Shell

What are shells?

A shell is an interpreter where we can provide

commands and get a response. Shells can perform
powerful and uncountable number of actions based on
the commands,which we provided. Basically, a Shell is
a program which runs other programs.

# cp f1 f2
Type of shells
Type of shells
● Bourne shell $ sh
● Korn shell $ ksh
● C shell $ csh
● Bash shell $ bash
● Z shell $ zsh
Variables
Variables:
● it is data name
● It is a temporary storage location
● It’s value can be change at run time
● In shell there is no data types and each one is treated as
string
● Variables are two types:
Variables are two types:

1 user defined variables

2 system defined variables
1) user defined variables
1.1 local variables
1.2 constant variables
1.3 global variables
1.1 local variables
This variables are available only particular shell(maha),but not available globally.
Example:
#a=10
#b=2.0
#name=ram
#comp=”abc tech”
# echo $a
# c=$a
# k=ls
# echo $k : ls
# k=’ls’
1.2 constant variables:
These are all readonly variables

Example:

#x=100
#readonly x
#x=25 : it raises error
1.3 Global variable:
it is available for entire session. If you want, this variables as parminent then set
in .bash_profile or /etc/profile

# export x=100
# env
# : input from user

read
2) System defined & Environment variables:
#set : display all env variables and with values
#PATH
Standard variables
0 :standard input
1 :standard output
2 :standard error
Example:
# sh sample.sh 1>stdout.txt 2>stderr.txt
Operators:
Arithmetic : * / - + %
Relational numeric : -lt -le -gt -ge -eq -ne
Relational string comp : < > == !=
Logical : -a -o ! || &&
Assignment : =
`
Examples:
echo "enter a value :"
read a
echo "enter b value :"
read b
echo `expr $a + $b`
echo `expr $a \* $b`
echo `expr $a / $b`
echo `expr $a % $b`

``
Input arguments to the script
$0 :denotes name of the executing script
$n :denotes nth argument
$* :denotes all input arguments entire string a$s single arg
$$ :denotes PID of the executing script
$# :no.of args count
$@ :denotes all input arguments each word as single arg
Flow control
 Conditions
string comparison: if true
-n string string is not an empty string, true
-z string string is an empty string, true
string1 == string2 strings are same true
string1 != string2 strings are not same true
 conditions
Arithmetic comparison: if true
exp1 –eq exp2 expressions equal
exp1 –ne exp2 expressions not equal
exp1 –gt exp2 exp1 greater than exp2
exp1 –lt exp2 exp1 less than exp2
! expression expression is false
file conditionals:if
-f : true,if it is Regular file.
-d : true,if it is Directory file.
-l : true,if it is link file.
-b : true,if it is block specific file.
-c : true,if it is character specific file.
-e : true,if it is exists file.
-s : true,if it is file is not empty.
-r : true,if it is file has read permissions.
-w: true,if it is file has write permissions
-x : true,if it is file has execute permissions
If condition:

if [ condition ]; then
smt...
fi

If [ condition ]; then smt1 else smt2 fi

If [ condition1 ]; then smt1 elif [ condition 2 ]; then smt2 else smt3 fi

if [ condition1 ]; then if[ condition2 ]; then smt else smt fi else smt fi
Example:

if [ $# -gt 0 ]; then

echo "input argument has given"

else

echo "no input argument"

fi
For Loop:Iteration
for variable in val1 val2 val3 ...val nth
do
Smt1
Smt2
Smt3
Smt4 exit
Smt5
Smt6

done

● Break : terminate the loop

● Continue : it skips current iteration and takes next iteration
Example:

#!/bin/sh
for i in 1 2 3 4 5
do
echo "Looping ... number $i"
done
While loop:

while [ condition ]do

smt1 …
done
Example
#!/bin/sh

a=0

while [ $a -lt 10 ]
do
echo $a
a=`expr $a + 1`
done
Case:

case variable in
pattern1) smt1
Smt2
;;
pattern2) smt1
Smt2
;;
esac
read input
case $input in
hello)
echo "Hello yourself!"
;;
bye)
echo "See you again!"
;;
*)
echo "Sorry, I don't understand"
;;
esac
Functions
● To reduce length of code
● Easy to develop
● Easy to maintain
● Support re-usability

function_name()
{
List of commands
}
#!/bin/sh
myfunc()
{
echo "I was called as : $@"
x=2
}
### Main script starts here
echo "Script was called with $@"
x=1
echo "x is $x"
myfunc 1 2 3
echo "x is $x"
#!/bin/sh
myadd()
{
a=$1
b=$2
c=`expr $a + $b`
echo “ total value is : “ $c
}
myadd 20 30
myadd 10 20
myadd 5 5
myadd 1 1
Exp 0:
Substitution: Sum of 456

n=456
echo “ n variable value is :” $n
a=`echo $n |cut -c 1`
b=`echo $n |cut -c 2`
c=`echo $n |cut -c 3`
d=`expr $a + $b + $c`
echo “sum of 456 is :” $d
1)program for addition and subtraction
echo "Enter a:"
read a
echo "Enter b:"
read b
sum=`expr $a + $b`
diff=`expr $a - $b`
prod=`expr $a \* $b`
quo=`expr $a / $b`
echo $sum
echo $diff
echo $prod
2 multiple conditions in for loop
for g in 1 2 3
do
for c in 123 456 789
do
if [[ ( "$g" -eq 1 && "$c" = "123" ) || ( "$g" -eq 2 && "$c" = "456" ) ]];
then
echo "g = $g; c = $c; true"
else
echo "g = $g; c = $c; false"
fi
done
3 program on while

a=0;
while [ $a -lt 5 ];
do
date
a=`expr $a + 1`
done
4 Program on for loop

i=1
for day in Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri
do
echo "Weekday $((i++)) : $day"
done
5 shell script with C snippet

#!/bin/bash
for (( c=1; c<=5; c++ ))
do
echo "Welcome $c times..."
done
6 shell script to execute to identify the count of word(user) in passwd
file
#!/bin/bash
for f in /etc/*
do
if [ "${f}" == "/etc/passwd" ]; then
c=$(grep -c User /etc/passwd)
echo "Total number of user word count ${c} defined in ${f}"
break
fi
done
7 Shell script to identify file or folder
#!/bin/bash
FILES="$@"
for f in $FILES
do

if [ -f $f ]; then
echo "It is a file"
continue # read next file
fi
done
9 shell script for function to add numbers

#!/bin/bash
#function to add two numbers
add()
{
x=$1
y=$2
echo -e "Number entered by u are: $x and $y"
echo "sum of $1 and $2 is `expr $x + $y` "
}
# main script
echo "enter first number"
read first
echo "enter second number"
read sec
#calling function
add $first $sec
echo "end of the script"
10 Case syntax in shell script
#!/bin/bash
for filename in $(ls)
do
# Take extension available in a filename
ext=${filename##*\.}
case "$ext" in
c) echo "$filename : C source file"
;;
o) echo "$filename : Object file"
;;
sh) echo "$filename : Shell script"
;;
txt) echo "$filename : Text file"
;;
*) echo " $filename : Not processed"
;;
esac
done
11 Case with user inputs

#!/bin/bash
echo -n "Do you agree with this? [yes or no]: "
read yno
case $yno in
[yY] | [yY][Ee][Ss] )
echo "Agreed"
;;

[nN] | [n|N][O|o] )
echo "Not agreed, you can't proceed the installation";
exit 1
;;
*) echo "Invalid input"
;;
esac
12 Case with starting the application

#!/bin/bash

case "$1" in
'start')
echo "Starting application"
/usr/bin/startpc
;;
'stop')
echo "Stopping application"
/usr/bin/stoppc
;;
'restart')
echo "Usage: $0 [start|stop]"
;;
esac