1. We can see that your expected payoff will be largest if we take p2 = 1
and p1 = p3 = 0. In other words, you should play move 2 every time in order to maximize
your expected payoff.

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21. Stock Value: The stock value for a company called Boromex as a function of time t in months since
the beginning of 2020 is graphed below.

y = f (t)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
t (months)

(a) (4 points) Use the graph to compare each of the quantities below. Fill in each blank with a <,
=, or >. You are not required to explain your reasoning.
<, =, or >
(i) f (1) > f (2)

(ii) f 0 (1) > f 0 (2)

f (2.5)−f (2) f (6)−f (4)
(iii) 2.5−2
< 6−4

(iv) f (5) − f (4) < f 0 (5)

(b) (4 points) Sketch the graph of the derivative, y = f 0 (t).

y

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
t (months)

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22. (2 points) You are given the following data about a function f .

x 1 2 4
f (x) -2 0.25 1
f 0 (x) 3 0.5 -1

Compute each of the following, then write your answer into each box. Simplify as much as possible.
d 2
(a) dx f (x ) x=2

d
f (x2 ) = f 0 x2 · 2x = f 0 (4) · (4) = (−1)(4) = −4


dx x=2
x=2

Answer: −4
(b) The relative rate of change of y = f (x) at x = 2.

f 0 (2) 0.5
= =2
f (2) 0.25

Answer: 2

dp
23. A bakery sells croissants. Suppose that dq q=30 = −0.04, where p is the price per croissant and q is
the number of croissants demanded and sold each day. The bakery currently charges $4 per croissant
and sells 30 croissants per day.
dp
(a) (2 points) In plain language, explain to the baker what dq q=30 = −0.04 means.

In order to increase your daily sales from 30 to 31 croissants, you’ll need to decrease your
price (per croissant) by 4 cents.

(b) (3 points) Find the current marginal revenue using the data given. Show your reasoning below
and then write your final answer in the box, including units.

R=p·q

dR dp
⇒ = ·q+p·1 = (−0.04) · (30) + 4 = 2.8
dq q=30 dq q=30

The marginal revenue is 2.80 dollars/croissant.

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You may use this page as additional space for your solutions if needed. Please clearly indicate within the
question box that your solution is continued on Page 12.

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