DS4001 Databases (7.

5 credits)

Lecture 4 –SQL Statement & Exercises

Yuantao Fan
[email protected]

Halmstad University
Overview

• Ordering
• Aliansing
• Aggregation
• Grouping
• Having
• Lab1 Introduction
 Teacher(tid, full_name, age, nationality)
Example Database tid full_name age nationality

11 John Smith 42 America

Course(cid, Course_name, Course_code, Credit_hours) 22 Jens Jonathon 31 Sweden

cid course_name course_code credits 33 Stefan Miller 39 Sweden

Intro to Computer 44 Kayle Persson 33 UK

1 CS1310 4
Science
2 Data Structures CS3320 4 Teaches(tid, cid, hours)
Discrete hours
3 MATH2410 3 tid cid
Mathematics
11 1 80
4 Database CS3380 3
11 2 100
22 4 50
33 4 50
44 3 100
 Ordering

• Output control

• Ordering the output tuples by the values in one for more columns

• Syntax
– ORDER BY <column> [ASC/DESC]

tid full_name age nationality

11 John Smith 42 America

22 Jens Jonathon 31 Sweden

33 Stefan Miller 39 Sweden
44 Kayle Persson 33 UK
 Ordering

• Output control

• Ordering the output tuples by the values in one for more columns

• Syntax
– ORDER BY <column> [ASC/DESC]

tid full_name age nationality

11 John Smith 42 America

22 Jens Jonathon 31 Sweden

33 Stefan Miller 39 Sweden
44 Kayle Persson 33 UK
 Ordering

• Output control

• Ordering the output tuples by the values in one for more columns

• Syntax
– ORDER BY <column> [ASC/DESC]

tid full_name age nationality

11 John Smith 42 America

22 Jens Jonathon 31 Sweden

33 Stefan Miller 39 Sweden
44 Kayle Persson 33 UK What is the output with ‘ORDER BY 1 DESC’?
Aliasing for Tables and Columns

• Columns in SELECT and Tables in FROM can be renamed

SELECT C.course_name AS alias_name FROM Course AS C

Short column name (alias)

Selection from table Course,
Result column name (alias)
Rename it to C
Aliasing for Tables and Columns

• Columns in SELECT and Tables in FROM can be renamed

SELECT C.course_name AS alias_name FROM Course AS C

Short column name (alias)

Selection from table Course,
Result column name (alias)
Rename it to C
Aliasing for Tables and Columns

• Columns in SELECT and Tables in FROM can be renamed

SELECT C.course_name AS alias_name FROM Course AS C

Short column name (alias)

Selection from table Course,
Result column name (alias)
Rename it to C
Aliasing for Tables and Columns

• Columns in SELECT and Tables in FROM can be renamed

SELECT C.course_name AS alias_name FROM Course AS C

Short column name (alias)

Selection from table Course,
Result column name (alias)
Rename it to C
Aliasing for Tables and Columns

• Columns in SELECT and Tables in FROM can be renamed

SELECT C.course_name AS alias_name FROM Course AS C

Short column name (alias)

Selection from table Course,
Result column name (alias)
Rename it to C
Aggregation

• Aggregate function are built-in and can be applied in the SELECT output list

• COUNT(<column>) – nuber of values (or rows) from for column

• AVG(<column>) – compute the mean of all values in the column

• SUM(<column>) - acquire the sum of all values in the column

• MIN(<column>) – acquire the mininum value from the column

• MAX(<column>) - acquire the maximum value from the column
Aggregation

• Aggregate function are almost always used in the output from SELECT statement

• Acquire numbers of teachers from Sweden:

Aggregation

• Aggregate function are almost always used in the output from SELECT statement

• Acquire numbers of teachers from Sweden:

SELECT COUNT(nationality) AS cnt

FROM Teacher
WHERE nationality='SWEDEN';
Aggregation

• Aggregate function are almost always used in the output from SELECT statement

• Acquire numbers of teachers from Sweden:

SELECT COUNT(nationality) AS cnt

SELECT COUNT(*) AS cnt
FROM Teacher
WHERE nationality='SWEDEN';
FROM Teacher
WHERE nationality='SWEDEN';
Aggregation

• Aggregate function are almost always used in the output from SELECT statement

• Acquire numbers of teachers from Sweden:

SELECT COUNT(nationality) AS cnt

SELECT COUNT(*) AS cnt
FROM Teacher
WHERE nationality='SWEDEN';
FROMSELECT
TeacherCOUNT(1) AS cnt
WHERE nationality='SWEDEN';
FROM Teacher
WHERE nationality='SWEDEN';
Aggregation

• Aggregate function are almost always used in the output from SELECT statement

• Acquire the average age of teachers from Sweden:

SELECT AVG(age)
FROM Teacher
WHERE nationality='SWEDEN';
Aggregation with multiple columns

• Acquire the number of teachers and their average age that come from Sweden
Aggregation with multiple columns

• Acquire the number of teachers and their average age that come from Sweden

SELECT COUNT(tid), VG(age)

FROM Teacher
WHERE nationality='SWEDEN';
Aggregation

• DISTINCT
– Acquire distinctive values from column(s)
– Operation set

• Acquire the nationalities of the teachers in the table (no repeat)

Aggregation

• DISTINCT
– Acquire distinctive values from column(s)
– Operation set

• Acquire the nationalities of the teachers in the table (no repeat)

SELECT DISTINCT(nationality)
FROM Teacher
Aggregation

• DISTINCT
– Acquire distinctive values from column(s)
– Operation set

• COUNT, SUM, AVG support DISTINCT

– count numbers of the unique nationalities of all teachers in the table
Aggregation

• DISTINCT
– Acquire distinctive values from column(s)
– Operation set

• COUNT, SUM, AVG support DISTINCT

– count numbers of the unique nationalities of all teachers in the table

SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(nationality))
FROM Teacher
Aggregation

• Note that output of other columns excluded from the aggregation is undefined

• Compute the average age of teachers in each course

Aggregation

• Note that output of other columns excluded from the aggregation is undefined

• Compute the average age of teachers in each course

SELECT AVG(t.age), tt.cid

? FROM Teacher AS t, Teaches AS tt
WHERE t.tid=tt.tid
Aggregation

• Note that output of other columns excluded from the aggregation is undefined

• Compute the average age of teachers in each course

SELECT AVG(t.age), tt.cid

FROM Teacher AS t, Teaches AS tt
WHERE t.tid=tt.tid
Aggregation

• Note that output of other columns excluded from the aggregation is undefined

• Compute the average age of teachers in each course

• Requires group by

SELECT AVG(t.age), tt.cid

FROM Teacher AS t, Teaches AS tt Teacher Teaches
WHERE t.tid=tt.tid
GROUP BY tt.cid
Aggregation

• Note that output of other columns excluded from the aggregation is undefined

• Compute the average age of teachers in each course

Course

• Requires group by

SELECT AVG(t.age), tt.cid, cc.course_name

FROM Teacher AS t, Teaches AS tt, Course AS cc
Teacher Teaches
WHERE t.tid=tt.tid AND tt.cid=cc.cid
GROUP BY tt.cid
Aggregation

• Note that output of other columns excluded from the aggregation is undefined

• Compute the average age of teachers in each course

• Non-aggregated values in SELECT output clause must appear in GROUP BY clused

SELECT AVG(t.age), tt.cid, t.full_name

FROM Teacher AS t, Teaches AS tt
WHERE t.tid=tt.tid
GROUP BY tt.cid
Aggregation

• Note that output of other columns excluded from the aggregation is undefined

• Compute the average age of teachers in each course

• Non-aggregated values in SELECT output clause must appear in GROUP BY clused

SELECT AVG(t.age), tt.cid, t.full_name

FROM Teacher AS t, Teaches AS tt
WHERE t.tid=tt.tid
GROUP BY tt.cid, t.full_name;
Aggregation

• Note that output of other columns excluded from the aggregation is undefined

• Compute the average age of teachers in each course

• What if we would like to acquire courses taught by young teachers?

Aggregation

• Note that output of other columns excluded from the aggregation is undefined

• Compute the average age of teachers in each course

• What if we would like to acquire courses taught by young teachers?

SELECT AVG(t.age) AS avg_age, tt.cid, cc.course_name

FROM Teacher AS t, Teaches AS tt, Course AS cc
WHERE t.tid=tt.tid AND tt.cid=cc.cid AND avg_age < 35
GROUP BY tt.cid;
Aggregation

• HAVING
– Filter based on aggregated results
– Consider it a WHERE clause for GROUP BY

SELECT AVG(t.age) AS avg_age, tt.cid, cc.course_name

FROM Teacher AS t, Teaches AS tt, Course AS cc
WHERE t.tid=tt.tid AND tt.cid=cc.cid
GROUP BY tt.cid
HAVING avg_age < 35;
Lab 1 Introduction

• Objective & learning outcome

– Learn how to use DDL and DML to create tables, manipulate the content in the table and
writting queries
– Get familiar with basic SQL statement

• Content
– Create a relational database with multiple tables
– writting queries given a question/description
• Practising basic SQL statement
– Propose queries
– Get familiar with a real world database - imdb
Lab 1 Introduction

• Part 1 – create and work with a database example

– Create a database
– Practise SQL statements

• Part 2 – working with an existing database

– Create databases with the given script
– Practise SQL statements

• Part 3 – exploring a real-world dataset

– Exploring a dataset with queries
 Lab 1.1 Create and working with a database example
Student
sid full_name major age GPA Enrolled

c1 Alice CS 21 4.0 sid cid grade

p2 Albert PHY 22 3.9 c1 11 A

e3 Tim EE 20 3.9 c1 33 A

m4 Kayle MATH 19 3.8 p2 44 A

p5 Yasuo PHY 19 3.7 p5 44 B

Course m4 11 A

cid course_name course_code credits p2 11 B

m4 22 B
11 Linear algebra MATH105 5
p5 33 C
22 Algorithms CS101 5
c1 22 A
33 Databases DS001 4.5
44 Physics I PHY001 6 Note that sid and cid in Encolled are forign keys
Refering to Student(sid) and Course(cid)
Lab 1.1 Tasks
• Using DDL and DML to create a database
– Write SQL code
– Test your script and verify the output databse
– Save and name your script as “create_db_sqg.sql”

• Queries
– Select all students above the age of 20
– Who is the oldest student?
– Count the number of students with age below 20
– How many types of majors were these students admitted to?
– What is the average GPA of students with age above 20?
– What is the average GPA of students studying the Physics major?
– What is the average age of students who took Linear algebra courses?
– How many courses has Alice registered for?
– How many credits has Alice registered?
– How many credits have students with age below 20 registered to?

• Propose 2 or more queries of practical usage

Lab 1.2 Tasks
• Download “example-create-databases.sql” from blackboard
– Execute the script and take a look at the created databases

• Queries (see next slide)

– sql_Inventory
• Products
– sql_HR
• Employees and offices
– sql_Invoicing
• Clients, invoices, payment_methods, and payments
– sql_store
• Customers, products, orders, …

• For each database

– propose 2 or more queries of practical usage
Lab 1.2 Queries

• sql_inventory
– What is the most valuable asset in the inventory?
– How much does the entire inventory worth?
• sql_hr
– Where is the largest office (in terms of numbers of employees) located?
– Who sits alone?
• sql_invoicing
– What is the most common payment method?
– Which client seems to be the most important one? Motivate your approach and answer.
• sql_store
– How much do order 2 worth?
– Which customer has their order delivered?
Lab 1.3 Tasks
• Tool
– SQLite3 – make sure you have access to it
– https://www.sqlite.org/download.html

• Movie database
– Download the zip file of the database from the blackboard

• Queries
– How many movies have the highest rating?
– What are the most common genres in this database?
– Which movie is the longest?

• Propose 2 or more queries of your interest