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𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐺𝑆𝑇 = 𝐺𝑆𝑇 𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦/ 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 / 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑟

𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐺𝑆𝑇 = 𝐺𝑆𝑇 𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑑 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 / 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 / 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑟
𝐺𝑆𝑇 𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐺𝑆𝑇 − 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐺𝑆𝑇
Points to remember:
𝐺𝑆𝑇 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑔𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑆𝐺𝑆𝑇 𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑟 + 𝑆𝐺𝑆𝑇 𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑝𝑘𝑒𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑟
𝐺𝑆𝑇 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝐶𝐺𝑆𝑇 𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑟 + 𝐶𝐺𝑆𝑇 𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑝𝑘𝑒𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑟

Shares and dividends

𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 * 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑡 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒
𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑛= 𝑀𝑉 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒
𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑀𝑉 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒 = 𝑛
𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 / 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑 = 𝑛 * 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑 * 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑒 / 𝑁𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝐴.𝐼.
% 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 = 𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
* 100
𝐴.𝐼.
𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 = 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒
𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒 = 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑 * 𝑁𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 1 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒

Banking
𝑛(𝑛+1) 𝑟
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝐼 = 𝑃 * 2*12
* 100
𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑀𝑉 = 𝑃 * 𝑛 + 𝐼
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 * 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 (𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑠)

Quadratic Equations
Quadratic Formula:
2
−𝑏 +/− 𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥 = 2𝑎
 2
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑡 (𝐷) = 𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐

Ratio and Proportion

Continued Proportion:
𝑎: 𝑏 = 𝑏: 𝑐
𝑎 𝑏
𝑏
= 𝑐
2
𝑏 = 𝑎𝑐
𝑏 = 𝑎𝑐
Invertendo:
𝑎: 𝑏: : 𝑐: 𝑑 = 𝑏: 𝑎: : 𝑑: 𝑐
Alternendo:
𝑎: 𝑏: : 𝑐: 𝑑 = 𝑎: 𝑐: : 𝑏: 𝑑
Componendo:
𝑎: 𝑏: : 𝑐: 𝑑 = 𝑎 + 𝑏: 𝑏: : 𝑐 + 𝑑: 𝑑
Dividendo:
𝑎: 𝑏: : 𝑐: 𝑑 = 𝑎 − 𝑏: 𝑏: : 𝑐 − 𝑑: 𝑑
Componendo and Dividendo:
𝑎: 𝑏: : 𝑐: 𝑑 = 𝑎 + 𝑏: 𝑎 − 𝑏: : 𝑐 + 𝑑:𝑐 − 𝑑

Arithmetic Progression
General Formula:
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
𝑑 = 𝑇2 − 𝑇1
𝑙 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 2
(𝑎 + 𝑙)
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 2
[2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑]

Geometric Progression
𝑛−1
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟
 𝑇2
𝑟= 𝑇1

𝑇𝑛 = 𝑆𝑛 − 𝑆𝑛−1
If a,b,c and d are in GP
𝑎 𝑏
𝑏
= 𝑐
𝑛
𝑎(1−𝑟 )
𝑆𝑛 = 1−𝑟
, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑟 < 1
𝑛
𝑎(𝑟 − 1)
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑟−1
, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑟 > 1

Similarity
If two triangles ABC and PQR are similar

𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐶
𝑃𝑄
= 𝑄𝑅
= 𝑃𝑅

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 1𝑠𝑡 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐴𝐵 2

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 2𝑛𝑑 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
= ( 𝑃𝑄 )

Mensuration

Solid Cylinder:
2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = π𝑟
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 2π𝑟
𝐶𝑆𝐴 = 2π𝑟ℎ
2
𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 𝐶𝑆𝐴 + 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠 = 2π𝑟ℎ + 2π𝑟 = 2π𝑟(ℎ + 𝑟)
2
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = π𝑟 ℎ

Hollow Cylinder:
𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 𝑅 − 𝑟
2 2 2 2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = π𝑅 − π𝑟 = π(𝑅 − 𝑟 )
𝐸𝑥𝑡. 𝐶𝑆𝐴 = 2π𝑅ℎ
𝐼𝑛𝑡. 𝐶𝑆𝐴 = 2π𝑟ℎ
𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 𝐸𝑥𝑡. 𝐶𝑆𝐴 + 𝐼𝑛𝑡. 𝐶𝑆𝐴 + 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠
2 2
= 2π𝑅ℎ + 2π𝑟ℎ + 2π(𝑅 − 𝑟 )
2 2
= 2π(𝑅ℎ + 𝑟ℎ + 𝑅 − 𝑟)
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 𝐸𝑥𝑡. 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 − 𝐼𝑛𝑡. 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
2 2
= π𝑅 ℎ − π𝑟 ℎ
2 2
= π(𝑅 − 𝑟 )ℎ

Cone:
2 2
𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑙 = 𝑟 + ℎ
𝐶𝑆𝐴 = π𝑟𝑙
𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 𝐶𝑆𝐴 + 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
2
= π𝑟𝑙 + π𝑟
= π𝑟(𝑙 + 𝑟)
1 2
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 3
π𝑟 ℎ

Solid Sphere:
4 3
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 3
π𝑟
2
𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 4π𝑟

Hollow Sphere:
𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 𝑅 − 𝑟
4 3 3
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 3
π(𝑅 − 𝑟 )

Hemisphere:
1 1 4 3 2 3
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 2
(𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒) = 2
(3 π𝑟 ) = 3
π𝑟
1 1 2 2
𝐶𝑆𝐴 = 2
(𝐶𝑆𝐴 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒) = 2
* 4π𝑟 = 2π𝑟
2 2 2
𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 𝐶𝑆𝐴 + 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 2π𝑟 + π𝑟 = 3π𝑟
Hemispherical Shell:
2 2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = π(𝑅 − 𝑟 )
2
𝐸𝑥𝑡. 𝐶𝑆𝐴 = 2π𝑅
2
𝐼𝑛𝑡. 𝐶𝑆𝐴 = 2π𝑟
𝑇𝑆𝐴 = 𝐸𝑥𝑡. 𝐶𝑆𝐴 + 𝐼𝑛𝑡. 𝐶𝑆𝐴 + 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
2 2 2 2
= 2π𝑅 + 2π𝑟 + π(𝑅 − 𝑟 )
2 2 2 2
= 2π𝑅 + 2π𝑟 + π𝑅 − π𝑟
2 2
= 3π𝑅 + π𝑟
2 2
= π(3𝑅 + 𝑟 )
1
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 2
(𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙)
1 4 3 3
= 2
[ 3 π(𝑅 − 𝑟 )]
2 3 3
= 3
π(𝑅 − 𝑟 )

Trigonometry
𝑃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐴 (𝑠𝑖𝑛) = 𝐻
Some People Have
𝐵
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐴 (𝑐𝑜𝑠) = 𝐻
Curly Brown Hair
𝑃
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐴 (𝑡𝑎𝑛) = 𝐵
Through Proper Brushing
𝐵
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐴 (𝑐𝑜𝑡) = 𝑃
reciprocal of tan
𝐻
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐴 (𝑠𝑒𝑐) = 𝐵
reciprocal of cos
𝐻
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐴 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐) = 𝑃
reciprocal of sin

Quotient Relations:
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝐴 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴

Square Relations:
2 2
(𝑖) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 = 1
2 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴
 2 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴
2 2
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐴 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴 = 1
2 2
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐴 = 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴
2 2
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴 = 1 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐴
2 2
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐴 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝐴 = 1
2 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐴 = 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝐴
2 2
𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝐴 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐴 − 1

Height and Distances

2 = 1. 414
3 = 1. 732
5 = 2. 236
1
𝑡𝑎𝑛 30 =
3
𝑡𝑎𝑛 45 = 1
𝑡𝑎𝑛 60 = 3

Measures of Central Tendency

Direct Method:
Σ 𝑓𝑥
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = Σ𝑓

Short Cut or Deviation Method:

Σ 𝑓𝑑
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝐴 + Σ𝑓

Step Deviation Method:

Σ 𝑓𝑢
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝐴 + Σ𝑓
*𝑖

Median (Ungrouped and Arrayed Data):

If n is odd, then
 𝑛+1 𝑡ℎ
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = ( 2
) 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
If n is even, then
𝑛 𝑡ℎ 𝑛 𝑡ℎ
( 2 ) 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 + ( 2 +1) 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 2

Quartiles:
𝑛+1 𝑡ℎ
𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 (𝑄1) = ( 4
) 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚, 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
𝑛 𝑡ℎ
( 4 ) 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚, 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
3(𝑛+1) 𝑡ℎ
𝑈𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 (𝑄3) = { 4
} 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚, 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
3𝑛 𝑡ℎ
= ( 4
) 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚, 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 𝑄3 − 𝑄1
𝑄3−𝑄1
𝑆𝑒𝑚𝑖 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 2

Reflection

Section Formula:
𝑚𝑥2+𝑛𝑥1 𝑚𝑦2+𝑛𝑦1
( 𝑚+𝑛
, 𝑚+𝑛
)

Midpoint formula:
𝑥1+𝑥2 𝑦1+𝑦2
( 2
, 2
)

Slope of a line in terms of the coordinates of any two points:

𝑦2−𝑦1
𝑚= 𝑥2−𝑥1
Equation of a line in different form:

Slope-intercept form:
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐

One-point form:
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1)

Two point form:

𝑦−𝑦1 𝑥−𝑥1
𝑦1−𝑦2
= 𝑥1−𝑥2

Intercept form:
𝑥 𝑦
𝑎
+ 𝑏
=1

Physics Formula Sheet

Unit I : Force, Work, Power and Energy

Chapter 1: Force
1. Moment of Force or Torque = Force * Perpendicular distance of force
from pivot
a. 𝑀𝑜𝐹 = 𝐹 * 𝑑
2. Moment of Couple = Force * Couple arm
a. 𝑀𝑜𝐶 = 𝐹 * 𝑑
3. Principle of Equilibrium :
a. 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 = 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠

Chapter 2: Work, Energy and Power

1. Work = Force * displacement in the direction of force
a. 𝑊 = 𝐹 * 𝑆 𝐽
b. 𝑊 = 𝐹 * 𝑆 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ
c. 𝑊 = 𝐹𝑆 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
 *(For stairs, h = no. of stairs * height of each stair)
2. 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 / 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
𝑊 −1
a. 𝑃 = 𝑡
𝐽𝑠
3. 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
4. 𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃. 𝐸 − 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑃. 𝐸

= 𝑚𝑔ℎ2 − 𝑚𝑔ℎ1 = 𝑚𝑔( ℎ2 − ℎ1)

1 2
5. 𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 2
* 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 * (𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦)
1 2
a. 𝐾 = 2
* 𝑚 * 𝑣
6.
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚 = 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
a. 𝑊 = 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
1 2 1 2 1 2 2
b. 𝑊 = 2
𝑚𝑣 − 2
𝑚𝑢 = 2
𝑚(𝑣 − 𝑢 )

Chapter 3 : Machines
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
1. 𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑑𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡
𝐿
a. 𝑀. 𝐴. = 𝐸
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡
2. 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑑𝐸
a. 𝑉. 𝑅. = 𝑑𝐿
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
3. 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
* 100 %
𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
a. η = 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
* 100%
𝑀.𝐴.
b. η = 𝑉.𝑅.
𝑜𝑟 𝑀. 𝐴. = 𝑉. 𝑅. * η

Unit II : Light

Chapter 4 : Refraction of Light at Plane Surfaces

1. The Law of Reflection:
 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑖
a. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑟
= 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 1μ2
𝑉
2. 𝑉 = 𝑓λ 𝑜𝑟 𝑊𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ λ = 𝑓
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑢𝑚
3. 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚
𝑐
a. μ = 𝑉
𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ
4. 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ = 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑎μ𝑚
𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ
a. 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑎μ𝑚 = 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ
5. 𝑆ℎ𝑖𝑓𝑡 = 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ − 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ

Chapter 5 : Refraction Through a Lens

1. Lens Formula:
1 1 1
a. 𝑣
− 𝑢
= 𝑓
i. [v - image distance, u - object distance, f - focal length ]
2. Linear magnification:
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒
a. 𝑚 = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝐼 𝑣
b. 𝑚 = 𝑂
= 𝑢
1
3. 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑠 (𝑖𝑛 𝐷) = 𝑓 (𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟)
4. Magnifying Power:
𝐷
a. 𝑀 = 1 + 𝑓

Chapter 6 : Spectrum
1
𝑉∝λ∝ δ

Unit III : Sound

Chapter 7 : Sound
i. 𝑉 = 𝑓λ
𝑉
1. 𝑓 = λ
𝑉
2. λ = 𝑓
 [V - wave velocity/ speed, f - frequency, λ - wavelength]
1
ii. 𝑓= 𝑇
1. [T - time period]
iii. Echo Formula:
2𝑑 𝑉𝑡
𝑉= 𝑡
𝑜𝑟 𝑑 = 2
𝑇 2
𝑉= μ
[𝑚 = 𝑑 * 𝑣 = 𝑑 * π𝑟 𝑙 ]
𝑇 𝑚 2
iv. 𝑉= 2 - - - (i) [μ = 𝑙
= π𝑟 𝑑]
π𝑟 𝑑
1
v. 𝑓∝ 𝑙
λ
vi. 2
= 𝑙 𝑜𝑟 λ = 2𝑙 - - - (ii)
vii. 𝑉 = 𝑓λ
𝑉
viii. 𝑓= λ
1
ix. 𝑓= λ
*𝑉
1 𝑇
x. 𝑓= 2𝑙 2
π𝑟 𝑑

Unit 4 : Electricity and Magnetism

Chapter 8 : Current Electricity

𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
1. 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑄 −1 𝑛𝑒
a. 𝐼 = 𝑡
𝐶𝑠 or 𝐼 = 𝑡
[𝑄 = 𝑛 * 𝑒]

𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒
2. 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
𝑊 −1
a. 𝑉 = 𝑄
𝐽𝐶

𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒
3. 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
𝑊
a. 𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐵 = 𝑄
4. Ohm’s Law:
a. 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅 Ω [ R - resistance ]
𝑉 𝑉
b. 𝐼 = 𝑅
𝑜𝑟 𝑅 = 𝐼
5. 𝑅 ∝ 𝑙 - - - (i)
[ l = length of the conductor ]

1
6. 𝑅 ∝ 𝑎
- - - (ii)
[ a - area of cross-section of the conductor (circle) ]
1
𝑜𝑟 𝑅 ∝ 2
π𝑟

𝑙
7. 𝑅 ∝ ρ 𝑎
[ combining equ. (i) & (ii) ]

[ ρ − 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 / 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 ]

8. 𝑒. 𝑚. 𝑓. 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑛 * 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡

a. ε / 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅
b. ε = 𝐼(𝑅 + 𝑟)

9. 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 𝑣 = 𝐼𝑟 𝑜𝑟 ε − 𝑉
𝑣
a. 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟 = 𝐼

10. Combination of Resistors in Series:

a. 𝑅 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3... + 𝑅𝑛
11. Combination of Resistors in Parallel:
1 1 1 1 1
a. 𝑅
= 𝑅1
+ 𝑅2
+ 𝑅3
... + 𝑅𝑛
12. Electrical Power :
a. 𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼
2
𝑉 𝑉
b. 𝑃 = 𝑅
[𝐼 = 𝑅
]
2
(𝐼𝑅)
c. 𝑃 = 𝑅
[𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅]
2
d. 𝑃 = 𝐼 𝑅
13. Electrical Energy
 a. 𝐸 = 𝑃 * 𝑡
b. 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 :
i. 𝑊 = 𝑄𝑉 [𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑑]
𝑊 = 𝑉𝐼𝑡 [𝑄 = 𝐼 * 𝑡]
2
𝑊 = 𝐼 𝑅𝑡 [𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅]
2
𝑉𝑡
𝑊= 𝑅
c. 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑢𝑠𝑒, 𝑖𝑠
2
(𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒)
i. 𝑅= 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
2
𝑉
𝑅= 𝑃
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
d. 𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐼 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑃
𝐼= 𝑉

Chapter 10 : Electro-magnetism
1. 𝐹 = 𝐵𝐼𝑙
[ F - Lorenz force, B - strength of mf, I - Current passing
through the conductor, l - length of the conductor]

Unit 5 : Heat

Chapter 11 : Calorimetry
i. 𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐Δ𝑇
1. [ Q - quantity of heat energy, m - mass of the body, c -
specific heat capacity of the given material, ΔT change in
temperature ]
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑
ii. 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑄 −1
1. 𝐶' = Δ𝑇
𝐽𝐾
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
iii. 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 * 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑄 −1 −1
1. 𝑐 = 𝑚 * Δ𝑇
𝐽 𝑘𝑔 𝐾
iv. Principles of Calorimetry:
1. ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑦 𝑎 ℎ𝑜𝑡 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 = ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦
 a. 𝑚1 𝑐1(𝑡1 − 𝑡) = 𝑚2𝑐2(𝑡 − 𝑡2)
ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑 (𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
v. 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑄
1. 𝐿 = 𝑚
𝑜𝑟 𝑄 = 𝐿𝑚

Unit 6 : Modern Physics

Chapter 12 : Radioactivity

𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 (𝑍) = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 (𝐴) = 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠 + 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠 = 𝑍
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠 = 𝑍
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠 = 𝐴 − 𝑍