333202_0901.

qxd 12/5/05 11:28 AM Page 642

642 Chapter 9 Sequences, Series, and Probability

9.1 Sequences and Series

What you should learn
• Use sequence notation to
Sequences
write the terms of sequences. In mathematics, the word sequence is used in much the same way as in ordinary
• Use factorial notation. English. Saying that a collection is listed in sequence means that it is ordered so
• Use summation notation to that it has a first member, a second member, a third member, and so on.
write sums. Mathematically, you can think of a sequence as a function whose domain is
• Find the sums of infinite series. the set of positive integers.
• Use sequences and series to
f
1
a1, f
2
a2, f
3
a3, f
4
a4, . . . , f
n
an, . . .
model and solve real-life
problems. Rather than using function notation, however, sequences are usually written
using subscript notation, as indicated in the following definition.
Why you should learn it
Sequences and series can be Definition of Sequence
used to model real-life problems.
For instance, in Exercise 109 on An infinite sequence is a function whose domain is the set of positive
page 651, sequences are used to integers. The function values
model the number of Best Buy
a1, a2, a3, a4, . . . , an, . . .
stores from 1998 through 2003.
are the terms of the sequence. If the domain of the function consists of the
first n positive integers only, the sequence is a finite sequence.

On occasion it is convenient to begin subscripting a sequence with 0 instead

of 1 so that the terms of the sequence become a0, a1, a2, a3, . . . .

Example 1 Writing the Terms of a Sequence

Write the first four terms of the sequences given by

Scott Olson /Getty Images
a. an
3n  2 b. an
3 
1 n.
Solution
a. The first four terms of the sequence given by an
3n  2 are
a1
3
1  2
1 1st term

a2
3
2  2
4 2nd term

a3
3
3  2
7 3rd term

a4
3
4  2
10. 4th term

b. The first four terms of the sequence given by an
3 
1n are

a1
3 
11
3  1
2 1st term

a2
3 
1
3  1
4
2
2nd term

a3
3 
13
3  1
2 3rd term

The HM mathSpace® CD-ROM and
Eduspace® for this text contain a4
3 
1
3  1
4.
4
4th term
additional resources related to the
concepts discussed in this chapter. Now try Exercise 1.
333202_0901.qxd 12/5/05 11:28 AM Page 643

Section 9.1 Sequences and Series 643

Exploration Example 2 A Sequence Whose Terms Alternate in Sign

Write out the first five terms of
1n

Write the first five terms of the sequence given by an
.
the sequence whose nth term is 2n  1

1n1 Solution
an
.
2n  1 The first five terms of the sequence are as follows.
Are they the same as the first
11 1
a1


1 1st term
five terms of the sequence in 2
1  1 2  1
Example 2? If not, how do they

12 1 1
differ? a2


2nd term
2
2  1 4  1 3

13 1 1
a3


 3rd term
2
3  1 6  1 5
Additional Example
14 1 1
a4


4th term
Write an expression for the apparent nth 2
4  1 8  1 7
term an of the sequence
2 3 4 5
15 1 1
, , , ,. . . a5


 5th term
1 2 3 4 2
5  1 10  1 9
Solution:
n: 1 2 3 4 . . . n Now try Exercise 17.
2 3 4 5
Terms: . . . an
1 2 3 4 Simply listing the first few terms is not sufficient to define a unique
Apparent pattern: Each term has a sequence—the nth term must be given. To see this, consider the following
numerator that is 1 greater than its sequences, both of which have the same first three terms.
denominator, which implies that
1 1 1 1 1
n1 , , , , . . . , n, . . .
an
. 2 4 8 16 2
n
1 1 1 1 6
, , , ,. . ., ,. . .
2 4 8 15
n  1
n 2  n  6

Example 3 Finding the nth Term of a Sequence

Te c h n o l o g y Write an expression for the apparent nth term
an  of each sequence.
To graph a sequence using a
a. 1, 3, 5, 7, . . . b. 2, 5, 10, 17, . . .
graphing utility, set the mode to
sequence and dot and enter the Solution
sequence. The graph of the
a. n: 1 2 3 4 . . . n
sequence in Example 3(a) is
Terms: 1 3 5 7 . . . an
shown below. You can use the
Apparent pattern: Each term is 1 less than twice n, which implies that
trace feature or value feature to
identify the terms. an
2n  1.
11
b. n: 1 2 3 4 . . . n
Terms: 2 5 10 17 . . . an
Apparent pattern: The terms have alternating signs with those in the even
positions being negative. Each term is 1 more than the square of n, which
implies that
0 5 an

1n1
n2  1
0
Now try Exercise 37.
333202_0901.qxd 12/5/05 11:28 AM Page 644

644 Chapter 9 Sequences, Series, and Probability

Some sequences are defined recursively. To define a sequence recursively,

you need to be given one or more of the first few terms. All other terms of the
sequence are then defined using previous terms. A well-known example is the
Fibonacci sequence shown in Example 4.

Example 4 The Fibonacci Sequence: A Recursive Sequence

The Fibonacci sequence is defined recursively, as follows.

a0
1, a1
1, ak
ak2  ak1, where k ≥ 2
Write the first six terms of this sequence.
Solution
a0
1 0th term is given.

The subscripts of a sequence a1
1 1st term is given.

make up the domain of the
sequence and they serve to a2
a22  a21
a0  a1
1  1
2 Use recursion formula.

identify the location of a term a3
a32  a31
a1  a2
1  2
3 Use recursion formula.

within the sequence. For exam-
ple, a4 is the fourth term of the a4
a42  a41
a2  a3
2  3
5 Use recursion formula.

sequence, and an is the nth term a5
a52  a51
a3  a4
3  5
8 Use recursion formula.
of the sequence. Any variable
can be used as a subscript. The Now try Exercise 51.
most commonly used variable
subscripts in sequence and Factorial Notation
series notation are i, j, k, and n. Some very important sequences in mathematics involve terms that are defined
with special types of products called factorials.

Definition of Factorial
If n is a positive integer, n factorial is defined as
n!
1 234. . .
n  1  n.

As a special case, zero factorial is defined as 0!
1.

Here are some values of n! for the first several nonnegative integers. Notice
that 0! is 1 by definition.
0!
1
1!
1
2!
1 2
2
3!
1  2  3
6
4!
1  2  3  4
24
5!
1  2  3  4  5
120
The value of n does not have to be very large before the value of n! becomes
extremely large. For instance, 10!
3,628,800.
333202_0901.qxd 12/5/05 11:28 AM Page 645

Section 9.1 Sequences and Series 645

Factorials follow the same conventions for order of operations as do expo-

nents. For instance,
 2  3  4 . . . n
2n!
2
n!
2
1
whereas
2n!
1  2  3  4 . . . 2n.

Example 5 Writing the Terms of a Sequence Involving Factorials

Write the first five terms of the sequence given by

2n
an
.
n!
Begin with n
0. Then graph the terms on a set of coordinate axes.
Solution
20 1
a0


1 0th term
0! 1
21 2
a1


2 1st term
1! 1
an
22 4
a2


2 2nd term
4 2! 2
3
23 8 4
2 a3


3rd term
3! 6 3
1
24 16 2
n a4


4th term
1 2 3 4 4! 24 3
FIGURE 9.1 Figure 9.1 shows the first five terms of the sequence.
Additional Examples Now try Exercise 59.

2n  2! 1
a.


2n  4!
2n  4
2n  3 When working with fractions involving factorials, you will often find that
2n! the fractions can be reduced to simplify the computations.
b.
2
n!

2n  1!
c.
2n  1 Example 6 Evaluating Factorial Expressions

2n!
You may want to point out to your
students that n!
n 
n  1!
Evaluate each factorial expression.
8! 2!  6! n!
a. b. c.
2!  6! 3!  5!
n  1!
Solution
Note in Example 6(a) that you 8! 12345678 78
can simplify the computation as a.


28
2!  6! 1  2  1  2  3  4  5  6 2
follows.
2!  6! 1  2  1  2  3  4  5  6 6
 7  6! b.


2
8!


8 3!  5! 1  2  3  1  2  3  4  5 3
2!  6! 2!  6!
n! 1  2  3 . . .
n  1  n
87 c.

n


28
n  1! 1  2  3 . . .
n  1
21
Now try Exercise 69.
333202_0901.qxd 12/5/05 11:28 AM Page 646

646 Chapter 9 Sequences, Series, and Probability

Te c h n o l o g y Summation Notation
Most graphing utilities are able There is a convenient notation for the sum of the terms of a finite sequence. It is
to sum the first n terms of a called summation notation or sigma notation because it involves the use of the
sequence. Check your user’s guide uppercase Greek letter sigma, written as .
for a sum sequence feature or a
series feature. Definition of Summation Notation
The sum of the first n terms of a sequence is represented by
n

Reading and writing the upper and a
a

i
1
i 1  a2  a3  a4  . . .  an
lower limits of summation correctly will
help with problems involving upper and where i is called the index of summation, n is the upper limit of
lower limits in calculus. summation, and 1 is the lower limit of summation.

Example 7 Summation Notation for Sums

Find each sum.

5 6 8 1
Summation notation is an
a. 
i
1
3i b. 
k
3

1  k2 c.  i!
i
0
instruction to add the terms of
a sequence. From the definition Solution
5
at the right, the upper limit of
summation tells you where to
a.  3i
3
1  3
2  3
3  3
4  3
5
i
1
end the sum. Summation

3
1  2  3  4  5
notation helps you generate
the appropriate terms of the
3
15
sequence prior to finding the
45
actual sum, which may be 6
unclear. b. 
1  k 

1  3  
1  4  
1  5  
1  6 
k
3
2 2 2 2 2

10  17  26  37

90
8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
c.  i!
0!  1!  2!  3!  4!  5!  6!  7!  8!
i
0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

11      
2 6 24 120 720 5040 40,320
 2.71828
For this summation, note that the sum is very close to the irrational number
e  2.718281828. It can be shown that as more terms of the sequence whose
nth term is 1n! are added, the sum becomes closer and closer to e.
Now try Exercise 73.

In Example 7, note that the lower limit of a summation does not have to be
1. Also note that the index of summation does not have to be the letter i. For
instance, in part (b), the letter k is the index of summation.
333202_0901.qxd 12/5/05 11:28 AM Page 647

Section 9.1 Sequences and Series 647

Properties of Sums
n n n
Variations in the upper and 1.  c
cn,
i
1
c is a constant. 2.  ca
c  a ,
i
1
i
i
1
i c is a constant.
lower limits of summation can
n n n n n n
produce quite different-looking
summation notations for the
3. 
a  b 
 a   b
i
1
i i
i
1
i
i
1
i 4. 
a  b 
 a   b
i
1
i i
i
1
i
i
1
i

same sum. For example, the

following two sums have the
same terms. For proofs of these properties, see Proofs in Mathematics on page 722.
3

 3
2 
3
2
i 1  22  23 Series
i
1
Many applications involve the sum of the terms of a finite or infinite sequence.
2

 3

i
0
2i1 
3

21 22  
23 Such a sum is called a series.

Definition of Series
Consider the infinite sequence a1, a2, a3, . . . , ai , . . . .
1. The sum of the first n terms of the sequence is called a finite series or
the nth partial sum of the sequence and is denoted by
n
a1  a2  a3  . . .  an
a .
i
1
i

2. The sum of all the terms of the infinite sequence is called an infinite
series and is denoted by

a1  a2  a3  . . .  ai  . . .
a .
i
1
i

Example 8 Finding the Sum of a Series

 3
For the series
i
1
 10 , find (a) the third partial sum and (b) the sum.
i

Solution
a. The third partial sum is
3
3 3 3 3
 10
i
1
i
 
101 102 103

0.3  0.03  0.003
0.333.

b. The sum of the series is

 3 3 3 3 3 3
 10
i
1
i
   
101 102 103 104 105
. . .

0.3  0.03  0.003  0.0003  0.00003  . . .

1

0.33333. . .
.
3
Now try Exercise 99.
333202_0901.qxd 12/5/05 11:28 AM Page 648

648 Chapter 9 Sequences, Series, and Probability

Application
Sequences have many applications in business and science. One such application
is illustrated in Example 9.

Example 9 Population of the United States

For the years 1980 to 2003, the resident population of the United States can be
approximated by the model

Activities an
226.9  2.05n  0.035n2, n
0, 1, . . . , 23

1. Write the first five terms of the where an is the population (in millions) and n represents the year, with n
0
sequence. (Assume that n begins corresponding to 1980. Find the last five terms of this finite sequence, which
with 1.)
represent the U.S. population for the years 1999 to 2003. (Source: U.S. Census
2n  1
an
Bureau)
2n
1 3 5 7 9
Answer: , , , , Solution
2 4 6 8 10
The last five terms of this finite sequence are as follows.
2. Write an expression for the apparent
nth term of the sequence a19
226.9  2.05
19  0.035
192  278.5 1999 population
1 2 3 4
0, , , ,
2 6 24 120
. a 20
226.9  2.05
20  0.035
20
281.9
2
2000 population
n1 a 21
226.9  2.05
21  0.035
212  285.4 2001 population
Answer:
n!
3. Find the sum. a 22
226.9  2.05
22  0.035
22  288.9
2
2002 population
4


1 2k
k
1
k a 23
226.9  2.05
23  0.035
232  292.6 2003 population

Answer: 4 Now try Exercise 111.

Exploration
A 3  3  3 cube is created using 27 unit cubes (a unit cube has a length,
width, and height of 1 unit) and only the faces of each cube that are visible
are painted blue (see Figure 9.2). Complete the table below to determine how
many unit cubes of the 3  3  3 cube have 0 blue faces, 1 blue face, 2 blue
faces, and 3 blue faces. Do the same for a 4  4  4 cube, a 5  5  5 cube,
and a 6  6  6 cube and add your results to the table below. What type of
pattern do you observe in the table? Write a formula you could use to determine
the column values for an n  n  n cube.

FIGURE 9.2
Number of
0 1 2 3
blue cube faces
3  3  3
333202_0901.qxd 12/5/05 11:28 AM Page 649

Section 9.1 Sequences and Series 649

The HM mathSpace® CD-ROM and Eduspace® for this text contain step-by-step solutions
9.1 Exercises to all odd-numbered exercises. They also provide Tutorial Exercises for additional help.

VOCABULARY CHECK: Fill in the blanks.

1. An ________ ________ is a function whose domain is the set of positive integers.
2. The function values a1, a2, a3, a4, . . . are called the ________ of a sequence.
3. A sequence is a ________ sequence if the domain of the function consists of the first n positive integers.
4. If you are given one or more of the first few terms of a sequence, and all other terms of the sequence are
defined using previous terms, then the sequence is said to be defined ________.
5. If n is a positive integer, n ________ is defined as n!
1  2  3  4 . . .
n  1  n.
6. The notation used to represent the sum of the terms of a finite sequence is ________ ________ or sigma notation.
n
7. For the sum
i
1
 a , i is called the ________ of summation, n is the ________ limit of summation, and 1 is
i

the ________ limit of summation.

8. The sum of the terms of a finite or infinite sequence is called a ________.
9. The ________ ________ ________ of a sequence is the sum of the first n terms of the sequence.
PREREQUISITE SKILLS REVIEW: Practice and review algebra skills needed for this section at www.Eduspace.com.

In Exercises 1–22, write the first five terms of the sequence. In Exercises 27–32, use a graphing utility to graph the first
(Assume that n begins with 1.) 10 terms of the sequence. (Assume that n begins with 1.)
1. an
3n  1 2. an
5n  3 3 4
27. an
n 28. an
2 
4. an

2
1 n
3. an
2n 4 n
29. an
16
0.5n1 30. an
8
0.75n1
6. an

2
n
5. an

2n
1

2n n2
n2 n 31. an
32. an
2
7. an
8. an
n1 n 2
n n2
6n 3n2  n  4 In Exercises 33–36, match the sequence with the graph of
9. an
10. an
its first 10 terms. [The graphs are labeled (a), (b), (c), and
3n 21 2n2  1
(d).]
1 
1n
11. an
12. an
1 
1n (a) an (b) an
n
1 2n 10 10
13. an
2  14. an
8 8
3n 3n
6 6
1 10
15. an
16. an
4 4
n32 n23
2 2

1n

n n n
17. an
18. an

1 n
n2 n1 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10
2
19. an
3 20. an
0.3 (c) an (d) an
21. an
n
n  1
n  2 22. an
n
n2  6
10 10
8 8
In Exercises 23–26, find the indicated term of the sequence. 6 6
23. an

1
3n  2
n
24. an

1 n1 n
n  1 4 4

a25

a16


2 2
n n
4n 4n2  n  3 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10
25. an
26. an

2n 2  3 n
n  1
n  2
8 8n
a11

a13

33. an

n1
34. an

n1
4n
35. an
4
0.5n1 36. an

n!
333202_0901.qxd 12/5/05 11:28 AM Page 650

650 Chapter 9 Sequences, Series, and Probability

In Exercises 37–50, write an expression for the apparent In Exercises 73–84, find the sum.
nth term of the sequence. (Assume that n begins with 1.) 5 6

37. 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, . . . 38. 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, . . .

73. 
i
1

2i  1 74. 
3i  1
i
1
39. 0, 3, 8, 15, 24, . . . 40. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, . . . 4 5

41.
2 3 4 5 6
3 , 4, 5 , 6, 7 , . . . 42.
1 1 1 1
2, 4 , 8, 16 , . . .
75.  10
k
1
76. 5
k
1
2 3 4 5 6 1 2 4 8 4 5
43. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, . . . 44. 3 , 9 , 27 , 81 , . . .
45. 1, 14, 19, 16
1 1
, 25, . . . 46. 1, 12, 16, 241 1
, 120 ,. . .
77. i
i
0
2
78.  2i
i
0
2

3 5
22 23 24 25 1 1
47. 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, . . . 48. 1, 2, , , ,
2 6 24 120
,. . . 79. 
k
0 k2 1
80. j
j
3
2 3
1 1 1 1 1
49. 1  1, 1  2, 1  3, 1  4, 1  5, . . . 5 4

50. 1 
1
2, 1 3
4, 1 7
8, 1 15
16 , 1 31
32 , . . .
81. 
k  1
k  3
k
2
2
82.  
i  1
i
1
2 
i  13
4 4

In Exercises 51–54, write the first five terms of the sequence

83. 2
i
1
i
84. 
2
j
0
j

defined recursively.
51. a1
28, ak1
ak  4 In Exercises 85–88, use a calculator to find the sum.
52. a1
15, ak1
ak  3 6 10 3
53. a1
3, ak1
2
ak  1
85. 
24  3j
j
1
86.  j1
j
1
1
54. a1
32, ak1
2ak
4

1k
87.  k1
k
0
In Exercises 55–58, write the first five terms of the sequence
1k
4

defined recursively. Use the pattern to write the nth term 88. 
k
0 k!
of the sequence as a function of n. (Assume that n begins
with 1.) In Exercises 89–98, use sigma notation to write the sum.
55. a1
6, ak1
ak  2 1 1 1 1
56. a1
25, ak1
ak  5 89.   . . .
3
1 3
2 3
3 3
9
1
57. a1
81, ak1
3ak 5 5 5 5
90.   . . .
58. a1
14, ak1

2ak 11 12 13 1  15
91. 2
8  3  2
8  3  . . .  2
8  3
1 2 8

92. 1 
   1 
   . . .  1 
 
In Exercises 59–64, write the first five terms of the 1 2 2 2 6 2
6 6 6
sequence. (Assume that n begins with 0.)
93. 3  9  27  81  243  729
3n n! 1 1 1 1
59. an
60. an
94. 1     . . . 
2 4 8 128
n! n
1 1 1 1 1
1 n2 95. 2  2  2  2  . . .  2
61. an
62. an
1 2 3 4 20

n  1!
n  1!
1 1 1 1

12n
12n1 96.   . . .
63. an
64. an
13 24 35 10  12

2n!
2n  1! 1
 38  16
7
 15 31
97. 4 32  64
1
 24  68  24 120 720
In Exercises 65–72, simplify the factorial expression. 98. 2 16  32  64

4! 5!
65. 66. In Exercises 99–102, find the indicated partial sum of the
6! 8!
series.
10! 25!
67. 68.  
 5
  2

1 i 1 i
8! 23! 99. 2 100. 3
i
1 i
1

n  1!
n  2!
69. 70. Fourth partial sum Fifth partial sum
n! n!
 
 4
   8
 
1 n 1 n

2n  1!
3n  1! 101. 2 102. 4
71. 72.

2n  1!
3n! n
1 n
1

Third partial sum Fourth partial sum

333202_0901.qxd 12/5/05 11:28 AM Page 651

Section 9.1 Sequences and Series 651

In Exercises 103–106, find the sum of the infinite series.

Model It (co n t i n u e d )

 6

1 i
103. 10 (a) Use the regression feature of a graphing utility to
i
1
find a linear sequence that models the data. Let n



1 k
104. 10
represent the year, with n
8 corresponding to
k
1 1998.

 7

1 k (b) Use the regression feature of a graphing utility to
105. 10
k
1 find a quadratic sequence that models the data.

 2

1 i (c) Evaluate the sequences from parts (a) and (b) for
106. 10
i
1 n
8, 9, . . . , 13. Compare these values with
those shown in the table. Which model is a better fit
107. Compound Interest A deposit of $5000 is made in an for the data? Explain.
account that earns 8% interest compounded quarterly.
The balance in the account after n quarters is given by (d) Which model do you think would better predict the
number of Best Buy stores in the future? Use the


0.08 n model you chose to predict the number of Best Buy
An
5000 1  , n
1, 2, 3, . . . .
4 stores in 2008.

(a) Write the first eight terms of this sequence.

(b) Find the balance in this account after 10 years by
110. Medicine The numbers an (in thousands) of AIDS cases
finding the 40th term of the sequence.
reported from 1995 to 2003 can be approximated by the
108. Compound Interest A deposit of $100 is made each model
month in an account that earns 12% interest compounded
monthly. The balance in the account after n months is an
0.0457n3  0.352n2  9.05n  121.4,
given by n
5, 6, . . . , 13

An
100
101
1.01n  1 , n
1, 2, 3, . . . . where n is the year, with n
5 corresponding to 1995.

(Source: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and
(a) Write the first six terms of this sequence. Prevention)
(b) Find the balance in this account after 5 years by (a) Find the terms of this finite sequence. Use the statistical
finding the 60th term of the sequence. plotting feature of a graphing utility to construct a bar
(c) Find the balance in this account after 20 years by graph that represents the sequence.
finding the 240th term of the sequence. (b) What does the graph in part (a) say about reported
cases of AIDS?
111. Federal Debt From 1990 to 2003, the federal debt of the
Model It United States rose from just over $3 trillion to almost $7
trillion. The federal debt an (in billions of dollars) from
109. Data Analysis: Number of Stores The table shows
1990 to 2003 is approximated by the model
the numbers an of Best Buy stores for the years 1998
to 2003. (Source: Best Buy Company, Inc.) an
2.7698n3  61.372n2  600.00n  3102.9,
n
0, 1, . . . , 13

Year Number of where n is the year, with n
0 corresponding to 1990.

(Source: U.S. Office of Management and Budget)
stores, an
(a) Find the terms of this finite sequence. Use the statistical
1998 311 plotting feature of a graphing utility to construct a bar
1999 357 graph that represents the sequence.
2000 419 (b) What does the pattern in the bar graph in part (a) say
2001 481 about the future of the federal debt?
2002 548
2003 608
333202_0901.qxd 12/5/05 11:28 AM Page 652

652 Chapter 9 Sequences, Series, and Probability

112. Revenue The revenues an (in millions of dollars) for 118. Find the arithmetic mean of the following prices per
Amazon.com for the years 1996 through 2003 are shown gallon for regular unleaded gasoline at five gasoline
in the figure. The revenues can be approximated by the stations in a city: $1.899, $1.959, $1.919, $1.939, and
model $1.999. Use the statistical capabilities of a graphing
utility to verify your result.
an
46.609n2  119.84n  1125.8, n
6, 7, . . . , 13
n

where n is the year, with n
6 corresponding to 1996. 119. Proof Prove that 
x  x 
0.
i
1
i
Use this model to approximate the total revenue from
x
n n 1 n 2
1996 through 2003. Compare this sum with the result of
adding the revenues shown in the figure. (Source:
120. Proof Prove that 
x  x 
i
1
i
2
x
i
1
i
2 
n i
1
i .

Amazon.com)
an In Exercises 121–124, find the first five terms of the
sequence.
6000
(in millions of dollars)

xn
1n x2n1
5000 121. an
122. an

n! 2n  1
Revenue

4000

1n x2n
1n x2n1
3000 123. an
124. an


2n!
2n  1!
2000
1000 Skills Review
n
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
In Exercises 125–128, determine whether the function has
Year (6 ↔ 1996) an inverse function. If it does, find its inverse function.

Synthesis 3
125. f
x
4x  3 126. g
x

x
True or False? In Exercises 113 and 114, determine 127. h
x
5x  1 128. f
x

x  12
whether the statement is true or false. Justify your answer.
4 4 4 4 6 In Exercises 129–132, find (a) A
B, (b) 4B
3A, (c) AB,
113. 
i
1

i2  2i

i
1
i2  2
i
1
 i 114. 
j
1
2j

j
3
2 j2 and (d) BA.
6 5 2 4
129. A
, B

Fibonacci Sequence In Exercises 115 and 116, use the 3 4 6 3
Fibonacci sequence. (See Example 4.) 10 7 0 12
130. A
, B

115. Write the first 12 terms of the Fibonacci sequence an and 4 6 8 11
the first 10 terms of the sequence given by 2 3 6 1 4 2
131. A
4 5 7 , B
0 1 6
an1
bn
, n ≥ 1. 1 7 4 0 3 1
an
1 4 0 0 4 0
116. Using the definition for bn in Exercise 115, show that bn 132. A
5 1 2 , B
3 1 2
can be defined recursively by 0 1 3 1 0 2
1 .
bn
1  In Exercises 133–136, find the determinant of the matrix.
bn1
3 5 2 8
133. A
134. A

Arithmetic Mean In Exercises 117–120, use the following 1 7 12 15
definition of the arithmetic mean x of a set of n 3 4 5
measurements x1, x2, x3, . . . , xn .
135. A
0 7 3
1 n 4 9 1
x x
n i1 i  16 11 10 2
117. Find the arithmetic mean of the six checking account 9 8 3 7
136. A

balances $327.15, $785.69, $433.04, $265.38, $604.12, 2 1 12 3
and $590.30. Use the statistical capabilities of a graphing 4 6 2 1
utility to verify your result.