UNITED UNIVERSITY

AI LAB MANUAL
Artificial Intelligence Lab Using Python
 S. No. Particulars

1 Mission and Vision

2 Course Outcomes

3 Guidelines for the student

4 List of Programs as per

University
5 Sample copy of File

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

Vision and Mission of the Department Vision

To be a Model in Quality Education for producing highly talented and globally recognizable
students with sound ethics, latest knowledge, and innovative ideas in Computer Science &
Engineering.
MISSION
To be a Model in Quality Education by
M1: Imparting good sound theoretical basis and wide-ranging practical experience to the
Students for fulfilling the upcoming needs of the Society in the various fields of Computer
Science & Engineering.
M2: Offering the Students an overall background suitable for making a Successful career in
Industry/Research/Higher Education in India and abroad.
M3: Providing opportunity to the Students for Learning beyond Curriculum and improving
Communication Skills.
M4: Engaging Students in Learning, Understanding and Applying Novel Ideas.
Course: Artificial Intelligence Lab using Python
Course Code: LC-CSE-326G
CO (Course Outcomes) RBT*- Revised Bloom’s
Taxonomy
To Use Control Structures and Operators to write basic Python L3
CO1
programming. (Apply)
L4 (
CO2 To Analyze object-oriented concepts in Python.
Analyze)
To Evaluate the AI models pre-processed through various feature L5 (
CO3
engineering algorithms by Python Programming. Evaluate)
To Develop the code for the recommender system using Natural L6 (
CO4
Language processing. Create)
To Design various reinforcement algorithms to solve real-time complex L6
CO5
problems. (Create)

CO PO-PSO Articulation Matrices

(POs) PSOs
Course
Outcomes
(COs) PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2
CO1 3 2 1 3 2

CO2 2 2 3 2 1 2 2

CO3 2 3 2 2 1 2 2

CO4 2 2 2 3 2 1 1 2

CO5 2 2 2 3 2 1 2 1

Guidelines for the Students:

1. Students should be regular and come prepared for the lab practice.
2. In case a student misses a class, it is his/her responsibility to complete that
missed experiment(s).
3. Students should bring the observation book, lab journal and lab manual.
Prescribed textbook and class notes can be kept ready for reference if required.
4. They should implement the given Program individually.
5. While conducting the experiments students should see that their programs would
meet the following criteria:
• Programs should be interactive with appropriate prompt messages, error
messages if any, and descriptive messages for outputs.
• Programs should perform input validation (Data type, range error, etc.) and
give appropriate error messages and suggest corrective actions.
• Comments should be used to give the statement of the problem and every
 function should indicate the purpose of the function, inputs and outputs •
Statements within the program should be properly indented
• Use meaningful names for variables and functions.
• Make use of Constants and type definitions wherever needed.
6. Once the experiment(s) get executed, they should show the program and results
to the instructors and copy the same in their observation book.

7. Questions for lab tests and exam need not necessarily be limited to the questions
in the manual, but could involve some variations and / or combinations of the
questions.
 List of Experiments:
1. Write a Program to Implement Breadth First Search using
Python.
2. Write a Program to Implement Depth First Search using
Python.
3. Write a Program to Implement Tic-Tac-Toe game using
Python.
4. Write a Program to Implement 8-Puzzle problem using
Python.
5. Write a Program to Implement Water-Jug problem using
Python.
6. Write a Program to Implement Travelling Salesman
Problem using Python.
7. Write a Program to Implement Tower of Hanoi using
Python.
8. Write a Program to Implement Monkey Banana Problem
using Python.
9. Write a Program to Implement Alpha-Beta Pruning using
Python.
10. Write a Program to Implement 8-Queens Problem
using Python.
 EXPERIMENT 1

#Write a Program to Implement Breadth First Search

using Python.
graph = {
'A' : ['B','C'],
'B' : ['D', 'E'],
'C' : ['F'],
'D' : [],
'E' : ['F'],
'F' : []
}
visited = [] # List to keep track of visited nodes.
queue = [] #Initialize a queue

def bfs(visited, graph, node):

visited.append(node)
queue.append(node)

while queue:
s = queue.pop(0)
print (s, end = " ")

for neighbour in graph[s]:

if neighbour not in visited:
visited.append(neighbour)
queue.append(neighbour)

# Driver Code bfs(visited,

graph, 'A')

Output:-
A B C D E F
 EXPERIMENT 2

#Write a Program to Implement Depth First Search

using Python.

# Using a Python dictionary to act as an adjacency list graph

={
'A' : ['B','C'],
'B' : ['D', 'E'],
'C' : ['F'],
'D' : [],
'E' : ['F'],
'F' : []
}

visited = set() # Set to keep track of visited nodes.

def dfs(visited, graph, node):

if node not in visited: print (node)
visited.add(node) for
neighbour in graph[node]:
dfs(visited, graph, neighbour)

# Driver Code dfs(visited,

graph, 'A')
Output:-

A
B
D
E
F
C
EXPERIMENT 3

#Write a Program to Implement Tic-Tac-Toe game using

Python.
# Tic-Tac-Toe Program using
# random number in Python

# importing all necessary libraries

import numpy as np
import random from
time import sleep

# Creates an empty board def

create_board():
return(np.array([[0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0]]))

# Check for empty places on board

def possibilities(board):
l = []

for i in range(len(board)):
for j in range(len(board)):

if board[i][j] == 0:
l.append((i, j))
return(l)

# Select a random place for the player

def random_place(board, player):
selection = possibilities(board)
current_loc = random.choice(selection)
board[current_loc] = player
return(board)
# Checks whether the player has three
# of their marks in a horizontal row def
row_win(board, player):
for x in range(len(board)):
win = True

for y in range(len(board)):
if board[x, y] != player:
win = False
continue

if win == True:
return(win)
return(win)

# Checks whether the player has three

# of their marks in a vertical row def
col_win(board, player):
for x in range(len(board)):
win = True

for y in range(len(board)):
if board[y][x] != player:
win = False
continue

if win == True:
return(win)
return(win)

# Checks whether the player has three

# of their marks in a diagonal row def
diag_win(board, player):
win = True y = 0 for x in
range(len(board)):
if board[x, x] != player:
win = False
if win:
return win
 win = True if
win:
for x in range(len(board)): y
= len(board) - 1 - x if
board[x, y] != player:
win = False
return win

# Evaluates whether there is

# a winner or a tie def
evaluate(board): winner = 0

for player in [1, 2]:

if (row_win(board, player) or col_win(board,player) or
diag_win(board,player)):
winner = player

if np.all(board != 0) and winner == 0:

winner = -1
return winner

# Main function to start the game def play_game():

board, winner, counter = create_board(), 0, 1
print(board)
sleep(2)

while winner == 0:
for player in [1, 2]:
board = random_place(board, player)
print("Board after " + str(counter) + "
move") print(board) sleep(2) counter += 1
winner = evaluate(board) if winner != 0:
break
return(winner)

# Driver Code print("Winner is: " +

str(play_game()))
Output:-

[[0 0 0]
[0 0 0]
[0 0 0]]
Board after 1 move

[[0 0 0]
[0 0 0]
[1 0 0]]
Board after 2 move

[[0 0 0]
[0 2 0]
[1 0 0]]
Board after 3 move

[[0 1 0]
[0 2 0]
[1 0 0]]
Board after 4 move

[[0 1 0]
[2 2 0]
[1 0 0]]
Board after 5 move

[[1 1 0]
[2 2 0]
[1 0 0]]
Board after 6 move

[[1 1 0]
[2 2 0]
[1 2 0]]
Board after 7 move
 [[1 1 0]
[2 2 0]
[1 2 1]]
Board after 8 move
[[1 1 0]
[2 2 2]
[1 2 1]]
Winner is: 2

EXPERIMENT 4

# Write a Program to Implement 8-Puzzle problem using

Python.

class Solution:
def solve(self, board):
dict = {}
 flatten = []

for i in range(len(board)):

flatten += board[i]

flatten = tuple(flatten)

dict[flatten] = 0

if flatten == (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8):

return 0

return self.get_paths(dict)

def get_paths(self, dict):

cnt = 0
while True:
current_nodes = [x for x in dict if dict[x] == cnt]
if len(current_nodes) == 0:
return -1

for node in current_nodes:

next_moves = self.find_next(node)
for move in next_moves:
 if move not in dict:
dict[move] = cnt + 1
if move == (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8):
return cnt + 1
cnt += 1

def find_next(self, node):

moves = {
0: [1, 3],
1: [0, 2, 4],
2: [1, 5],
3: [0, 4, 6],
4: [1, 3, 5, 7],
5: [2, 4, 8],
6: [3, 7],
7: [4, 6, 8],
8: [5, 7],
}

results = []
pos_0 = node.index(0)
for move in moves[pos_0]:
new_node = list(node)
new_node[move], new_node[pos_0] = new_node[pos_0], new_node[move]
 results.append(tuple(new_node))

return results
ob = Solution()
matrix = [

[3, 1, 2],

[4, 7, 5],
[6, 8, 0]
]
print(ob.solve(matrix))

Output:-

EXPERIMENT 5

## Write a Program to Implement Water-Jug problem

using Python.
# This function is used to initialize the #
dictionary elements with a default value.

from collections import defaultdict

# jug1 and jug2 contain the value

jug1, jug2, aim = 4, 3, 2
# Initialize dictionary with #
default value as false.

visited = defaultdict(lambda: False) def

waterJugSolver(amt1, amt2):

. if (amt1 == aim and amt2 == 0) or (amt2 == aim and amt1 == 0):

print(amt1, amt2)
return True

if visited[(amt1, amt2)] == False:

print(amt1, amt2)

visited[(amt1, amt2)] = True

return (waterJugSolver(0, amt2) or waterJugSolver(amt1,

0) or waterJugSolver(jug1, amt2) or
waterJugSolver(amt1, jug2) or
waterJugSolver(amt1 + min(amt2, (jug1-amt1)),
amt2 - min(amt2, (jug1-amt1))) or
waterJugSolver(amt1 - min(amt1, (jug2-amt2)),
amt2 + min(amt1, (jug2-amt2))))

else:
return False

print("Steps: ")

waterJugSolver(0, 0)

Output:-

Steps:

0 0
4 0
4 3
0 3
3 0
3 3
4 2
0 2

EXPERIMENT 6

# Write a Program to Implement Travelling Salesman

Problem using Python.
# Python3 implementation of the approach
V = 4 answer
= []

# Function to find the minimum weight

# Hamiltonian Cycle def tsp(graph, v,
currPos, n, count, cost):

# If last node is reached and it has

# a link to the starting node i.e
# the source then keep the minimum
# value out of the total cost of
# traversal and "ans"
 # Finally return to check for # more
possible values if (count == n and
graph[currPos][0]):
answer.append(cost + graph[currPos][0]) return
# BACKTRACKING STEP
# Loop to traverse the adjacency list
# of currPos node and increasing the count
# by 1 and cost by graph[currPos][i] value
for i in range(n):
if (v[i] == False and graph[currPos][i]):

# Mark as visited v[i] = True

tsp(graph, v, i, n, count + 1,
cost + graph[currPos][i])

# Mark ith node as unvisited

v[i] = False

# Driver code

# n is the number of nodes i.e.

V if name == ' main ':
n=4
graph= [[ 0, 10, 15, 20 ],
[ 10, 0, 35, 25 ],
[ 15, 35, 0, 30 ],
[ 20, 25, 30, 0 ]]

# Boolean array to check if a

node # has been visited or not v =
[False for i in range(n)]

# Mark 0th node as visited v[0]

= True

# Find the minimum weight Hamiltonian Cycle

tsp(graph, v, 0, n, 1, 0)

# ans is the minimum weight Hamiltonian Cycle print(min(answer))

Output:-
80

EXPERIMENT 7

# Write a Program to Implement Tower of Hanoi using

Python.
# Recursive Python function to solve the tower of hanoi

def TowerOfHanoi(n , source, destination, auxiliary):

if n==1:
print "Move disk 1 from source",source,"to destination",destination
return
TowerOfHanoi(n-1, source, auxiliary, destination)
print "Move disk",n,"from source",source,"to destination",destination
TowerOfHanoi(n-1, auxiliary, destination, source)

# Driver code n
=4
TowerOfHanoi(n,'A','B','C')
# A, C, B are the name of rods

Output:-
Move disk 1 from rod A to rod B
Move disk 2 from rod A to rod C
Move disk 1 from rod B to rod C
Move disk 3 from rod A to rod B
 Move disk 1 from rod C to rod A
Move disk 2 from rod C to rod B
Move disk 1 from rod A to rod B
Move disk 4 from rod A to rod C
Move disk 1 from rod B to rod C
Move disk 2 from rod B to rod A
Move disk 1 from rod C to rod A
Move disk 3 from rod B to rod C
Move disk 1 from rod A to rod B
Move disk 2 from rod A to rod C
Move disk 1 from rod B to rod C

EXPERIMENT 8

# Write a Program to Implement Monkey Banana Problem

using Python.
'''
Python programming implementation of monkey picking banana problem
'''
#Global Variable i i=0 def
Monkey_go_box(x,y):
global i i=i+1
 print('step:',i,'monkey slave',x,'Go to'+y)

def Monkey_move_box(x,y):
global i i = i + 1
print('step:', i, 'monkey take the box from', x, 'deliver to' + y)

def Monkey_on_box(): global

i
i=i+1
print('step:', i, 'Monkey climbs up the box')
def Monkey_get_banana(): global
i
i=i+1
print('step:', i, 'Monkey picked a banana')

import sys

#Read the input operating parameters,

codeIn=sys.stdin.read() codeInList=codeIn.split()
#The operating parameters indicate the locations of monkey, banana, and box
respectively.
monkey=codeInList[0]
banana=codeInList[1] box=codeInList[2]
print('The steps are as follows:')
#Please use the least steps to complete the monkey picking banana task
Monkey_go_box(monkey, box)
Monkey_move_box(box, banana)
Monkey_on_box()
Monkey_get_banana()
EXPERIMENT 9

# Write a Program to Implement Alpha-Beta Pruning using

Python.

# working of Alpha-Beta Pruning

# Initial values of Aplha and Beta

MAX, MIN = 1000, -1000

# Returns optimal value for current player

#(Initially called for root and maximizer) def
minimax(depth, nodeIndex, maximizingPlayer,
values, alpha, beta):

# Terminating condition. i.e #

leaf node is reached if depth ==
3: return values[nodeIndex] if
maximizingPlayer: best = MIN
# Recur for left and right children for
i in range(0, 2):

val = minimax(depth + 1, nodeIndex * 2 + i,

False, values, alpha, beta)
best = max(best, val)
alpha = max(alpha, best)

# Alpha Beta Pruning

if beta <= alpha:
break
return best

else:
best = MAX
 # Recur for left and
# right children for
i in range(0, 2):

val = minimax(depth + 1, nodeIndex * 2 + i,

True, values, alpha, beta)
best = min(best, val)
beta = min(beta, best)

# Alpha Beta Pruning

if beta <= alpha:
break

return best

# Driver Code if name

== " main ":

values = [3, 5, 6, 9, 1, 2, 0, -1]

print("The optimal value is :", minimax(0, 0, True, values, MIN, MAX))
Output:-

The optimal value is : 5

EXPERIMENT 10

# Write a Program to Implement 8-Queens Problem using

Python.
# Python program to solve N Queen problem

global N
N=4

def printSolution(board):
for i in range(N):
for j in range(N):
print board[i][j],
print

def isSafe(board, row, col):

# Check this row on left side

for i in range(col):
if board[row][i] == 1:
return False

# Check upper diagonal on left side

for i, j in zip(range(row, -1, -1), range(col, -1, -1)):
if board[i][j] == 1:
return False

# Check lower diagonal on left side for i, j in

zip(range(row, N, 1), range(col, -1, -1)):
if board[i][j] == 1:
return False

return True
def solveNQUtil(board, col):
# base case: If all queens are placed
# then return true if
col >= N:
return True

for i in range(N):

if isSafe(board, i, col):
# Place this queen in board[i][col]
board[i][col] = 1
 # recur to place rest of the queens if
solveNQUtil(board, col + 1) == True:
return True

board[i][col] = 0

return False

def solveNQ():
board = [ [0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0]
]

if solveNQUtil(board, 0) == False: print

"Solution does not exist" return
False
printSolution(board)
return True

# driver program to test above function

solveNQ()

Output:-
0 0 1 0
1 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
0 1 0 0