S23 answers

Q.1 (a) Demonstrate the use of ResultSetMetadata (3 marks)

ResultSetMetadata in Java provides information about the structure of a result set retrieved
from a database query. Here's an example demonstrating its usage:
Java
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.sql.ResultSetMetaData;
import java.sql.SQLException;

public class ResultSetMetadataExample {

public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException, SQLException {

// Replace with your actual database connection details
String url = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/your_database";
String username = "your_username";
String password = "your_password";

Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"); // Load the JDBC driver

Connection connection = DriverManager.getConnection(url, username, password);

String query = "SELECT * FROM users";

ResultSet resultSet = connection.createStatement().executeQuery(query);

// Get ResultSetMetadata object

ResultSetMetaData metaData = resultSet.getMetaData();

// Get the number of columns

int columnCount = metaData.getColumnCount();

System.out.println("** Column Information **");

System.out.println("------------------------");

// Loop through each column and print its details

for (int i = 1; i <= columnCount; i++) {
String columnName = metaData.getColumnName(i);
String columnType = metaData.getColumnTypeName(i);
int columnTypeLength = metaData.getColumnDisplaySize(i);

System.out.printf("Column Name: %s\n", columnName);

System.out.printf("Column Type: %s\n", columnType);
System.out.printf("Column Length: %d\n\n", columnTypeLength);
}

// Close resources
resultSet.close();
connection.close();
 }
}

Q.1 (b) Implement the client-server program using UDP Sockets. Client will request to
download the file from server and server will send it in chunks. (4 marks)

Here's a UDP client-server program for file download using chunking:

Server (server.java):
Java
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.net.DatagramPacket;
import java.net.DatagramSocket;

public class Server {

public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {

// Replace with the file path you want to serve
String filePath = "/path/to/your/file.txt";
int port = 1234; // Port to listen on

DatagramSocket serverSocket = new DatagramSocket(port);

byte[] buffer = new byte[1024]; // Buffer size for sending file chunks

System.out.println("Server started on port " + port);

while (true) {
// Receive a request packet from the client
DatagramPacket receivePacket = new DatagramPacket(buffer, buffer.length);
serverSocket.receive(receivePacket);

String request = new String(receivePacket.getData(), 0, receivePacket.getLength());

if (request.equals("download")) {
// Open the file
File file = new File(filePath);
FileInputStream fileInputStream = new FileInputStream(file);

int bytesRead;
int totalSent = 0;
long fileSize = file.length();

// Send file in chunks

while ((bytesRead = fileInputStream.read(buffer)) != -1) {
// Send a packet with the file data (chunk)
DatagramPacket sendPacket = new DatagramPacket(buffer, bytesRead,
receivePacket.getAddress(), receivePacket.getPort());
 serverSocket.send(sendPacket);

totalSent += bytesRead;
System.out.println("Sent chunk: " + totalSent + "/" + fileSize);
}

// Send a final packet with a flag indicating end

buffer[0] = (byte) 1; // Set flag byte to 1 for "end" signal

DatagramPacket endPacket = new DatagramPacket(buffer, 1, receivePacket.getAddress(),
receivePacket.getPort());
serverSocket.send(endPacket);

System.out.println("File sent successfully!");

fileInputStream.close();
}
}

serverSocket.close();
}
}
Client (client.java):
Java
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.net.DatagramPacket;
import java.net.DatagramSocket;
import java.net.InetAddress;

public class Client {

public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {

String serverAddress = "localhost"; // Replace with server's IP or hostname
int port = 1234; // Port to connect to
String fileName = "downloaded_file.txt"; // Name for the downloaded file

DatagramSocket clientSocket = new DatagramSocket();

byte[] buffer = new byte[1024]; // Buffer size for receiving file chunks

// Send a request packet to the server

String request = "download";
buffer = request.getBytes();
DatagramPacket sendPacket = new DatagramPacket(buffer, buffer.length,
InetAddress.getByName(serverAddress), port);
clientSocket.send(sendPacket);

FileOutputStream fileOutputStream = new FileOutputStream(fileName);

int totalReceived = 0;

// Receive file chunks from the server

 while (true) {
DatagramPacket receivePacket = new DatagramPacket(buffer, buffer.length);
clientSocket.receive(receivePacket);

// Check for "end" signal

if (buffer[0] == (byte) 1) {
System.out.println("File download complete!");
break;
}

int bytesReceived = receivePacket.getLength();

totalReceived += bytesReceived;
System.out.println("Received chunk: " + totalReceived);

fileOutputStream.write(buffer, 0, bytesReceived);
}

fileOutputStream.close();
clientSocket.close();
}
}

Q.1 (c) What do you mean by session tracking? Discuss different session tracking
techniques. (7 marks)
Session Tracking:

In web applications, session tracking allows the server to maintain information about a
specific user's interaction across multiple HTTP requests. This is essential for tasks like
maintaining login status, shopping carts, or personal preferences between page visits.

Different Session Tracking Techniques:

1. Cookies:
o Cookies are small text files stored on the user's browser that contain a unique identifier
(session ID) used to track the user's session.
o Advantages: Simple and widely supported by browsers.
o Disadvantages: Client-side storage may be disabled or have size limitations. Security
concerns exist if not properly secured (e.g., HttpOnly flag).
2. Hidden Form Fields:
o A hidden form field is embedded in each HTML page submitted by the user. It contains the
session ID passed along with the request data.
o Advantages: No reliance on client-side storage.
o Disadvantages: Increases the size of every HTTP request. Can be cumbersome if used
extensively.
3. URL Rewriting:
o The session ID is appended to every URL within the application, allowing the server to
identify the session from the request URI.
o Advantages: No cookies or hidden fields needed.
o Disadvantages: Can make URLs longer and less user-friendly. Security concerns as session ID
might be exposed in the URL.
4. Session Management (Servlet API/JSP):
o Java-based web technologies like Servlets and JSP provide built-in session management APIs
using the HttpSession interface. The server creates and manages sessions, storing user
information on the server side.
 Advantages: Server-side storage ensures data security and persistence.
 Disadvantages: Server load can increase with many active sessions. May require session
affinity for scalability (sticky sessions).
5. Server-Side Session Management with Databases:
o Session data can be stored in a database, further enhancing security and scalability. The
session ID serves as a key to retrieve user data from the database.
o Advantages: Provides centralized storage and scalability.
o Disadvantages: Introduces database overhead and complexity. Requires additional setup
and maintenance.

Q.2 (a) Compare ServerSocket with Socket (3 marks)

Feature ServerSocket Socket

Listens for incoming connection Represents a two-way communication

Purpose
requests endpoint

Role Server-side Client-side or server-side

Created using Socket(hostname, port)

Creation Created using ServerSocket(port)
or Socket()
 Accepts connections and creates Initiates connections to a specific
Connection Type
Socket objects server

Methods getInputStream(): Reads data from the

accept(): Accepts a new connection
(Common) stream

getOutputStream(): Writes data to the

close(): Closes the server socket
stream

(no send/receive methods) close(): Closes the socket

Q.2 (b) Differentiate ServletConfig and ServletContext (4 marks)

Feature ServletConfig ServletContext

Provides configuration information Provides application-wide information

Purpose
to a servlet to all servlets

Scope Specific servlet instance Entire web application

Accessed getServletConfig() method of a getServletContext() method of a servlet

Through servlet or JSP

Information - Servlet name - Context path of the web application

Q.2 (c) Demonstrate the use of ServletRequestDispatcher and its methods include and
forward (7 marks)
ServletRequestDispatcher is an interface in the Java Servlet API that facilitates forwarding
requests within a web application. It allows a servlet to delegate further processing or
generate a response by including content from another resource or forwarding the request
to another servlet.
Include and Forward Methods:
1. include(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response):
 Includes the content of another resource (servlet, JSP, HTML file) within the current
response.
 Control is returned to the calling servlet after the included resource is processed.
 The included content is merged into the current response.
Example:
Java
public class MainServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException {
response.setContentType("text/html");
PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();

out.println("<html><body>");
out.println("<h1>Welcome!</h1>");

// Include a header from another servlet

RequestDispatcher dispatcher = getServletContext().getRequestDispatcher("/header");
dispatcher.include(request, response);

out.println("<p>This is the main content.</p>");

out.println("</body></html>");
}
}
2. forward(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response):
 Forwards the entire request to another servlet or JSP resource for processing.
 Control is transferred to the forwarded resource, and the calling servlet's response is
generated using the forwarded resource's output.
 The client is unaware of the forwarding as the original URL remains the same.
Example:

public class MainServlet extends HttpServlet {

@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException {
// Process some initial logic in the main servlet

// Forward the request to another servlet for further processing

RequestDispatcher dispatcher = getdispatcher.forward(request, response);
}
}

Or
 Here's a demonstration of using JSP action tags include and forward:
include tag:
Java
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Main Page</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome!</h1>

<jsp:include page="header.jsp" />

<p>This is the main content of the page.</p>

</body>
</html>
Explanation:
 The jsp:include tag is used to include the content of another JSP file (header.jsp) within this
main page.
 The included content is inserted at the location of the jsp:include tag.
 The main page's processing continues after the included content is processed.
header.jsp:
Java
<header>
<h2>This is the included header content!</h2>
</header>
Explanation:
 This JSP file contains the header content that will be included in the main page.
forward tag:
Java
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Redirect to another page</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Initial content</h1>

<jsp:forward page="processing.jsp" />

<p>This content will not be sent to the client.</p>

</body>
 </html>
Explanation:
 The jsp:forward tag redirects the request to another JSP (processing.jsp) for further processing.
 Control is transferred to the forwarded JSP, and its output becomes the final response sent
to the client.
 Any content after the jsp:forward tag in the original JSP is not executed or included in the
response.
processing.jsp:
Java
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Processing Page</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Processing completed!</h1>

<p>This content is generated by the processing page.</p>

</body>
</html>
Explanation:
 This JSP receives the forwarded request and generates the final response content.
 The client will only see the content of processing.jsp, as the request was forwarded.
Choosing Between include and forward:
 Use include when you want to incorporate content from another JSP while maintaining
control flow in the current page.
 Use forward when you want to delegate the entire request to another JSP for processing and
generate a single, unified response to the client.

Q.3 (a) PreparedStatement (3 marks)

import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
import java.sql.SQLException;

public class PreparedStatementExample {

public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException, SQLException {

 // Replace with your actual database connection details
String url = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/your_database";
String username = "your_username";
String password = "your_password";

Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"); // Load the JDBC driver

Connection connection = DriverManager.getConnection(url, username, password);

String query = "INSERT INTO students (name, age) VALUES (?, ?)";
PreparedStatement preparedStatement = connection.prepareStatement(query);

preparedStatement.setString(1, "John Doe"); // Set first parameter (name)

preparedStatement.setInt(2, 25); // Set second parameter (age)

int rowsAffected = preparedStatement.executeUpdate(); // Execute the update

System.out.println("Rows affected: " + rowsAffected);

preparedStatement.close();
connection.close();
}
}
Explanation:
 This code demonstrates using PreparedStatement to insert data into a database table.
 Prepared statements prevent SQL injection vulnerabilities as parameters are separated from
the SQL query.
 You set values for parameters using methods like setString and setInt based on their data
types.

Q.3 (b) Filters and Deployment Descriptor (7 marks)

Filters:
 Filters are Java classes that intercept requests and responses in a web application.
 They can be used for various purposes, such as:
o Authentication and authorization
o Security checks
o Data validation
o Logging and debugging
o Content transformation
Configuring Filter in deployment descriptor (web.xml):
1. Define a filter element:
 XML
<filter>
<filter-name>MyFilter</filter-name>
<filter-class>com.example.MyFilter</filter-class>
</filter>
2. Map the filter to specific URLs or servlets:

XML

<filter-mapping>
<filter-name>MyFilter</filter-name>
<servlet-name>MyServlet</servlet-name>
</filter-mapping>

Q.3 (c) JSP UseBean Tag (7 marks)

1. Java Bean (Student.java):
Java
public class Student {
private String name;
private int age;

public Student() {
}

public Student(String name, int age) {

this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}

public String getName() {

return name;
}

public void setName(String name) {

this.name = name;
}

public int getAge() {

return age;
}

public void setAge(int age) {

this.age = age;
}
}
2. JSP to Set Properties (setStudent.jsp):
Java
<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
 <!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Set Student Details</title>
</head>
<body>

<jsp:useBean id="student" scope="session" class="com.example.Student">

<jsp:setProperty name="student" property="name" value="Alice" />
<jsp:setProperty name="student" property="age" value="22" />
</jsp:useBean>

<p>Student details set successfully!</p>

<a href="displayStudent.jsp">View Student Details</a>

</body>
</html>
Explanation:
jsp:useBean creates a bean instance (student) of type Student with session scope.

 jsp:setProperty sets the bean's properties (name and age) with specified values.
3. JSP to Display Properties (displayStudent.jsp):
Java
<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Display Student Details</title>
</head>
<body>

<jsp:useBean id="student" scope="session" class="com.example.Student" />

<p>Student Name: <jsp:getProperty name="student" property="name" /></p>

<p>Student Age: <jsp:getProperty name="student" property="age" /></p>

</body>
</html>
Explanation:
 jsp:useBean retrieves the existing bean instance (student) from the session scope.
 jsp:getProperty retrieves the values of the bean's properties (name and age) and displays them
on the page.
 This example demonstrates how to use the jsp:useBean tag to create, initialize, and access a
Java Bean within your JSP pages.

Q.3 (a) What is FilterConfig? How will you use it? (3 marks)
FilterConfig:
 FilterConfig is an interface provided by the Java Servlet API that provides configuration
information to a filter instance.
 It allows filters to access initialization parameters defined in the deployment descriptor
(web.xml) or passed programmatically.
Using FilterConfig:
1. Obtain the FilterConfig object:
o A filter instance receives the FilterConfig object when its init() method is called.
Java
public void init(FilterConfig config) throws ServletException {
this.config = config;
}
2. Access initialization parameters:
o Use the getInitParameter(String name) method of FilterConfig to retrieve configuration values
defined in the deployment descriptor or programmatically set.
Java
String dbUsername = config.getInitParameter("dbUsername");
String dbPassword = config.getInitParameter("dbPassword");

Q.3 (b) Write a code snippet to explain the use of CallableStatement (3 marks)
CallableStatement:
 CallableStatement is an interface in the JDBC API that extends PreparedStatement and allows the
execution of stored procedures, which are pre-compiled SQL statements on the database
server.
 It allows you to have both input and output parameters in database procedures.

import java.sql.CallableStatement;
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.SQLException;

public class CallableStatementExample {

public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException, SQLException {

 // Replace with your actual database connection details
String url = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/your_database";
String username = "your_username";
String password = "your_password";

Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"); // Load the JDBC driver

Connection connection = DriverManager.getConnection(url, username, password);

String procedureCall = "{call register_user(?, ?, ?)}";

CallableStatement statement = connection.prepareCall(procedureCall);

statement.setString(1, "John Doe"); // Set input parameter 1 (name)

statement.setString(2, "[email protected]"); // Set input parameter 2 (email)
statement.setString(3, "+1234567890"); // Set input parameter 3 (contact number)

boolean hasResultSet = statement.execute(); // Execute the stored procedure

// Process result set (if the procedure returns one)

if (hasResultSet) {
// Handle result set if necessary
}

statement.close();
connection.close();
}
}
Explanation:
 This code demonstrates calling a stored procedure named register_user that takes three input
parameters (name, email, contact number).
 CallableStatement is used to set the input parameters and execute the procedure.
 The execute() method returns true if the procedure returns a result set.

Or

Q.3 (c) JSP Web Application for User Registration and Listing (7 marks)
1. HTML Form (register.html):
HTML
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>User Registration</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Register User</h1>
<form action="register.jsp" method="post">
 <label for="name">Name:</label>
<input type="text" id="name" name="name" required><br><br>
<label for="email">Email:</label>
<input type="email" id="email" name="email" required><br><br>
<label for="contact">Contact Number:</label>
<input type="text" id="contact" name="contact" required><br><br>
<button type="submit">Register</button>
</form>
</body>
</html>
2. Registration JSP (register.jsp):
Java
<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8" pageEncoding="UTF-Java

8"%>

<%@ page import="java.sql.*" %>

<%
String name = request.getParameter("name");
String email = request.getParameter("email");
String contact = request.getParameter("contact");

Connection connection = null;

PreparedStatement statement = null;

try {
// Replace with your actual database connection details
Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
connection = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/your_database",
"your_username", "your_password");

String sql = "INSERT INTO users (name, email, contact) VALUES (?, ?, ?)";
statement = connection.prepareStatement(sql);

statement.setString(1, name);
statement.setString(2, email);
statement.setString(3, contact);

int rowsAffected = statement.executeUpdate();

if (rowsAffected > 0) {
out.println("User registration successful!");
} else {
out.println("Error registering user. Please try again.");
}
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
out.println("An error occurred during registration: " + e.getMessage());
} finally {
 if (statement != null) {
statement.close();
}
if (connection != null) {
connection.close();
}
}
%>
3. User List JSP (listUsers.jsp):
Java
<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>

<%@ page import="java.sql.*" %>

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Registered Users</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Registered Users</h1>
<table>
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Email</th>
<th>Contact</th>
</tr>
<%
Connection connection = null;
PreparedStatement statement = null;
ResultSet resultSet = null;

try {
// Replace with your actual database connection details
Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
connection = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/your_database",
"your_username", "your_password");

String sql = "SELECT name, email, contact FROM users";

statement = connection.prepareStatement(sql);

resultSet = statement.executeQuery();

while (resultSet.next()) {
String userName = resultSet.getString("name");
String userEmail = resultSet.getString("email");
String userContact = resultSet.getString("contact");
%>
<tr>
<td><%= userName %></td>
 <td><%= userEmail %></td>
<td><%= userContact %></td>
</tr>
<%
}
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
out.println("Error retrieving user list: " + e.getMessage());
} finally {
if (resultSet != null) {
resultSet.close();
}
if (statement != null) {
statement.close();
}
if (connection != null) {
connection.close();
}
}
%>
</table>
</body>
</html>
Explanation:
 register.html: This HTML form collects user registration details (name, email, contact).
 register.jsp:
o Retrieves user data from the submitted form.
o Establishes a database connection.
o Prepares a PreparedStatement to insert the user data into the users table.
o Executes the statement and checks for successful insertion.
o Provides feedback to the user based on the outcome.
 listUsers.jsp:
o Establishes a database connection.
o Prepares a PreparedStatement to select all users from the users table.
o Executes the query and iterates through the result set.
o Displays user details (name, email, contact) in a table format.
o Handles potential exceptions and displays error messages if necessary.

Q.4 (a) JSP Expression Language (EL)

EL is a simple expression language used within JSP pages to access and manipulate data. It
offers several advantages:
 Simplified access: EL provides concise syntax for accessing implicit objects, request
parameters, session attributes, and application scope variables.
 Type safety: EL automatically performs type conversions where necessary, reducing
potential errors.
 Security: EL expressions are evaluated within the web container, enhancing security
compared to scripting within JSP pages.

<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>

<%-- Implicit object access --%>

Welcome, <%= request.getUserPrincipal().getName() %>!

<%-- Using a custom bean --%>

<% MyBean myBean = (MyBean) request.getAttribute("myBean"); %>
You have <%= myBean.getItemCount() %> items in your cart.

<%-- Method expression with custom bean --%>

Total Price: $<%= myBean.calculateTotalPrice() %>
Explanation:
 The first line uses request.getUserPrincipal().getName() to access the user's name through an
implicit object.
 We access a custom bean (MyBean) stored in the request scope and call its methods
(getItemCount and calculateTotalPrice) using method expressions.

Q.4 (b) Custom Tag for Current Date and Time

Custom Tag:

A custom tag allows you to encapsulate reusable functionality within your JSP pages. Here's
a tag to print the current date and time:

currentTimeTag.tag:
Java
<%@ tag language="java" pageEncoding="UTF-8" %>
<%@ tag taglib uri="mytaglib" prefix="ct" %>

<tag:currentTime /> ```

**currentTimeTag.tagfile:**

```java
<%@ include file="WEB-INF/tld/currentTimeTag.tld" %>
 <%@ tag import="java.text.SimpleDateFormat" %>
<%@ tag class="com.example.CurrentTimeTagHandler" %>

public class CurrentTimeTagHandler extends SimpleTagSupport {

private SimpleDateFormat formatter = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss");

@Override
public void doTag() throws JspException, IOException {
JspWriter out = getJspContext().getOut();
out.println(formatter.format(new Date()));
}
}
currentTimeTag.tld:
XML
<taglib
uri="mytaglib"
tagclass="com.example.currentTimeTag.currentTimeTagHandler" >
</taglib>
Explanation:
 We define a custom tag library (mytaglib) and its tag class (CurrentTimeTagHandler).
 The tag handler retrieves the current date and formats it using SimpleDateFormat.
 The TLD file (currentTimeTag.tld) maps the tag name (currentTime) to the tag class.


Q.4 (c) JSF Request Processing Life Cycle

Deep Dive into JSF Request Processing Life Cycle

The JSF request processing life cycle is a well-defined set of phases that JSF applications go
through to handle user requests. Here's a detailed breakdown of each phase and its
significance:
1. Restore View (Restore View Phase):
 If the user has previously interacted with the application and a session exists, JSF attempts
to restore the view state from the previous request.
 The view state is a serialized representation of the JSF components and their current values.
 Restoring the view state allows JSF to maintain application state across user interactions.
2. Process Faces Events (Apply Request Values Phase):
 JSF processes events triggered by user interactions (e.g., button clicks, form submissions)
from the submitted request.
 Events are typically associated with JSF components and carry information about the user
action.
 In this phase, JSF updates the component tree with data from the request parameters,
applying appropriate type conversions.
3. Apply Validators (Process Validations Phase):
 JSF validators associated with individual components or the entire form are invoked to
validate user input.
 Validators can be defined declaratively within JSF pages or programmatically in managed
beans.
 If validation fails, JSF displays error messages to the user and prevents further processing.
4. Update Model Values (Update Model Values Phase):
 Validated user input is converted to appropriate model objects.
 JSF utilizes converters registered for specific data types to ensure data consistency between
UI components and underlying models.
 Model objects typically represent the business logic and data of your application.
5. Invoke Application Logic (Invoke Application Phase):
 Managed beans associated with the view are instantiated or retrieved from the request or
session scope.
 Managed beans can handle application logic using the updated model values and interact
with backing services like databases or external APIs.
 This phase allows developers to implement business logic and data manipulation within the
JSF framework.
6. Render Response (Render Response Phase):
 The appropriate JSF view (*.xhtml) is rendered based on the current model state.
 JSF components are rendered based on their associated component classes and attributes
defined in the view.
 The rendered view is sent to the client's web browser.

Key Points:
 Each phase offers extension points through JSF lifecycle listeners for custom behavior.
 Understanding this life cycle is crucial for creating well-structured and efficient JSF
applications.
 JSF provides built-in navigation mechanisms to navigate between different JSF views.
 JSF offers a declarative development approach, promoting separation of concerns and
reducing the need for complex JSP code.
 Or

Q.4 (a) JSF Action Event

index.xhtml:
XML
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/xhtml"
xmlns:ui="http://java.sun.com/jsf/ui"
xmlns:f="http://java.sun.com/jsf/core">

<head>
<title>JSF Action Event Example</title>
</head>
<body>

<f:view>
<h1 id="message"></h1>
<button type="button" ui:command="#{myBean.greet}">Greet</button>
</f:view>
</body>
</html>
MyBean.java:

import javax.faces.bean.ManagedBean;
import javax.faces.bean.SessionScoped;

@ManagedBean
@SessionScoped
public class MyBean {

public void greet() {

FacesContext context = FacesContext.getCurrentInstance();
ExternalContext externalContext = context.getExternalContext();
externalContext.getRequestMap().put("message", "Hello from JSF Action Event!");
}
}
Explanation:
 The index.xhtml page defines a button with the ui:command attribute referencing the greet
method in the MyBean.
 When the button is clicked, the JSF action event is triggered, and the greet method is
invoked.
 The greet method retrieves the FacesContext and updates a message stored in the request
scope.
 The updated message is displayed on the page using an element with the id "message".
Q.4 (b) JSF Custom Converter

ColorConverter.java:
import javax.faces.component.UIComponent;
import javax.faces.context.FacesContext;
import javax.faces.convert.Converter;
import javax.faces.convert.ConverterException;

public class ColorConverter implements Converter {

@Override
public Object getAsObject(FacesContext context, UIComponent component, String value) throws
ConverterException {
if (value != null && !value.isEmpty()) {
try {
return Color.valueOf(value.toUpperCase());
} catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
throw new ConverterException("Invalid color entered: " + value);
}
}
return null;
}

@Override
public String getAsString(FacesContext context, UIComponent component, Object value) throws
ConverterException {
if (value instanceof Color) {
return ((Color) value).name().toLowerCase();
}
return null;
}
}
index.xhtml:
XML
<f:view>
<h:selectOneMenu converter="colorConverter">
<f:selectItem itemValue="RED" itemLabel="Red" />
<f:selectItem itemValue="GREEN" itemLabel="Green" />
<f:selectItem itemValue="BLUE" itemLabel="Blue" />
</h:selectOneMenu>
</f:view>

<f:metadata>
<f:converter id="colorConverter" converterClass="com.example.ColorConverter" />
 </f:metadata>
Explanation:
 The ColorConverter class implements the Converter interface and defines methods for
converting between Color objects and their string representations.
 The index.xhtml page defines a dropdown using h:selectOneMenu and associates the custom
converter with the converter attribute.
 The converter ensures that the selected color value is correctly converted to a Color object
when submitted and vice versa.

Q.4 (c) JSTL SQL Tag Library

JSTL SQL Tag Library:
The JSTL SQL tag library provides tags for interacting with databases using JDBC within JSP
pages.

The JSTL (JavaServer Pages Standard Tag Library) SQL tag library provides tags for executing
SQL queries and manipulating database data directly within JSP pages. Here's a discussion of
the main tags provided by the JSTL SQL tag library:

1. **<sql:setDataSource>**:

- This tag is used to establish a connection to the database by specifying the JNDI name of
the DataSource.

- It sets the DataSource object as a page context attribute, making it available for use by
other SQL tags.

- Example:

```jsp

<sql:setDataSource var="myDataSource" driver="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"

url="jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mydatabase" user="username" password="password"/>

```

2. **<sql:query>**:
 - This tag is used to execute SQL queries against the database.

- It requires the 'dataSource' attribute to specify the DataSource to use for the query.

- The query result is stored in a ResultSet object, which can be iterated over using other
JSTL tags like <c:forEach>.

- Example:

```jsp

<sql:query var="result" dataSource="${myDataSource}">

SELECT * FROM users;

</sql:query>

```

3. **<sql:update>**:

- This tag is used to execute SQL update statements (e.g., INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE)
against the database.

- It requires the 'dataSource' attribute to specify the DataSource to use for the update.

- It returns the number of rows affected by the update operation.

- Example:

```jsp

<sql:update dataSource="${myDataSource}">

INSERT INTO users (username, email) VALUES ('john_doe', '[email protected]');

</sql:update>

```

4. **<sql:param>**:
 - This tag is used to set parameters for SQL queries or updates.

- It is nested within <sql:query> or <sql:update> tags and provides parameter values for
placeholders in the SQL statement.

- Example:

```jsp

<sql:update dataSource="${myDataSource}">

INSERT INTO users (username, email) VALUES (?, ?);

<sql:param value="john_doe"/>

<sql:param value="[email protected]"/>

</sql:update>

```

5. **<sql:transaction>**:

- This tag is used to group multiple SQL operations into a single transaction.

- It requires the 'dataSource' attribute to specify the DataSource to use for the transaction.

- It ensures that either all SQL operations within the transaction are successfully executed,
or none of them are.

- Example:

```jsp

<sql:transaction dataSource="${myDataSource}">

<sql:update>

INSERT INTO users (username, email) VALUES ('user1', '[email protected]');

</sql:update>
 <sql:update>

INSERT INTO users (username, email) VALUES ('user2', '[email protected]');

</sql:update>

</sql:transaction>

```

<sql:batch>: While not mentioned in the initial list, the <sql:batch> tag is also part of the JSTL SQL tag

library. It allows for batch processing of multiple SQL commands as a single unit, which can improve
performance for bulk updates1

7. **<sql:param>**:

- This tag is used to set parameters for SQL queries or updates.

- It is nested within <sql:query> or <sql:update> tags and provides parameter values for
placeholders in the SQL statement.

- Example:

```jsp

<sql:update dataSource="${myDataSource}">

INSERT INTO users (username, email) VALUES (?, ?);

<sql:param value="john_doe"/>

<sql:param value="[email protected]"/>

</sql:update>

```

8. **<sql:query> with <sql:transaction>**:

- This combination allows executing SQL queries within a transaction.

 - It provides a way to ensure data consistency and integrity when executing multiple SQL
operations as part of a single transaction.

- Example:

```jsp

<sql:transaction dataSource="${myDataSource}">

<sql:query var="result" dataSource="${myDataSource}">

SELECT * FROM users;

</sql:query>

<!-- Process the query result here -->

</sql:transaction>

```

These tags provided by the JSTL SQL tag library allow developers to interact with databases
directly within JSP pages, providing a convenient way to perform database operations
without writing Java code.

Q.5 (a) Role of IoC Container in Spring

The Spring IoC (Inversion of Control) container is the heart of the Spring framework. It plays
a crucial role in managing the objects (beans) within your application:
 Instantiation: The IoC container creates instances (objects) of your beans based on the
configuration it reads (XML, annotations, or Java code).
 Configuration: It manages the lifecycle of beans, including dependency injection (discussed
later) and configuration settings.
 Dependency Injection: The IoC container injects dependencies (other beans) into your
beans as configured, promoting loose coupling and testability.
 Object Lifecycle Management: It controls the lifecycle of beans, including initialization and
destruction methods defined in your bean classes.
 Singleton or Prototype Scoping: The IoC container allows you to define the scope of your
beans (singleton for a single instance throughout the application, prototype for creating a
new instance each time).
Benefits of IoC Container:
 Reduced Boilerplate Code: Spring handles object creation, configuration, and lifecycle
management, freeing you from writing repetitive code.
 Improved Testability: Loose coupling through dependency injection allows for easier unit
testing of your beans with mock objects.
 Flexibility: The IoC container allows for configuration changes without modifying application
code, promoting maintainability.

Q.5 (b) Spring AOP Concepts

Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP) allows you to modularize cross-cutting concerns like
logging, security, transaction management, and caching. Spring AOP provides a powerful
implementation of AOP:
 Aspects: Aspects encapsulate cross-cutting logic and can be reused across different parts of
your application.
 Advice: Advice defines the specific actions to be taken at various points within the
application's execution flow (e.g., before, after, or around a method call).
 Joinpoints: Joinpoints are specific points in the application's execution where advice can be
applied (e.g., method calls, field access).
 Pointcut: A pointcut defines a set of joinpoints where a particular advice should be applied.
 Target Object: The target object is the object whose methods are intercepted by the aspect.
Benefits of Spring AOP:
 Modular Design: Cross-cutting concerns are encapsulated in aspects, improving code
organization and reusability.
 Reduced Code Duplication: Aspect logic can be applied consistently across different parts of
your application.
 Easier Maintenance: Changes to cross-cutting concerns can be centralized within aspects.

Q.5 (c) Hibernate Architecture

Hibernate is an Object-Relational Mapping (ORM) framework that simplifies the interaction
between Java applications and relational databases:
 Annotations or XML Mapping: Hibernate utilizes annotations or XML mapping files to
define the relationships between your Java classes (entities) and database tables.
 SessionFactory: The SessionFactory is a thread-safe object responsible for creating new
database sessions and managing connections.
 Session: A Session represents a single unit of work with the database. It provides methods
for CRUD (Create, Read, Update, Delete) operations on your entities.
 Persistence Context: The persistence context tracks the state of your entities and manages
their synchronization with the database.
 Criteria API/HQL: Hibernate offers the Criteria API and HQL (Hibernate Query Language) for
querying your database using object-oriented syntax, reducing the need for raw SQL.
 Transactions: Hibernate provides transaction management features to ensure data
consistency.
Benefits of Hibernate:
 Reduced Boilerplate Code: Hibernate automates repetitive tasks like SQL statement
generation and result set mapping.
 Improved Developer Productivity: Hibernate allows you to work with objects instead of raw
SQL, simplifying development.
 Database Independence: Hibernate applications are less dependent on the underlying
database schema, promoting portability.
Additional Considerations:
 Spring integrates seamlessly with Hibernate, providing features like transaction
management and dependency injection for your Hibernate SessionFactory and Session
beans.
 For simpler applications, Spring Data JPA offers a higher-level abstraction on top of
Hibernate, further simplifying data access tasks.

Or

Q.5 (a) What is Hibernate? What are its features?

Hibernate is a popular open-source Object-Relational Mapping (ORM) framework for Java
applications. It simplifies the interaction between Java objects and relational databases by
providing a layer of abstraction:
 Features of Hibernate:
 Object-Relational Mapping: Hibernate maps Java classes (entities) to database tables and
their relationships. This allows you to work with objects representing your data instead of
raw SQL queries.
 Reduced Boilerplate Code: Hibernate automates tasks like generating SQL statements,
mapping database results to objects, and handling connection management.
 Improved Developer Productivity: By working with objects, development becomes faster
and less error-prone compared to writing raw SQL.
 Database Independence: Hibernate applications are less dependent on the underlying
database schema, promoting portability across different databases.
 Querying with Criteria API and HQL: Hibernate offers the Criteria API and HQL (Hibernate
Query Language) for querying your database using object-oriented syntax.
 Transactions: Hibernate provides transaction management features to ensure data
consistency.


Q.5 (b) Explain OR Mapping using a Hibernate Mapping File

Object-Relational Mapping (ORM):

ORM bridges the gap between object-oriented programming in Java and the relational
model of databases. It allows you to define how your Java classes (entities) correspond to
database tables and their columns.

Hibernate Mapping File:

Hibernate uses mapping files (typically .hbm.xml) to define these relationships. Here's a basic
example:
XML
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE hibernate-mapping PUBLIC "-//Hibernate//DTD Hibernate Mapping 3.2//EN"
"http://www.hibernate.org/dtd/hibernate-mapping-3.2.dtd">

<hibernate-mapping>
<class name="com.example.User" table="users">
<id name="id" column="user_id" type="long">
<generator class="increment" />
</id>
<property name="username" column="username" type="string" />
<property name="email" column="email" type="string" />
 </class>
</hibernate-mapping>
Explanation:
 This file defines an entity class User mapped to the database table users.
 The id property is mapped to the user_id column using the long type and an increment
generator for auto-generated IDs.
 Other properties (username, email) are mapped to their respective columns with appropriate
data types.

Q.5 (c) Spring Framework Architecture

Refer gfg